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Section 9. Physics
Section 9. Physics
Kravchenko Vitaly Vitalievych, University of the nuclear energy, Sevastopol city, Leading Researcher, Candidate of Technical Sciences E-mail: v. v.kravchenko@list.ru
Reflection on time paradox in the special theory of relativity
“You think everything is so simple? Yes, everything is simple. But it is not so at all...”
Albert Einstein
Abstract: It is demonstrated that speed of light doesn’t depend on the speed source and is always constant only in terms of the system itself «light source — light receiver» irrespective of the speed of movement of this system relatively other systems. Speed of light relatively other systems is equal the algebraic sum of the constant speed of light in terms of the system itself «light source — light receiver» and the speed of this system relatively other systems. At time synchronization within the objects, moving relatively each other evenly and rectilinearly, time paradoxes are impossible. A postulate about equal speed of light relatively objects, moving evenly and rectilinearly relatively each other, can be considered as an accurate one. Conclusions about that the time within the systems, moving relatively each other, flows differently, and the objects’ sizes change depending on the speed of these objects, are wrong too.
Keywords: Theory of relativity, speed of light, time synchronization, time paradoxes, objects’ sizes, theory inaccuracy.
Introduction
Contemporary theoretical physics is mostly based on the main postulate of the special theory of relativity, which confirms, that speed of light has a constant value towards all objects and doesn’t depend on the speed of movement of these objects relatively each other, if they move in the space evenly and rectilinearly.
A consequence of this statement is a conclusion about impossibility of time synchronization in the objects, moving relatively each other, that is why the time on these objects will flow differently.
To make our further reasoning more clear, let’s take our variant of time paradox explanation, which follows the statement confirmed.
All attempts to prove this statement were made at the beginning of forming of physics as a fundamental science. It became clear for scientists a long time ago, that if an object moved evenly and rectilinearly, and an observer was settled inside this object, it was completely impossible to detect, that the object moved in the space, — so, for the observer inside, the object could be considered as motionless. From the other side, it seemed evident that speed of light in the space had always had the same value. Thus, a conclusion was made, that speed of light didn’t change relatively to all objects; these objects moved relatively each other even along with ray of light.
Important premises for the elaboration of the theory of relativity were results of famous experiences of Michelson-
Morley to detect an air. Simply these experiences can be described in a following way. Earth is moving around Sun with the speed of nearly 30 km/sec. If to establish on a surface of Earth a horizontal platform with a source and a receiver of light, oriented perpendicularly to the direction in the Sun, and turn this platform on 180°, the light source and the light receiver will replace each other.
Investigators supposed to think that in one case speed of light will be put with speed of Earth around Sun, and in another case — it will be deducted. Speed of light was measured by the most exact device for that moment — an interferometer. However, the change of speed of light wasn’t detected. Despite the fact, that these experiences were conducted with an aim to prove the air existence (or its absence), creators of this special theory of relativity interpreted the results of these experiences in their own way, namely: the experiences proved that speed of light is the same for all the objects irrespective of their movement relatively each other.
Let’s imagine that we’re on the object, which we conditionally call “maternal”, and that the length of this object is equal to the distance, which ray of light passes for 1 second,
i. e. 300 000 km. Let’s also imagine that on the left side of the object there is a source of ray of light, and on the right side — a receiver. It is obvious that ray of light on the “maternal” object passes the distance from the source to the receiver for 1 second.
Further let’s imagine that from the “maternal” object in the direction from the light source to the light receiver ex-
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Reflection on time paradox in the special theory of relativity
actly the same object is sent into the space (let’s conditionally call the object “childish”) with the speed, equal to speed of light. For observers, who are settled on the “maternal” object, it is obvious that ray of light of the “maternal” object, having caught up the “childish” object, will pass the distance from the very beginning till the end of the “childish” object for 1.5 seconds.
However, if we take the considered postulate for the truth, for observers on the “childish” object speed of light will also be equal to 300 000 km/sec., and the light will pass the distance from the beginning till the end of the “childish” object for 1 second. Thus, time on the flying away “childish” object must pass more slowly than on the “maternal” object. The famous “paradox of twins” is based exactly on this conclusion.
Let’s consider the above mentioned from the critical point of view.
1. Formulation of the postulate contains the limit of its implementation, in particular: if objects move evenly and rectilinearly. To our opinion, this is such a serious limit of its implementation, so that this postulate simply has nothing to implement to, because contemporary science in the studied world doesn’t know objects, which could ever move evenly and rectilinearly. Impossibility of the uniform and rectilinear movement is connected with the circumstance, that gravitational fields, which are penetrating the space, impact all the obj ects without exception (including photons — components of light), bending the trajectory of their movement.
2. It is well known, that ray of light consists of separate material pieces — photons. Let’s imagine, that ray of light consists of two photons. If we take the confirmation of this postulate as a truth one, — in this case one photon must move with the speed of300 000 km/sec. relatively another one, but this is obvious absurdity.
3. We have considered the case, when the “childish” object was moving away from the “maternal” object with the speed, equal to half speed of light, and we have come to a conclusion, that, according to the postulate, time on the removing object must flow more slowly.
And what will happen, if the “childish” object is not removing, if it is coming closer to the “maternal” one with the same speed? Following the logic, we must admit, that in this case the time on the “childish” object must flow faster. The special theory of relativity doesn’t contain any explanations to this, because the light in this postulate has no vector.
4. Let’s consider the method of Michelson-Morley’s experience from the point of view of the scientific right of using the experience’s results as a proof of speed of light constancy towards any objects, moving relatively each other.
Let’s imagine the system “trunk-bullet-object” (the first system). The object is situated in 1 km distance from the trunk cut. The speed of the bullet is 1 km/sec. The system is motionless relatively Earth surface. However, in the space the system moves by the complicated trajectory: along with Earth surface relatively the axis of rotation of Earth, along with the Earth around the Sun, along with the Solar system relatively the con-
ditional center of the rotation of galaxy Milky Way and etc.
For the observer, which is situated directly in the system, the system will be perceived as motionless. The time of the bullet’s passing the distance between the trunk cut and the object will always be 1.0 sec. independently the orientation of the system relatively, for example, the Sun. As a consequence — the speed of trunk, bullet, coming out of the trunk, and the object, is equal to the sum of all speed of system’s movement by this complicated above mentioned trajectory.
Let’s imagine one more (the second) system trunk-bullet-object, which is moving far away from the first system with the speed of 0.5 km/sec. The time of the bullets’ passing the distance between the trunk cut and the object in the second system will also be 1.0 sec. If the bullet of the first system catches up the second system, for this bullet the time of passing the distance between the trunk cut and the object will be 1.5 sec. However, it doesn’t tell us about that the time in the second system flows differently than in the first system.
It is also clear that no matter how we try to orient the system trunk-bullet-obj ect relatively the Sun (if we add to the speed of the bullet’s movement the speed of Earth movement around the Sun or if we subtract it) the speed of the bullet’s movement will be also the same in terms of the system itself.
Photon is a material piece and doesn’t differ from the bullet in this sense. So, these arguments spread out on a photon too. From this point of view it becomes clear that famous experiences of Michelson-Morley with light (cluster of photons) gave the same results, if they would have been conducted with the system trunk-bullet-object.
So, we can confirm, that speed of light is always constant only in terms of the system itself “the source-receiver", but relatively any other system to speed of light will be added or will be subtracted the speed of the system itself relatively any other system.
So, for example, for an observer, who is on the Sun, a ray of light, coming from the Earth surface in the direction of Earth movement relatively the Sun, will have the speed of 300 000 km/sec. plus 30 km/sec.
5. Let’s separately consider a question about possibility of synchronization time in the obj ects, moving relatively each other.
The speed of light is not its unique characteristic. Ray of light consists of separate pieces — photons (a photon is a single electromagnetic impulse). Photons are characterized by frequency, energy, vector of movement direction, angle of rotation of polarization plane and etc.
Let’s consider the possibility of time synchronization in conditionally motionless “maternal” object and in the “childish” object, moved from the “maternal” object into the Space. If the “maternal” object is to be directed towards the “childish” object, ray of light with the defined frequency, on the “childish” object will be easily defined its speed relatively the “maternal” object by changes in the light frequency (Doppler’s effect).
We think, that time synchronization on the “maternal” and “childish” objects is possible without ray of light using.
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Section 9. Physics
For example, the speed of the “childish” object and its position in the Space can be defined after estimation of changes of parameters of gravitational fields, penetrating the Space. It is also possible to synchronize the time, using such a fundamental characteristic of the material — a period of the radioactive substance half-decay. We mean that the radioactive substance is falling into pieces with the equal speed independently the object’s speed of movement, on which this substance is located.
Nowadays it is obvious, that electromagnetic impulses of any origin move with speed of light.
We conducted an experience on detection of the speed of electromagnetic impulses in coaxial cable. The experience was made by the following scheme:
— a generator of electric impulses of rectangular form was set up on the generating of a signal with an amplitude of 5 W, duration of 0.1 ps and frequency of 1 kHz;
— impulses were given at the same time at entrance of the coaxial cable of 300 m length, put in the bay, and at the first entrance of a two-lead oscilloscope;
— impulses were given from the exit of the coaxial cable on the second entrance of a two-lead oscilloscope.
The period of time, which was observed between the forward front impulses, reflected on the first and the second channels of the, was 1.0 ps, — it corresponds to the speed of movement of electromagnetic impulses in coaxial cable approximately 300 000 km/sec.
Any mechanical influences on the cable (unfolding of the cable, influence of the vibrations, temperature and etc.) didn’t lead to the change of the observed period of time. So, we can make a conclusion, that cable, moving along with the object, on which it is fixed, can be a synchronizing element of measuring instrument of time on the “maternal” and “childish”
objects. As a generator of impulses it is reasonable to implement a scintillation detector of gamma-quants of Space. At functioning together with the photoelectron multiplier the scintillation detector will generate an electronic impulse at each penetration of gamma-quant into the sensitive field.
The second important conclusion is that on the object, which moves relatively a motionless cable (a material carrier of the electromagnetic impulse) can be detected a geometrical point, which corresponds to the time of appearance of impulse at the exit of the cable. Thus, the indicated geometrical point will be displaced depending on the speed of movement of the object relatively the motionless cable. This conclusion is so obvious that it doesn’t require experimental confirmations.
Conclusions
1. A postulate about the equal speed of light relatively the objects, moving relatively each other evenly and rectilinearly, apparently, can be considered as a mistakenly one.
Respectively, also are wrong the conclusions about that the time, in the systems, moving relatively each other, flows differently, and about that the sizes of the objects are changing depending on the speed of these objects.
2. A number of ways to synchronize the time on objects, moving relatively each other, exists. On such objects at time synchronizing paradoxes of time are not possible.
3. The speed of light doesn’t depend on the speed of the source and always is constant only in terms of the system “the light source — the light receiver” itself, independently the speed of movement of this system relatively other systems (objects).
Speed of light relatively other systems (objects) is equal to algebraic sum of constant speed of light in terms of the system “the light source — the light receiver” itself and the speed of this system relatively other systems (objects).
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