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27REGULATION OF LABOR MIGRATION PROCESSES IN UZBEKISTAN
Kadirova Zulaykho Abduhalimovna
Tashkent state university of oriental studies Phd, associate professor, Head of the Department of Foreign Economic Activity and Tourism kzulayho@gmail.com Gazieva Sulkhiya Saidmashrafovna Tashkent state university of oriental studies, Phd student
sulya @mail.ru
Annotation. Today's foreign labor migration policy in Uzbekistan is implemented in the directions of developing international cooperation, strengthening relations with compatriots and the Uzbek diaspora abroad, professional training and teaching foreign languages, financial and social support, integration of people who have returned from labor migration, and encouraging entrepreneurial initiatives. reflected in 13 legal documents in the field of labor migration adopted in 2018-2022 y.
Key words: migration, international labor migration, "labor-migration" information system, Uzbekistan,
Introduction. Today, the Republic of Uzbekistan is one of the active donor countries in the international labor market. It is well known that this was influenced by a number of economic, social and demographic factors that occurred in the country after the 1990s.
Every year in Uzbekistan, 700-750 thousand young people graduate from secondary educational institutions, and 150 thousand of them continue their studies in higher education, and the same number in secondary special education. According to the representative of the Ministry of Employment and Labor Relations of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 300-350 thousand new jobs are created in the labor market of Uzbekistan every year. This situation creates about 100-150 thousand unemployed young people. The naturally occurring conditions encouraged citizens to participate in external labor migration processes in order to ensure their employment.
Material and Methods. Migration policy refers to a set of legislative documents, international agreements and social measures aimed at regulating migration flows in order to combat the factors that cause unwanted migration [1]. V. According to Bobylev, migration policy is a system of principles, goals and actions, with the help of which the state and other political entities regulate the flow of migrants [2]. L.L. Rybakovsky focused on the migration policy as a system of generally accepted ideas at the level of conceptually unified means, and emphasized that with their help, the state, as well as other state institutions, achieve the goal by observing certain principles [3]. In this regard, S.V. Ryazantsev also emphasizes that the migration policy is a system adopted at the level of ideas and conceptually integrated means, with the help of which the state, as well as its institutions, in
compliance with the principles, envisages the achievement of goals corresponding to the next stage of the development of the society of the country [4].
Researchers T.A. Prudnikova, S.A. Egorova, S.A. According to Akimova, the regulation of migration is based on objectively determined goals, tasks, the system of development of social relations in the field of migration, the norms of legal documents on migration, as well as the subjects of the migration process (individuals, public organizations, state bodies) based on the principles of the constitutional system and the movement of individuals, they put forward the approach that it is a process aimed at its location and unification in the state territory and (or) its separate regions, provided with stimulating and controlling factors [5].
In turn, foreign scientists M. Giugni, F. Proponents also agree that migration policy belongs to the sphere of public administration and includes a decision-making process controlled by a competent government and governed by legal norms aimed at regulating migration processes [6]. According to them, the state migration policy is a conceptually integrated system of tools, with the help of which the state, as well as its public institutions, adhere to certain principles, and strive to achieve goals that correspond to the current and future stage of development of a given society.
These presented studies and views have important scientific, practical and methodological significance. Based on these, it is of great scientific importance to analyze the regulation of labor migration at the state, regional and international levels, to apply the economic factors of the regulation of migration processes based on the nature of organizations and conventions that regulate migration processes at the international level and theories related to the regulation of international labor migration. In the article, we used theoretical and empirical methods of research. The article provides an analysis of recent research publications, compares the results with statistical data, and provides practical recommendations based on the survey results. The author's methodology uses a systematic approach, observation, comparison, abstraction, idealization and grouping methods. A graphical method was used to visualize the results of the study [7,8].
Results and discussion. According to statistics, in 2021, the total number of labor resources in Uzbekistan was 19.3 million people, of which 1.67 million were labor migrants, and in the first half of 2022, the total number of labor resources was 19.4 million people, due to the pandemic nevertheless, labor migrants made up 1.8 million of them [14].
According to the Ministry of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the main part of labor migrants who left Uzbekistan, namely 67%, work in Russia, 16% in Kazakhstan, 3% in South Korea, and 4% in Turkey.
It should be noted that since the second half of the 1990s, the processes of external labor migration have been actively developing in Uzbekistan, but until 2017, there were intergovernmental agreements in the field of labor migration with only the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea. were observed to have left. In the last 5 years, the introduction of the practice of sending labor migrants to work abroad on
the basis of special training by the government has led to an increase in the volume of export of labor force not only individually, but also in an organized manner. In particular, in 2017, 3,595 labor migrants were sent abroad in an organized manner, and despite the pandemic conditions, in 2021, this figure increased by 4.5 times and reached 16,278 people [15].
Therefore, in a country with such a large phenomenon in the field of labor migration, the need for a law on external labor migration and the improvement of mechanisms for the protection of the rights and freedoms of labor migrants at the level of demand created the need to regulate this field at the state level and to develop its regulatory and legal framework in the time required [9].
Over the last 5 years, the Republic of Uzbekistan has made great progress in regulating labor migration. If we pay attention to international labor migration regulation processes in Uzbekistan during 1991-2022, it can be observed that after 2018 there have been big changes in this field.
In recent years, the positive approaches observed by our country in the policy of regulating international labor migration created the need to study the problems and needs of labor migrants working abroad and to introduce a new system for solving them. In this context, the drafting of the draft law "On Foreign Labor Migration" by the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan on May 29, 2021 is of particular importance. This law is expected to be the first document that allows to legally regulate all aspects related to the departure of labor migrants abroad, employment, working period, their return and reintegration. It includes regulation of labor migration by the state, powers of higher state bodies in the field of external labor migration, sending citizens to work abroad in an organized manner, creating a database of potential migrants, working with foreign employers, as well as organizing the activities of foreign citizens in Uzbekistan and electronic service for labor migrants. important issues related to the organization of the "labor-migration" information system were included [10,11].
Until 2018, the authority to export labor force abroad in Uzbekistan was given only to the Foreign Labor Migration Agency (FLMA) under the Ministry of Employment and Labor Relations of the Republic of Uzbekistan, which was established in 2003. From 2018, this authority was also granted to private employment agencies operating on the basis of a license.
Private employment agency (PEA) is a commercial organization that provides job search and employment services for job seekers and personnel selection for employers. As of March 25, 2022, there are 114 PEAs registered in the register in the Republic. However, there are many cases of fraud observed among IOMs when sending citizens to work abroad. These include, in particular, the operation of unlicensed IBAs, the conclusion of contracts that do not correspond to the promised service, and the charging of excessive service fees. For example, according to the statistics of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the most common type of fraud in 2020 is 13.9% related to promises of sending people to work abroad. In 2021, the license of 71 out of 114 PEAs was revoked [18].
Today's modern foreign labor migration policy in Uzbekistan is implemented in the following directions, and they are reflected in 13 regulatory and legal documents in the field of labor migration adopted in 2018-2022:
1. Development of international cooperation;
2. Strengthening relations with fellow countrymen and Uzbek diasporas abroad;
3. Vocational training and teaching of foreign languages;
4. Financial and social support;
5. Integration of persons returning from labor migration;
6. Promotion of entrepreneurial initiatives.
1. Development of international cooperation. According to the Presidential Decree No. 4829 dated September 15, 2020 "On measures to introduce a system of safe, orderly and legal labor migration", in the presence of diplomatic missions, consular institutions and representative offices of FLMA, who regularly provide assistance to compatriots abroad, employers and citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan it is envisaged to establish Advisory Councils with the participation of other persons. In this regard, according to PQ No. 3743 of May 28, 2018 "On the opening of foreign representative offices of FLMA under the Ministry of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications", the agency has representative offices in the cities of Kwangju (Korea) and Moscow (Russia), representative offices in Russian cities such as St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Samara and Ufa opened.
As of 2021, FLMA signed 382 cooperation agreements with employers from 25 countries such as Germany, Japan, Slovakia, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Bulgaria, Latvia, and Lithuania in order to expand the geography of foreign labor migration. More than 3,000 citizens of Uzbekistan have been sent to 5 districts and provinces of Korea for seasonal work.
According to PQ No. 4829, the practice of holding international labor fairs, conferences and seminars with the participation of invited employers, qualified specialists and experts from developed countries has been established. In addition, FLMA negotiated with 427 recruiting agencies and employers in the international labor market to find more than 71,000 vacancies, especially in the foreign labor market, mainly in the field of general construction masters, production, technical professions, agriculture, and the service and service sector. It was found that there is a high demand for junior specialists from Uzbekistan.
2. To strengthen relations with fellow countrymen and Uzbek diasporas abroad. According to PD No. 5220 on the establishment of the public fund "Compatriots" dated August 11, 2021, active involvement of compatriots living abroad in entrepreneurial, investment, scientific, educational and cultural activities in the territory of Uzbekistan, contractual and legal cooperation in the fields of migration and education In order to develop proposals for the expansion, the public fund "Compatriots" was established and 5 billion soums were allocated to it. To date, more than 480 potential investors, qualified specialists, representatives of international organizations, scientists and talented students living in more than 30 foreign
countries. the list of our compatriots has been formed. In order to contribute to the development of the economy of Uzbekistan, they are engaged in tourism, programming and information technologies, science, education, medicine, household services, agriculture, farming, livestock, food products, construction goods production, export, import, banking and finance, plans to implement projects in such fields as transport-logistics, energy.
3. Vocational training and teaching foreign languages. Presidential Decree No. 4829 dated September 15, 2020 "On measures to introduce a system of safe, orderly and legal labor migration" serves as an important program for creating decent working conditions, professional training and teaching foreign languages to citizens working abroad. In this regard, in the period of 2017-2021, 207 vocational and foreign language training centers, i.e., 15 Ishga Marhamat monocenters, 67 vocational training centers, 136 vocational a new system consisting of a vocational training institution was created. At the same time, more than 51 thousand citizens were involved in 25 types of professions and 2.2 thousand citizens were involved in learning foreign languages (Russian, English, Korean, Japanese, etc.) in vocational centers in Uzbekistan. 12,243 citizens were trained in about 30 professions in a short period of time in 15 existing "Ishga Marhamat" monocenters, and 7,530 of them were prepared for work abroad [13].
4. Financial and social support. At this point, as we emphasized in the previous chapters, legal, social and material support of their family members is of great importance in the regulation of external labor migration processes at the international level, in particular in the ILO Conventions on the Protection of Labor Migrants. In this regard, PD No. 1149 "On additional measures to support citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan who are temporarily working abroad and their family members", adopted in Uzbekistan on March 1, 2022, specifically addresses the issue of protection of migrant workers' family members. emphasis is given.
5. Integration of persons returning from labor migration. 4829 of September 15, 2020 "On measures to introduce a system of safe, orderly and legal labor migration", special emphasis was placed on the integration of persons returning from labor migration, in which placement of persons returning from labor migration in permanent and temporary jobs, with entrepreneurial activities providing them with loans and subsidies for their occupation, training them in professions, entrepreneurship, financial literacy, registering labor migrants as self-employed persons, providing them with legal and psychological assistance, providing mortgage loans for the purchase of housing, and also for the education of their children Special attention was paid to the support of returning labor migrants as one of the main tasks.
6. Promotion of entrepreneurial initiatives. As mentioned above, PD No. 4829 is also important in encouraging entrepreneurial initiatives, and within its framework, 22,300 labor migrants who returned from abroad were trained in professions and entrepreneurship. 2.9 thousand of them were trained in entrepreneurship in cooperation with the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and 247 of them started their own business. 955 citizens who returned from abroad were trained in the basics
of entrepreneurship in short-term training courses under the "Entrepreneurial Migrant" project and were given a certificate.
Conclusion. Ensuring the employment of people returning from labor migration is one of the problems that directly affects the domestic labor market. According to the survey results, 46.1% of labor migrants said that they would continue their work abroad, and 33.6% of respondents said that they would return to Uzbekistan. Also, according to the results of a survey conducted by FLMA in 2022, more than 60% of those who wanted to return to Uzbekistan from Russia made the decision to return due to the "push" factor in Russia, that is, the loss of jobs abroad and the decline in the value of the ruble. 40% of the respondents expressed their desire to continue their activities in Russia. As we can see, the "attractive" factors in Uzbekistan are not attractive for those who want to return. Therefore, it is of urgent importance to improve the processes of reintegration of labor migrants returning from abroad by the state.
In conclusion, it should be noted that digital tools help in solving a number of important tasks, including the wide use of information technologies, simplification and unification of migration rules, increasing the effectiveness of state management of migration and the practical effectiveness of state control in the field, in particular, at the edge can play an important role in covering the large number of migrants from the regions.
At the same time, the above-mentioned measures and legal frameworks serve as an important factor in protecting the rights and interests of labor migrants and organizing labor migration in a legal, safe and orderly manner.
Acknowledgement
Nobody has been more important to us in the pursuit of this article than the members of our family. We would like to thank our parents, whose love and guidance with us in whatever we pursue. They are the ultimate role models.
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