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RECONSTRUCTION OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES Rahimov E.H.
Rahimov Elbek Hasanboy o 'g 'li - Student, URBAN CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSEHOLD DEPARTMENT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING FACULTY, FERGANA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, FERGANA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article under discussion depicts reconstruction of historic buildings and structures. The author of the article claims that in reconstruction of buildings it is primarily important to determine what is meant by historic and to rationalize the terms redevelopment and reconstruction. Therefore, the author discusses advantages and disadvantages of reconstruction issues where a great many vital elements which are original to buildings' heritage can be lost.
Keywords: reconstruction, buildings, structures, outdated, purpose, object, improve, damaged, redevelopment, history, falsification.
Over time, almost any building physically wears out or becomes outdated. The plaster begins to crumble, utilities malfunction, and the walls show signs of cracks. However, that is no reason to demolish the building.
Reconstruction is a chance to give it a second life. It is aimed at improving the existing technical and economic performance of the object and increases the efficiency of its use. Also, reconstruction may be performed if necessary to change the basic purpose of a building.
Reconstruction is a term in architectural conservation whose precise meaning varies, depending on the context in which they are used. More broadly, according to Paravalos, P. "reconstruction" means returning a damaged building to a known earlier state by the introduction of new materials. It is related to
the architectural concepts of restoration (repairing existing
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building fabric) and preservation (the prevention of further decay), wherein the most extensive form of reconstruction is creating a replica of a destroyed building [3, p.p.8-13].
In reconstruction of buildings it is primarily important to determine what is meant by historic and to rationalize the terms redevelopment and reconstruction. The terms will be used in the context of preserving and conserving buildings. This includes maintaining their predominant features and characteristics, whilst enhancing new features in keeping with the style and building constraints relating to traditional use of materials and resources. The buildings to be reconstructed are identified using the following criteria:
• Those having architectural interest: buildings which are nationally important for the interest of their architectural design, decoration and craftsmanship; also important examples of particular building types and techniques.
• Those deemed of historic interest: this includes buildings which illustrate important aspects of the nation's social, economic, cultural or military history.
• A variety of places that have a close historical association with nationally important buildings or events.
• Places which have group value, especially where buildings are part of an important architectural or historic group or are a fine example of planning (such as squares, terraces and model villages) [1, p.p .4-8].
There may be several reasons for the construction of a building or creation of a replica building or structure.
Sometimes, it is the result of destruction of landmark monuments that is experienced as traumatic by inhabitants of the region, such as through war, planning errors and politically motivated destruction, other times, merely the result of natural disaster. Examples include Yongdingmen (former Peking city gate temporarily sacrificed to traffic considerations), St Mark's Campanile in Venice (collapsed in 1902), House of the Blackheads (Riga), Iberian Gate and Chapel and the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow (destroyed by order of Joseph Stalin), Dresden Frauenkirche and Semperoperin Dresden
(bombed at the end of World War II). A specifically well-known example is the rebuilding of the historic city center of Warsaw after 1945. The Old Town and the Royal Castle had been badly damaged already at the outset of World War II. It was systematically razed to the ground by German troops after the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. The reconstruction of Warsaw's historic center (e.g., St. John's Cathedral, St. Kazimierz Church, Ujazdow Castle) and, e.g., the replica of the Stari Most built in Mostar (Bosnia Herzegovina) have met with official approval by UNESCO.
Other times, reconstructions are made in the case of sites where the historic and cultural significance was not recognized until long after its destruction, common in North America, especially with respect to its early history. Examples include the reconstruction of Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia, the rebuilding of numerous structures in Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia, and Fort William Historical Park in Ontario, Canada [2, p.p. 12-17].
Critics of reconstructed and replica buildings see them as a falsification of history and as the creation of a kind of "architectural ersatz". Most guidelines for reconstruction (such as the Burra and Venice charters) suggest that new construction be distinguishable from the original, and that reconstruction not be carried out if insufficient information exists to accurately recreate the building's former state.
When considering the practical aspects of individual houses, when a building is disassembled or exposed for the purposes of renovation or reconstruction, a great many vital elements which are original to its heritage can be lost. This might include clay or lime mortars used in between joist, foundations and chimney linings. Wooden frames held together by pegs can fracture if disengaged and it is crucial that that high levels of carpentry skills and traditional craftsmanship techniques are applied when rebuilding and renovating buildings.
It is important then to remember that when renovating buildings they do not become exploited for the benefit of contemporary tastes and trends. It can be argued that many of
these 'living history' experiences have become just that and are able to be devalued very easily.
Accuracy based on the facts available to the architects is what should remain of paramount importance when reconstructing any historic building [4, p.p. 11-14].
References
1. Deben L., Salet W. Cultural heritage and the future of the historic inner city of Amsterdam, 2004. P.p. 4-8.
2. Smith M.K, Robinson S.M. Cultural Tourism in a Changing World: Politics, Participation and (re)presentation. Channel View Publications, 2006. P.p. 12-17.
3. Paravalos P. Moving a House with Preservation in Mind. Rowman Altamira, 2006. P.p. 8-13.
4. Nash G. Renovating Old Houses: Bringing New Life to Vintage Homes. Taunton Press, 2003. P.p. 11-14.
