CC BY
1786
/ HISTORICAL SCIENCES
HISTORICAL SCIENCES
УДК 070.3 +84(2)
Akkieva S.I.
D.Phil. in History, Leading Research Fellow Institute for Studies in the Humanities - a branch of the Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
DOI: 10.24411/2520-6990-2019-11158 REFLECTION OF CULTURE AND MORAL VALUES THE BALKAR'S PEOPLE IN THE CHILDREN'S PROSE KAYSYNA KULIYEVA1
Abstract.
The article deals with the reflection of culture and moral values of the Balkar people in the story "Ride, my donkey" by Kaysyn Kuliyev. It shows the life of Balkars in the 1920s. The narration is on behalf of a boy Ako, who dreams of getting an education and overcomes difficulties on the way to the dream. The author notes that each story, which is the basis of the content of the work, is drawn from life, is the fruit of everyday observations of K. Kuliyev in childhood.
Keyword: Kaisyn Kuliyev, children's prose, morality, education, culture, Balkar people, love to children.
1 The study was carried out with the support of RFFI on the project "Problems of trust and justice in the traditional culture of the Balkars" № 17-01-00432.
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The tale of the world-famous Balkar poet Kaisyn Kuliev "Skachi my donkey" is autobiographical and gives an opportunity to see Kuliev as a talented children's writer. The book was the result of many years of work of the writer, his memories of his childhood, people who gave him the warmth of their hearts as a child, taught him good and bright, a book about his love for the house, mother, and native edge. In 1968, in an interview with the correspondent of the magazine "Issues of Literature," V. Nepomnyakh the poet said "Many years I write (and hope next year to finish) the book" Skachi, my donkey! «It is a tale in prose about my childhood, and I want it to be permeated by the sun, light, air of my Balkaria "[3:5]. The daughter of Kuliev Zhanna notes that this goal was achieved and became one of the favorite not only children, but also adult work of the poet.
The story "Skachi my donkey" was written in Russian and published in 1986 in the Moscow magazine "Youth." In 2001 it was republished, and then, in 2002, in the translation of A. Begieva came out in his native language under the name "Jort, jort, gylyuum!" [4].
Researchers note that the tale of Kuliev K. in terms of artistic development of the world and the level of figurative structuring of the poetry text is a brilliant achievement of the national children's literature [2:110]
The main character of the story little boy Ako, early left without a father, and he has to know the hardships of life early. The reader of the story dips into the life of the Balkar village in the turning 20 years of the last century and gets acquainted with the life, culture, traditions of the Balkar people.
The narrative goes on behalf of little Ako and from this event of the period take on a special tone and significance. Each story underlying the content of the work, drawn from life, is the fruit of everyday observations. All they are marked and captured through the eyes of the child. The author of the story skillfully transmits the feeling of belonging to the world, awareness of his role in the world. The hero knows how to learn rest, help adults in their daily work, take care of animals, protect nature, and appreciate the beautiful in everything. Positive energy, coming from the work of Kaisyn Kuliev, sincerity of feelings, inclusion in the atmosphere of childhood, simplicity, sound and major style of his sketches form the basis of constant children's interest in them. Kaisyn celebrates this world by declaring every child his full master [5:188].
K. Kuliev shows with precision the little things of life and the subject world surrounding the hero, gives them soul and thus philosophically associates with the practice of life, focusing his attention on the inner, spiritual state of the hero who on his children 's shoulders is forced to bear all the responsibility assigned to him. Loading the donkey with dry wood and returning home, the boy saw unfamiliar armed men putting up tents and was scared:... "Here I sit under the chinar and I don't know how to be. My mother, I thought, is shocked: my donkey, loaded without paying attention to strangers, came home without me. This has never
happened. Poor mom will think something terrible happened to me! "What should I do? If I go, these strangers can kill me, not go - so my mother probably cries. There is no bypass road, right river, left - rocks [3:18].
In the story all life peripheries, his fears, surprises and delight to mysterious phenomena: armed men putting tents, fairy tales of Uncle Gordon, the first book, books and cinema are shown extremely sincerely and reliably. It turned out that the people in the armed were students, including those from the Chegem Gorge, where little Ako lives. Students will show movies, and that the start of movies does not know even Uncle Gord, who according to Ako knows everything, intrigued the boy. The episode, when, for the first time, rural boys saw a movie is funny and touching: children, who have never seen a movie, perceive what is shown on the screen as reality: "Everyone was pinched, waiting, not knowing what kind of movie it is. The light-haired young man began to spin his apparatus, and on the white canvas stretched between the two trees, suddenly for us there was a flock of sheep. We Aulian boys were surprised and excited. Confident that these were real, living sheep and that they were charting like ours on mountain pastures, began to throw them with their felt hats. White and grey, new and old, remembered and not remembered hats flew to the white canvas. We shouted fun "[3, c.22]. This evening became unforgettable for all villagers and especially for boys, they saw one of the miracles of the new time - cinema. "We were surprised and it stayed with us forever..." [3, page 23].
Ako grows up brave and intelligent, hardworking and responsible boy. Walking after the otara Ako tells himself that it is necessary to paste sheep well to be a good chaban and that when he came from pasture home, Rodichi said that Ako became a wonderful chaban, and mother and sisters were proud of him, and villagers all noted that the son of the widow Saniyat (Ako's material) is beautiful and a working guy that he is worthy of his father and will not drop his honor. "I wanted my mother to say to herself:" For no reason I hoped for him, not for nothing tried to teach him everything good, not for nothing told about his father, about how noble, working, courageous he was, not for nothing to say that my boy, my Ako, grew up worthy of his father! Thinking about it, I firmly believed myself... that I will be diligent and neat "[3:5255].
A great influence on Ako is his uncle Gorda, who tells tales where good and justice will always defeat evil, and heroes are worthy, brave, courageous and honest people who punish evil and bad. The seeds of justice and good of Gord - this born philosopher - tried to sow and in the soul of his nephew and told him that fairy tales are formed and told for good people, and bad people do not need fairy tales, because villains do not do good deeds. Uncle Gorda tells the boy that there is also a lot like a fairy tale in life, noting that "you have to be able to look, see and understand. Look at these tall white peaks of mountains, lining the blue sky. Or on this green forest full of bird pen, or on this river, which for countless years runs, is in a hurry
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somewhere - unknown where, reflecting in itself that sun, then stars, then clouds. Isn't that like a fairy tale? And dawn, millions of years lighting these mountains, rocks, trees, this road, moonlight falling on them - isn 't that like in a fairy tale, too? And it's all for tech. Who lives on earth - for people, animals and birds? Where does this river rush, who will tell us, my boy? And what for? It is not necessary. You and I are good to see her run, feel her cleanliness well, quench her thirst with ice water, know she will always flow, and people will drink out of her always. Earth and fairy tales are similar to it, boy; they have equally no price "[3:11].
Kuliev with love and sincerely reflects the feelings of the boy, his resentment, bitterness, pain, disappointment. Many difficulties in life had to be overcome by little Ako, but he does not give up before difficulties and shows courage, resourceness. So, to escape the wolves, he guessed to spread a fire at the entrance to the cave, where they and a donkey in the far road decided to wait the night. And one day, he wasn't afraid when he stayed home alone, burned a fire and started singing his favorite songs. He was not afraid when the earthquake began, but continued to fire firewood and sing songs. With his courage he surprised his family, who in anxiety for him returned home. He was not afraid of Ako and when he began to be pursued by hungry wolves, but took refuge with the donkey in the cave, and bearing in mind Gorda's words that wolves were afraid of fire, spread the fire and burned all hay and firewood until the morning. "Morning came. And how happy it was for me! I and the donkey survived!" [3:91].
The life of the Highlanders was not easy and harsh, and Ako, who had been an orphan since childhood, had to work hard: "My mother always regretted that I, as an orphan, worked too hard as a child, went through great difficulties, often almost died. But I still think I shouldn't have regretted it. It hardened me and was very useful in life. Life is never easy "[3:92].
Little Ako dreams of studying in the city and along with his friend Sagid run off to realize their dreams into the city. But the path from the mountain village to the city was full of danger and complicated. On their difficult and dangerous path boys overcome many obstacles, overcome hardships they manage thanks to good people and traditional hospitality and mutual assistance available to the Balkars [1]. Herders in Holam give them hospitality, boys sleep with herders in a cosh, they are fed, given food on the road and explained how to get to the city. In the city of Uncle Hajimurat they meet a warm welcome and soon met the neighboring children: "We very soon re-acquainted with many of them, with some became friends, others treated us arrogantly - called us village. This mood was inspired by our clothes: we were dressed in plated rabmetics and trousers, and those barbs had white shirts and colored pants. However, very soon they lost this advantage: the wife of Haji-Murza bought us dressed shirts and underpants. Despite this, in the eyes of some boys we remained village. "[3:94-95]. In the eyes of the boy Haji-Murza appears a real hero, highly moral, kind and fair. Haji-
Murza encourages boys 'desire to study and turns to a teacher to arrange children for school. Haji-Murza Akayev in the 1920s-early 1030s was the chairman of the Balkar regional executive committee, in 1933 was innocent convicted and shot. In popular memory Aka-yev remained a brave hero, defenders of people, one of those figures who made a great contribution to positive changes in Balkaria in the 1920s. But Haji-Murza was unable to help the boys because Sagid's father, a rude and evil Harun, came after them. He strictly and ruthlessly punishes them and takes them from the home of Haji-Murza, who tries to help the boys and convey to his brother Harun the importance of education.
Despite all those difficulties, Ako felt happy and had fun leaping on his donkey to his native mountains with a joyful serenity inherent only in childhood. He would warm up was the gentle love of his mother and adored Uncle Gorda, who always stood up for him and opened him up to the delightful, magical world of fairy tales. All this gave him the strength to fight the difficulties and blows of fate. Kaisyn Kuliev in his story "Skachi, my donkey!" says that it is necessary to love life, the native land, it's people, appreciate friendship and never break up with faith in the future. At the end of the story it is said that Ako's dream came true, he was able to get an education and even became a scientist. In this he was helped by perseverance and faith in the future: "Not for nothing I sang my song all the time:" Skye, my donkey! "On my favorite donkey I jumped to my goal" [3: .6].
Kuliev wrote the story "Skachi my, donkey" for children and showed in it the culture and moral values of the Balkar people. A moral person will never offend children and this thought sounds clearly in the lead. What pain and bitterness little Ako experiences when he is offended. Kuliev shows that there is nothing more painful than child resentment. This thought finds continuation both in poetry and in the publication of Kaisyn Kuliev. This is pointed out by his daughter Zhanna Kulieva, who writes in the foreword to the story: "In the article" There is nothing more beautiful than their smiles "(1967) he (Kuliev- S.A.) wrote:" It seems to me that even trees are happy to play children. Who is not interested in the fate of children is not interested in life itself. It is the duty of each of us to do everything to make children cry as little as possible. There's nothing more beautiful than their smile and laughter. The ultimate joy is to see babies running down the meadow for butterflies. Let's preserve green meadows! Let children rejoice in the name. Trees, herbs, gloss of water, seas, rivers, lakes, buckets and above them blue sky - here is happiness of children. Let's preserve them! The revealed book about wonderful travel is a good thing for children. Let's preserve books! Protecting children from want, hunger, death and death, protecting their games, laughter, toys are the protection of the future and life itself. That's why poets always celebrated childhood. Anxiety for the fate of children is eternal, like bread. In them is the infinity of life. In them - our happiness and our immortality" [3:8].
Literature:
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1. Akkieva S.I. Hospitality in traditional culture of the Balkars//Collection of scientific articles of Inggu Institute of Social Research. Magas, 2017. P.37-46.
2. Atabieva A.D. Children 's Literature//Essays of the history of Balkar literature/under the editor Z.H. Tolgurov. Nalchik, 2010.
3. K. Kuliyev. "Jump, my burro". Nalchik, 2001. - 104 p.
4. Kuliev K.S. Zhort, zhort, gylyuum! Sabilege kitap (Skachi, jump, my donkey! The book for children). Nalchik: Elbrus, 2002. - 120 p.
5. Kuchmezova L.B. Lexico-stylistic peculiarities of the language of Kaisyn kuliev "Skachi, my don-key!"//The creativity of Kaisyn Kuliev in the context of world artistic culture. Collection of scientific articles. - Nalchik, 2018. P. 186-192
