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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONALITY TYPES AND PROPENSITY FOR EATING DISORDERS
Bondareva Polina Gennadyevna, Kuban State University, Kuban
Hit Maria Vladimirovna Kuban State University, Kuban
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract. Article presents a brief description of the main eating disorders and personality types, highlights the level of their correlation. Methodological approaches utilized to evaluate models of the relationship between personality and eating disorders, as well asempirical support for each model, are reviewed. This survey involved 250 people, men and women in equal numbers. The research was conducted using questionnaires TIPI and EDE. The relationship between personality disorders and eating disorders is an important issue as this association has implications for assessment and treatment.
Key words: eating disorder, personality type, anorexia, bulimia, big five.
The issue of studying eating disorders has long been on the current positions of psychological research in different countries. For example, a number of studies in the United States use fairly broad definitions of eating disorders that accurately reflect the spectrum of disorders that occur, which leads to a higher prevalence of eating disorders. ((Kiski-Rahkonen A, Hoek KV, SUSER EU, Lina MS, Sequela E, Raevuori A, 2007). Propensity to eating disorders from 2014 to 2020 was actively studied in the United States and Europe (Wissam AL, rehab saijari, Ziad sijari, 2018). Attempts to create the most complete questionnaire of eating disorders have been made by many scientists, but the most widespread is the eating Disorder Inventory (EDI). It is a reliable and valid psychometric tool suitable for screening assessment of eating disorders in all conditions. The Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) is a diagnostic interview, which has been modified to reflect current DSM-5 diagnoses. The EDE-Q is the questionnaire form of the EDE, and both are considered the 'gold standard' measures of ED psychopathology
In recent years, the five-factor model of personality traits (the so-called "Big five") has acquired the status of the "gold standard" in the psychological study of individual differences. The sizes of the most well-known PI-factor questionnaires range from 240 (McCrae, Costa, 2014) to 44 questions (John, Srivastava, 1999), which makes them of little use in studies of large samples of poorly motivated subjects.Over the past 20 years, many attempts have been made to create a shorter questionnaire to
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measure the Big five factors. Among these attempts, we should note the 21-question BFI-K (Rammstedt, John, 2005; Kovaleva et al., 2013); the 20-question Mini-IPIP (Donnellan et al., 2006), created on the basis of the 50-question "International list of personality traits" by L. Goldberg (Goldberg, 1999); the 10-question BFI, developed by B. Rammstedt and O. John (Rammstedt, John, 2007), based on the 44-question "questionnaire for measuring factors the big five" (John, Srivastava, 1999); and Also a 10-question questionnaire of personality traits (tipi) by S. Gosling, p. rentfrew, and V. Swann (Gosling et al., 2003). The Big five questionnaires containing 10 questions have satisfactory psychometric characteristics and can be used for rapid diagnostics.
However, the relationship between disorders and personality types has been studied relatively recently. In Russia, such studies are not presented, but they can be found among European and American scientists who have actively begun to study this topic in the last decade. Among them are research Gaudio S, Dakanalis A., 2017; Dimitropoulos G, Freeman E, Lock J, Le Grange D, 2017. In them you can find data obtained during the analysis of responses from respondents from different countries.
Various five - factor models have been developed, the ones most frequently used in research being the Big Five model (Goldberg, 1992), in which the basic structure of personality traits comprises Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability (or its opposite, Neuroticism), and the Intellect or Imagination factor , also referred to (in the psycho metric tradition, McCrae & Costa, 1999) as Openness to Experience. Descriptions of this model of personality can be found in the literature (e. g., Oles, 2000; Siuta, 2009). The aim of this article is to present the adaptation of one of the short instruments for measuring the intensity of the five personality traits.
Openness is shorthand for "openness to experience." People who are high in openness enjoy adventure. They're curious and appreciate art, imagination and new things. The motto of the open individual might be "Variety is the spice of life."
People low in openness are just the opposite: They prefer to stick to their habits, avoid new experiences and probably aren't the most adventurous eaters. Changing personality is usually considered a tough process, but openness is a personality trait that's been shown to be subject to change in adulthood. In a 2011 study, people who took psilocybin, or hallucinogenic "magic mushrooms," became more open after the experience. The effect lasted at least a year, suggesting that it might be permanent.
Speaking of experimental drug use, California's try-anything culture is no myth. A study of personality traits across the United States released in 2013 found that openness is most prevalent on the West Coast.
People who are conscientious are organized and have a strong sense of duty. They're dependable, disciplined and achievement-focused. You won't find conscientious types jetting off on round-the-world journeys with only a backpack; they're planners. People low in conscientiousness are more spontaneous and freewheeling. They may tend toward carelessness. Conscientiousness is a helpful trait to have, as it has been linked to achievement in school and on the job.
Extraversion versus introversion is possibly the most recognizable personality trait of the Big Five. The more of an extravert someone is, the more of a social
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butterfly they are. Extraverts are chatty, sociable and draw energy from crowds. They tend to be assertive and cheerful in their social interactions.
Introverts, on the other hand, need plenty of alone time, perhaps because their brains process social interaction differently. Introversion is often confused with shyness, but the two aren't the same. Shyness implies a fear of social interactions or an inability to function socially. Introverts can be perfectly charming at parties — they just prefer solo or small-group activities.
Agreeableness measures the extent of a person's warmth and kindness. The more agreeable someone is, the more likely they are to be trusting, helpful and compassionate. Disagreeable people are cold and suspicious of others, and they're less likely to cooperate.
Men who are high in agreeableness are judged to be better dancers by women, suggesting that body movement can signal personality. (Conscientiousness also makes for good dancers, according to the same 2011 study.) But in the workplace, disagreeable men actually earn more than agreeable guys. Disagreeable women didn't show the same salary advantage, suggesting that a no-nonsense demeanor is uniquely beneficial to men.
Being envious, which can lead to people being perceived as not agreeable, was found to be the most common personality type out of the four studies by a report published in August 2016 in the journal Science Advances. Envious people
To understand neuroticism, look no further than George Costanza of the long-running sitcom "Seinfeld." George is famous for his neuroses, which the show blames on his dysfunctional parents. He worries about everything, obsesses over germs and disease and once quits a job because his anxiety over not having access to a private bathroom is too overwhelming.
George may be high on the neuroticism scale, but the personality trait is real. People high in neuroticism worry frequently and easily slip into anxiety and depression. If all is going well, neurotic people tend to find things to worry about. One 2012 study found that when neurotic people with good salaries earned raises, the extra income actually made them less happy.
The Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI-1) is a short measure built often items, each of them being a pair of adjectives (Gosling et al., 2003). The adjectives were not selected out of the items of already existing measures, but chose n in such a manner that they:
(1) reflect as diverse characteristics constituting a given trait as possible; (2) constitute a description of both the negative and the positive pole of a given trait; (3) are not descriptions of extreme intensity of the trait; (4) do not contain negations; (5) minimize the redundancy of trait descriptors. Since its publication in 2003, the measure has been used in numerous studies and has had many cultural adaptations (e.g., M u ck, Hell, & Gosling, 2 007; Romero, Villar, Gomez-Fraguela, & Lopez-Romero, 2012).
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Participants respond to ten pairs of adjectives on a 7-point scale, from 1 -strongly disagree to 7 - strongly agree. The score on each scale is the mean of two items, one of which is negatively keyed. The time of responding is very short and does not exceed five minutes.
Eating disorders are the most common diseases in the modern world. In the International Classification of Disease 10 (ICD 10), eating disorders are classified under the broad category of "behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors." It is customary to distinguish between "atypical anorexia nervosa," "atypical bulimia nervosa" and "overeating associated with other psychological disturbances". If we talk about the etiology of these diseases, it is worth noting that they are considered as complex disorders with a multi- factor etiology. We can consider the biological, psychological, environmental, and social factors that influence the occurrence of psychiatric syndromes. The peak age of onset is 15-25 years, at a developmentally sensitive time. People who suffer from eating disorders may have different symptoms: the severe restriction of food, food binges, or purging behaviors like vomiting or over-exercising. The combination of these syndromes and the lack of treatment often leads to a fatal outcome. Mortality rates are almost twice as high for people with eating disorders as in the general population, and nearly six times higher for people with anorexia nervosa.
Anorexia nervosa is a mental illness that affects changes in body proportions. It is characterized by: being considerably underweight compared with people of similar age and height, the desire to lose weight, despite the fact that it is already low, obsessive fear of fullness , strict food restriction, calorie control, loss of contact with friends. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms are also often present. For instance, many people with anorexia are often preoccupied with constant thoughts about food, and some may obsessively collect recipes or hoard food. Often, anorexia nervosa is associated with the perception of your own body, a re-evaluation of its proportions. Anorexia is officially categorized into two subtypes - the restricting type and the binge eating and purging type. Individuals with the restricting type lose weight solely through dieting, fasting, or excessive exercise. Binge type is characterized by excessive overeating and causing vomiting after it. Many people with anorexia nervosa have long-term impairments in social functioning and employment. One in four has no paid employment. Anorexia nervosa is more than twice as common in teenage girls, with an average age of onset of 15 years; 80-90% of patients with anorexia are female.
Bulimia nervosa is a type of eating disorders being specified according to diagnostic and statistical criteria of mental disorders. Common symptoms of bulimia nervosa include: recurrent episodes of binge eating with a feeling of lack of control, self-induced vomiting and purging, a self-esteem overly influenced by body shape and weight and a fear of gaining weight, despite having a normal weight. In people suffering from this disease, periods of fasting alternate with constant periods of overeating. Patients suffer from an uncontrolled feeling of hunger, satiation is achieved with difficulty. The mortality rate for bulimia nervosa is noticeably lower
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compared to anorexia, but consequences such as constant monitoring of the coloria, impaired internal organs, and psychological problems are also common.
A questionnaire is most often used to diagnose eating disorders EDE. The eating behavior assessment scale is used to diagnose eating disorders, primarily to assess the characteristic features inherent in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The questionnaire contains 28 questions to determine the propensity to a particular type of eating behavior. The Respondent should answer the question on a scale from 0 to 6, based on information from the last month. First, they provide frequency data on key behavioural features of eating disorders in terms of number of episodes of the behaviour and in some instances number of days on which the behaviour has occurred. Second, they provide subscale scores reflecting the severity of aspects of the psychopathology of eating disorders.
In order to study the presence of eating disorders in the extrovert and neurotic personality types, a study was conducted consisting of several stages.
At the first stage, a sample was formed with a total number of 250 people, balanced by gender, average age 18-20 years, social status - students. At this stage, information was collected (using the TIPI personality questionnaire). The data obtained were subjected to mathematical processing. As a result of processing, it was revealed that the correlation coefficient is used as a measure of the dependence between the variables. In our case, the variables are characteristics of personality types and factors of propensity for eating disorders. To build the correlation matrix, we used the STATISTICA10 package. As a result of using the Correlation Matrices function, a rectangular correlation matrix was constructed, the elements of which are the correlation coefficients between the variables located at the intersection of the row and column (where the columns are the factors of propensity for EDE, and in the rows is the characteristic of personality types).
All values give a weak correlation, which means that all variables are almost independent. However, you can see that 22 ("Do you have a strong desire to lose weight") correlates with 4 ("anxious; it's easy to upset me"), 5 ("open to a new experience; multi-faceted"), 6 ("closed, quiet"), 7 ("sympathetic, cordial") and 10 ("ordinary; uncreative"). And also the biggest correlation between 4 ("disturbing; it is easy to upset me") and 30 ("How often after eating you felt guilty .."). It is equal to 0.22.
The second stage, we conducted a regression analysis, which showed that the extrovert personality type is most prone to the presence of eating disorders of all the proposed personality types. In this case, the coefficient of multiple correlation, which characterizes the tightness of the relationship between the predictor (1 ("open; full of enthusiasm")) and the response (11 ("You tried to limit the amount of food you eat, specifically to affect your weight or figure .. ")), Is equal to R = 0.22 with a standard error of estimation of approximately 1.73.
The regression coefficient of the neurotic personality type showed R = 0.11, which suggests that there are practically no connections between the neurotic personality type and the tendency to eating disorders.
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As part of this work, the goal of the study was to identify the presence of eating disorders in extroverted and neurotic personality types. To achieve this goal, we gradually implemented the theoretical and practical tasks of the study: we analyzed the characteristics of personality types, considered the concept of eating disorders, the causes of propensity to RPP, conducted an analysis of eating disorders in extroverted and neurotic personality types, organized and conducted an empirical study.
The analysis of the results showed that girls and boys who are prone to eating disorders are characterized by increased behavior control and excessive responsibility in stressful situations. Due to a problematic situation, they have difficulties expressing their feelings, needs and motives, they may unreasonably criticize themselves or, on the contrary, wait for some action from other people, relying only on their help.
The sample size was 250 respondents aged 18 to 20 years. Of these, 125 girls and 125 boys. The average age of the subjects is 19 years. After conducting a General correlation analysis, positive associations were found between the indicators of the level of propensity to RPP in an extroverted and neurotic personality type.The hypothesis has been confirmed, the goal has been achieved, the tasks have been implemented, and the hypothesis has been confirmed.
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