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RELATIONS BETWEEN INDICATORS OF BASIC MOTOR ABILITIES AND RESULTS OF GOAL THROWING ACCURACY TESTS IN HANDBALL
Dinko Vuleta, Dragan Milanovic, Igor Gruic, Igor Jukic, Zoran Pasic Faculty of Kinesiology University of Zagreb, Croatia
1. INTRODUCTION
Successfull performance in handball is determined by the specific technical-tactical skills (or knowledge of the elements) and by the quality level of basic physical condition or fitness. Successfull performance of handball technical-tactical elements depends primarily on the level of the coordination-related abilities and on the strength/power fitness. Certain previous Croatian studies on situation-related motor abilitities (Vuleta, Simenc, & Ticic, 1990) make it possible to presume that there are five latent situation-related motor dimensions: accuracy, ball handling, motion speed without the ball, motion speed with the ball, ball throwing power.
Passing and shooting accuracy in handball is manifested as hitting with the ball either the static or the moving "target" from either the standing position or from moving. Shooting accuracy is a result of a throw properly directed not only from the aspect of a goal, but also of a goalkeeper. The precondition for a player's technical-tactical outwitting a goalkeeper is the well-developed basic shooting accuracy which is a compound of the well correlated space-time coordination, perception and anticipation, as well as of inter- and intramuscular coordination determined by a particular motor performance programme of the movement pattern in question.
Velocity and accuracy are two predominant factors in overarm throwing performance. To be successful, a player must shoot both swiftly and precisely. There are numerous strategies of throwing at the goal. The one is just to shoot swiftly (with no
extra care about precision) in order to surprise a goalkeeper by the ball velocity. The second strategy is to shoot as precise as possible and direct the ball out of the goalkeeper's reach (acording to Tillaar & Ettema, 2003).
Handballers of various ages and variable training and playing experience apply these two strategies in numerous combinations. Changes in current play dynamics, induced by the changes of the rules of the game as well as of approaches to play, impose that both components of a quality goal throwing must be well performed, i.e. a shot at the goal should be powerful] and precise at the same time.
2. AIM OF THE RESEARCH
The aim of the research is to determine the relations between certain basic motor abilities and one specific motor ability defined as goal throwing accuracy on the sample of younger cadet handball players, members of the Handball Club Zagreb Badel 1862.
3. RESEARCH METHODS
3.1. Sample of subjects
The sample of subjects consisted of 14 male handball players, younger cadets of the HC «Zagreb Badel 1862», aged 12 and 13 years. The subjects were all healthy, with no morphological, pathological or any other impairment of their locomotor system.
3.2 Sample of variables
Basic motor abilities were tested by the measuring instruments presented in the table 1.
Table 1
The group of predictor variables aimed at assessing motor abilities
v.-A _ <• „
VARIABLE NAME INTENTIONAL MEASUREMENT OBJECT
1 MAGKUS Side steps Agility
! 2 MFEBML Medicine ball throwing from supine Power of a throwing type ‘
3 1 i MFESDM Standing broad jump Power of a horizontal jumping ability
41 SARGENT і Sargeant (one-legged jump from a Power of a vertical jumping ability type
5 MFE20V 20m sprint from high start Power of a sprinting type
6! : MTRB30 J Sit-ups Strength endurance :
V MFLPRR Straddle seated forward bent Flexibility
Психолого-педагогические аспекты физической культуры и спорта
The situation-related motor ability was tested by the variable: SRP7ST - standing 7m throwing at the goal (situational accuracy). (multiple R2=0.87). The 13% of the throwing accuracy variability not explained can be attributed to the influence of quantitatively not defined factors. The partial indicators of the regression analysis Table 2
Descriptive statistics of the variables assessing motor abilities
_ J N MEAN . Min .. Max 1 Std.Dev. 1 Skewness Kurtosis
Г MAGkUS 14 6.24 5.31 ! 7.34 ; 0.54 [ 0.02 "J 0.05 I
; MFEBML 14 J 35.55 21.67 Г 52.33 1 8.94 0.42 I -0.55
MFESDM s 14 H 190 24 r 163.33 2 г v3 . 15.97 ( -0.11 !__ -1.32 1
MFESVM [ 14 1 4° 24 28 ! 55 7.66 [ 036 I f -0.29 :
MFE20y ; 14 J 3.11 j Г 3.88 i 0.21 {_ 0.24 i 0.33
MRCTRB CIlL J 30.98 CliriJ 37.33 4.29 _J -0.32
MFLPRR . 14 58 j 43.33 68.67 7.34 L -0-37 j ; -0.37
SRP7ST 1 Ï4” I 1Щ~1 0,14 j 0,6 J Г ML j -0,82 j 0,20 :
Table 3
Multivarijate regression indicators of the influence of the predictor variables on the performance criterion defined as the standing 7m throwing accuracy
CRITERION Il SRP7ST i
MULTIPLE R !l 0,93 :
MULTIPLE R2 11 0,87
F (7,6) Г 5,72
P 1 <0,025
% STD. ERR. OF ESTIMATE j| 0,53
3.3. Data processing methods Descriptive statistics was used to compute the parameters of central tendecy and dispersion parameters of the predictor variables (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum). Regression analysis was used to determine correlations between indicators of basic motor abilities and one specific motor ability, defined as accuracy of throwing at the goal. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results obtained by the measurement of basic motor abilities are presented in Table 2. The scores achieved are average in terms of the model characteristics of their peer handball players, but they are above average in terms of the mean values of the peer school population in the Republic of Croatia. The relationship of the predictor variables with the criterion (table 3) are described by the coefficient of multiple correlation the value of which was 0.93. It was statistically significant at the level of p=0,03 as tested by the F-distribution for the degrees of freedom of dfl=7 and df2=6. The common variability of the predictor and criterion variables was about 87% performed (Table 4) indicate the following: with high feasibility it can be claimed that the variables medicine ball throw from supine lying (MFEBML; p=0,01, BETA=-0,75 ), 20m sprint from high start (MFE20V; p=0,03, BETA=-0,68) and straddle seated forward bent (MFLPRR; p=0,01, BETA=-0,65) have statistically strong negative influence on the results in the criterion variable, defined as the standing 7m throwing accuracy. The rest of the predictor variables have no influence on the criterion variable SRP7ST. The overarm throw performed with 75 % of the maximal velocity is more precise than the same throw performed with 50 % or 100 % of the maximal velocity. The above-described relationship between force and the change of force need not be maintained during the performance of high coordination complexity tasks. (Indermillu & Husaku, 1984, acording to Tillaar & Ettema, 2003). According to the partial regression indicators in which explosive throwing power has the greatest negative projections on throwing accuracy, it can be said that the observed players were not experienced enough to select the optimal technique for the
Relations between indicators of basic motor abilities and results _______________________of goal throwing accuracy tests in handball
Dinko Vuleta, Dragan Milanovic,
Igor Gruic, IgorJukic, Zoran Pasic
performance of the task, defined by the criterion variable. The throws were performed either by applying maximal release force or with less force but with poorer technique. These facts are responsible on
generalfor the negative correlation of the variables, with probable exception of a few cases of low strength fitness of arms and shoulders.
The projections of the results of the influence of power of a sprinting type on throwing accuracy can be interpreted in accord with the above-mentioned findings related to the maximal manifestation of forces during motor task performance. The players with the inborn high levels of all types of strength/power who can exert maximally during a task will probably decide to perform the accurate throwing test with 100 % of effort performed not only with the arm and shoulder muscles, but also by engaging all body regions and all reserves of their locomotor system.
Exceptionally pronounced flexibility of certain regions of the locomotor system, induced by insufficient muscle strength, may be a limiting factor of high quality performance. And vice versa, insufficiently developed flexibility of certain locomotor system regions is an injury risk factor for soft tissues and joint systems alike. In that sense, the statistically significant negative correlations between flexibility of the lower trunk and throwing accuracy may be explained only if the applied flexibility test MFLPRR (streddle seated forward bent) is presumably regarded in this investigation as good in describing general flexibility of the locomotor system, flexibility of arms and shoulders included. Large range of movement with lower muscle recruitment demands more sophisticated intermuscular and intramuscular coordination, which precondition could have hardly been met by handball players of a younger cadet age, primarily because of a smaller number of shooting repetitions. In handball, muscle mass, which
restricts the range of motion, is a limiting factor of flexibility of arms and shoulders. On the other hand, it enables high and well-oriented manifestation of force, thus indirectly improving accuracy of throwing as well.
5. CONCLUSION
Top performance under situation-related conditions demands optimal relationships and development of all functional (cardiorespiratory and energy capacities) and motor abilities and technical-tactical skills and knowledge of handballers in the function of their moving with and without the ball both in the actions on defence and attack. Accuracy of throwing at the goal is an ability to realize cumulative attacking engagement of the whole team in score-open situations, which is the last controlled action on the attack.
The main conclusion of the research is: teaching and training programmes should simultaneously develop all motor abilities and continuously apply operators (training contents) in which aiming and hitting of targets of various sizes and forms is performed both from standing positions and while moving. The conclusion is corroborated by the fact that different age categories use the balls of different dimensions (circumference and weight of the ball) -for the age category 8-12 years 50-52 cm and 290-330 g (IHF-ball No. 1), 12-16 years 54-56 cm and 325-375 g (IHF-ball No. 2), whereas for the handball players over 16 years the ball dimensions are: 58-60 cm and 425-475 g (IHF-ball No. 3).
References
1. Kules, B., & Simenc, Z. (1983). Povezanost bazicnih motorickih sposobnosti i uspjesnosti u rukometu. Kineziologija, 2(15), 153-163.
2. Metikos, D., Hofman, E„ Prot, F., Pintar, Z, & Oreb, G. (1989). Mjerenje bazicnih motoriëkih dimenzija sportasa. Zagreb: Fakultet za fizicku kuturu.
Table 4
The partial regression coefficients of the influence of the predictor variables on the performance criterion defined as the standing 7m throwing accuracy
і ^ BETA I Std.error \ of BETA j В : j Std.error і of В j t(6) j ! p-level
Interept I 1 j 0 I 0,14 1 0 і 1
MAGKUS j 0,03 і 0 20 0,03 ; 0,20 і 0,15 J 0,89 ;
MFEBML j -0,75 і 0.20 ! -0,75 j 0,20 ' -3,77 j 0,0 І ** :
MFESDM ¡j 0,53 l| 0,23 ¡j 0,53 j 0,23 1 2,29 j 0,06
MFESVM і 0,59 '! 0,26 0,59 0,26 j 2,28 j 0,06 ;
MFE20V [j -0,68 0,24 [j -0,68 I 0,24 jj -2,82 I 0,03* '
MRCTRB I) -0,23 jj 0,16 ¡j -0,23 j 0,16 j —1,38 0,22 j
MFLPRR j -0,65 у 0,18 !(_ -0,65 j _ 0Д8 j -3,55 і 0,01** і
Психолого-педагогические аспекты физической культуры и спорта
3. Milanovic, D. Simenc, Z, & Vuleta, D. (1996). Dijagnostika i analiza kondicijske pripremijenosti vrhunskog rukometasa. In D. Milanovic (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Symposium Fitness and Sport, Zagreb (pp. 11190—11196). Zagreb: Faculty of PE.
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6. Vuleta, D. Simenc, Z., & Ticic, V. (1990). Metrijske karakteristike testova za procjenu situaciono-motorickih sposobnosti rukometasa mladih dobnih kategorija. In M. Pavlovic (Ed.), Proceedings, 4th Congress of Sport Pedagogues of Yugoslavia; 1st International Symposium "Sport of the Young”, Ljubljana-Bled, October, 1990 (pp. 603-608). Ljubljana: Faculty of Sport.
7. Vuleta, D. (1997). Povezanost nekih bazicnih i situacijsko-motorickih sposobnosti rukometasa kadeta. In Proceedings, 1st International Scientific Conference "Kinesiology - the Present and the Future", Dubrovnik, September 25-28, 1997 (pp. 168-170). Zagreb: Faculty of Physical Education.
8. Vuleta, D. (1997). Kinezioloska analiza tehnicko-taktickih sadrzaja rukometne igre. (Doctoral thesis) Zagreb: Fakultet za fizicku kulturu.
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10. Van den Tillaar, R., & Ettema, G. (2003). Instructions emphasizing velocity, accuracy, or both in performance and kinematics of overarm throwing by experienced team handball players. Perceptual Motor Skills, 97(3), 731-742.
