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105V0 = 728 - initial velocity of the bullet,
p = 744 mmHg - atmospheric pressure. Using the dependencies (11) and (14), the values of sound speed and air density are determined. Then we substitute their values into the system of differential equations (6) and
(7). This system is solved under the initial conditions
(8). We obtain the following values: tk = 1,3828s -
the duration of the bullet's motion, x(tk ) = 692,28m
- the coordinate of the zeroing point of the trajectory,
X(tk ) = 314,01^ and z(tk ) = -6,37 m/$ - the
projection of the velocity of the bullet on the corresponding axis of coordinates at the time of zeroing the
trajectory of the bullet, V(tk ) = 314,08^ - the final velocity of the bullet, H = 2,41m - the maximum height of the trajectory of the bullet, XH = 361,41m - horizontal distance to the top of the trajectory.
Conclusions. Knowing the functional dependence (1) there is determined the values of the corrections caused by the influence of changes in air temperature, atmospheric pressure, the temperature of the cartridge charge, the initial velocity of the bullet and its mass. The differences between the results of the theoretical studies and the magnitudes of the corrections given in the tables [10] are because the latter were determined by decomposing the corresponding dependences into numerical series taking into account only the first terms of the decomposition. The corrections in determining the form factor of the bullet and the drug coefficient are also taken into account. Application of the proposed mathematical model for determination of the corrections caused by the non standard firing conditions allows to increase the accuracy of shooting. Note that all calculations were performed using Mathcad Math Software.
REFERENCES
1. Chernozubov A.D., Kirichenko V.D., Razin I.I., Mychaylov K.V. External ballistics. Part I, Moskov: Typography of the Artillery Engineering Academy, 1954.
2. Chernozubov A.D., Kirichenko V.D., Razin I.I., Mychaylov K.V. External ballistics. Part 2, Moskov: Typography of the Artillery Engineering Academy, 1954.
3. McCoy R. L. Modern Exterior Ballistics. The Launch and Flight Dynamics of Symmetric Projectiles, 2012.
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5. Balon Rastislav, Komenda Jan, Analysis of the 155 mm ERFB/BB projectile trajectory. Advances in MT, 2006, 10: 91-114.
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7. Bo Zhang, Shushan Wang, Mengyu Cao, Yuxin Xu, Impacts of Deflection Nose on Ballistic Trajectory Control Law. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2014, 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/984840
8. Velychko, L.D., Horchynskyj, I.V., Determination of the air resistance force of the bullets released from PK, PKB, PKS and PKT, Military Technical Collection, 2018, 18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33577/2312-4458.18.2018.26-31\
9. Landau, L.D. and Lifshitz, E.M., Theoretical Physics: V. VI, M.: fiz.-mat. lit., 2015.
10. The firing tables for ground targets from small arms of caliber 5,45 mm and 7,62 mm. Moskov: Voy-enzdat, 1977.
RECONNAISSANCE-STRIKE AND RECONNAISSANCE-FIRE COMPLEXES AS A WAY TO IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ARMED FORCES
Dautov A.
National defense University named after the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan-Elbasy,
Nursultan Ulakov E.
National defense University named after the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan-Elbasy,
Nursultan
ABSTRACT
All States of the world strive for high combat capability of their armed forces (AF). Each country chooses its own path of development of the army. Determining the overall development trend of the armed forces will allow you to work out the most optimal way for your army.
For example, the US considers the network-centric principle for the development of the armed forces as the most promising way. This principle involves the deployment of a global information network that optimizes the processes of working with information, delivery and distribution among consumers. Information superiority over the enemy allows you to achieve victory in a short time with minimal costs.
The development of the armed forces in the Russian Federation is seen in the direction of integrating a multilevel intelligence system, a control system and a shock-fire system. The actions of the Russian aerospace Forces
in Syria allowed them to test intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) systems, command and control (C2) systems, and fire systems integrated into the combined complexes.
The test of a modern ROC developed by the special technology center of the Military artillery Academy of the Russian Federation in the South-East of Ukraine in 2016 and its results are considered.
It is revealed that the high combat capability of the army in modern conditions depends on the speed of performing combat tasks or reducing the time from the moment of detection to its defeat. It is proposed to create reconnaissance-shock and reconnaissance-fire complexes as one of the ways to improve the combat capability of the army, based on the combination of available means of control (communication), intelligence and destruction. An example of the development of a mobile command post with an automated tactical weapons control system (battalion-brigade, regiment) and its combat capabilities is given.
Thus, increasing the combat capability of the army depends on the speed of the control system, intelligence and defeat. This can be achieved in various ways, but the most optimal way is to carry out a comprehensive modernization of existing weapons and combine them into reconnaissance-strike and reconnaissance-fire complexes (RSCand ROK), which may later be included in a single reconnaissance-striking system.
Keyword: «network-centric» intelligence-affects the system, reconnaissance-strike complex, a reconnaissance-fire complex, the military-industrial complex, intelligence, funds, weapons, means of control.
The development of military art since the beginning of time is on the way to increase the effectiveness of destroying the enemy with the least expensive means. The relevance of this issue increases every year and is directly dependent on scientific and technological progress. Currently, the world has developed and sold quite a lot of different modern weapons that would allow us to solve various tasks facing the armed forces. The effectiveness of the armed forces, which does not always depend on the weapons they are equipped with, will remain an urgent issue. But one thing remains certain: the high combat capability of the army directly depends on the speed of the system of control of troops and weapons
For example, to ensure the high efficiency of the armed forces, the United States has taken the path of integrating heterogeneous systems into a single information field (the "network-centric" principle of control, communication, intelligence and destruction). The combat capabilities of the group of troops are increased by increasing the awareness of units and units on the battlefield. This is achieved by deploying a global information network consisting of interconnected secure local information networks that optimize the processes of collecting, processing, storing, and distributing information among consumers. High awareness of the ongoing fighting, allow you to achieve information superiority over the enemy, thereby ensuring high speed control. High speed is obtained due to the independence of units and units in the choice of forms and methods of performing combat tasks and the right to hit enemy objects immediately after receiving information on them, without instructions from a higher command. Having information in "on-line" mode also makes it possible to create numerical and qualitative superiority at critical points on the battlefield [1].
The development of the Russian armed forces is seen in its transformation into an interspecies system that combines intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and target designation (ISRT), command and control systems (C2) and remote high-precision fire systems. The most striking recent example of checking the integration of a multi-level intelligence system and weapons of destruction is the actions of the Russian air and Space Forces in Syria. To successfully defeat the
enemy in the course of combat operations, the command of the Russian group created a control center for intelligence and strike actions. For operational control of reconnaissance and striking means, a control system, a reconnaissance system and a shock-fire system were deployed, which allowed continuous monitoring of the situation on the battlefield and direct control of the means of reconnaissance and destruction. Syria has been turned into a testing ground for almost all types of weapons and troops, especially for the intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) system, command and control (C2) system, and fire systems integrated into the combined complexes [2].
Improving the effectiveness of the armed forces is an important issue for all States. The United States and Russia are among the leading countries in this issue, as they say, are «trendsetters». However, no matter what forms they use, the General approach to solving the problem remains the same. This is a reduction in the time from the moment the enemy is detected to its defeat.
The solution to this problem leads to the long-discussed topic of creating reconnaissance-strike and reconnaissance-fire complexes. RSC and RFC allow you to solve combat tasks on the principle: «found-de-stroyed» . The advantages of RSC and RFC, and their positive and negative sides will not be considered. Let's briefly consider the ways to create them and the difficulties that arise.
A reconnaissance and strike complex is an automated weapon system designed to fire at the enemy's most important ground and surface targets as soon as they are detected. IT includes the following means: intelligence and guidance, destruction (high-precision weapons), electronic suppression, navigation and time support, and control.
Reconnaissance and fire complex - a fast-acting Autonomous artillery complex, which was supposed to combine the means of artillery reconnaissance, destruction, fire control automation and fire support. Due to its highly specialized purpose, which allowed solving only a limited number of fire tasks (hitting columns of tanks, firing artillery, radio-emitting devices, etc.), RFC did not receive much development in the world [3].
However, the idea of using RFC in modern conditions with the expansion of the capabilities of intelligence and electronic warfare, got a «second wind». For example, in 2016, in the South-East of Ukraine, a test of a reconnaissance and fire complex designed to perform a wide range of fire tasks was conducted in combat conditions [4]. The research was conducted by the special technology center of the Military artillery Academy of the Russian Federation. The ROC consists of: the artillery division of the 122-mm SG 2S1 «Gvozdika», consisting of three batteries of four guns and a set of aerial reconnaissance (KVR), represented by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) «0rlan-10».
During the test in a combat environment, the following tasks were worked out:
- defeat of the AN/TPQ-48 radar station;
- defeat of a group target by artillery division fire;
- destruction of buildings and fortifications;
- defeat enemy targets located near their troops.
The use of UAVs as reconnaissance, target designation and fire correction allowed to increase the effectiveness of artillery units many times. For example, to suppress an unobserved radar station when firing 122mm artillery guns from a closed firing position, you need to expend 200 shells (for destroying a single target, 600 shells). In this case, only 38 shells were needed.
Defeat of a group target (manpower and firepower) of 400x400 meters in size to achieve 30% of the degree of destruction, it is required to expend 2,880 shells. During the application of fire damage to the RFC, 2 dugouts and a structure for hiding manpower, two mortars with ammunition were reliably destroyed, the degree of destruction of the target was at least 30%. Consumption of projectiles - 120 pieces.
This means that the ideas put forward in the last century about the need to create RSC and RFC are getting a new round of development. Accordingly, improving the combat capability of the armed forces lies in combining the means of intelligence, destruction, control and communication (ACS), that is, in creating RSC and RFC.
However, there are certain difficulties that arise in resolving this issue. For example, reconnaissance, destruction and control (communication) should meet modern requirements, that is, must have such characteristics that would allow to quickly and accurately identify areas to discover the object, then determine the type and nature of the action, to find his location with an accuracy allowing a shot at him and fire weapons. As well as communication means should provide data transfer between all elements of the RSC and the RFC at a sufficiently high speed.
There are two ways to solve the difficulties that arise when creating RSC and RFC. This is the acquisition of new weapons or modernization of existing weapons in the army. Each of these paths has its own positive and negative sides. However, for States that do not have their own military-industrial complex, the acquisition of new weapons is quite expensive. Moreover, rearmament of the entire army at the same time is not possible for various reasons, and gradual equipping
leads to a lag in certain areas. There is also a constant obsolescence of already acquired weapons.
But there is another way, this is the modernization of existing weapons. It is necessary to analyze the weapons and military equipment of the army and the scientific and production potential of defense plants. Based on the results, it is possible to develop A program of modernization and rearmament of the army not by separate units of equipment, but in a complex way, which would result in the necessary modern complexes of RSC and RFC.
For example, you can develop a mobile command post with a tactical weapon control system (battalion-brigade, regiment) that will be able to solve tasks:
- operational management of various means of reconnaissance and means of fire destruction;
- analysis and processing of data obtained from the means of intelligence;
- prompt preparation of necessary calculations and submission of data for defeat.
This command post can have the following combat capabilities:
- operational reception of data from one or more intelligence sources, such as UAVs, optical (digital) surveillance devices, intelligence and alarm equipment, radio-electronic means via real-time data transmission channels;
- processing intelligence data and displaying it on digital maps;
- submission of commands and target designations to the means of destruction via high-speed communication channels on a scale close to real time and displayed on a digital map. Ability to submit a command to defeat directly from the command console (monitor);
- operational control of intelligence and weapons of destruction over HF, VHF and fiber-optic communication channels.
All means of reconnaissance must be both portable and portable (on a transport base), with the ability to transmit images and (or) target designation via digital and optical fiber communication channels in real time on a digital map.
As a means of destruction (fire) can be used:
- remote-controlled combat module with the ability to install various types of artillery weapons (guns, automatic guns, howitzers, MLRS) on a self-propelled chassis.
- ability to receive a team to defeat via communication channels in real time on a digital map.
- the presence of a remote control, or the possibility of remote control via communication channels in real time on a digital map, at different ranges.
Thus, improving the combat capability of the armed forces is an important issue for all States and directly depends on the amount of money allocated. However, all countries have their own limit on the maintenance of the armed forces and the effectiveness of the entire army depends on its proper use. The acquisition of new weapons is a necessary condition for increasing the level of combat capability, but not the most important, since if the existing weapons are heterogeneous and they are not effective due to the fact that they
can not be combined with each other to create RSC and RFC.
Currently, all countries have accumulated a large number of quite powerful various weapons - tanks, IFVs, guns and howitzers, various means of intelligence and communication. But the efficiency of their use is quite low due to the inability to combine them into a single complex for various purposes. It requires a deep modernization to bring them to modern requirements for weapons, which will allow you to create RFC and RFC that can perform any combat tasks.
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EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE RECONNAISSANCE AND FIRE COMPLEX
Ongarov Ye.,
master's student, national defense University named after the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
- Elbasy (Nur-Sultan) Ulakov Ye.
master's degree, teacher, national defense University named after the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Elbasy (Nur-Sultan)
ABSTRACT
In order to improve the efficiency of the operation of reconnaissance and fire complexes, the process of choosing the most optimal structure that meets the requirements for the range and accuracy of fire damage, the effectiveness of the munition on the target remains always relevant. This paper presents a variant of the methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of the intelligence and fire complex, taking into account the relationship of all subsystems of the complex. The results of the study can be used to justify the creation of a domestic reconnaissance-fire (reconnaissance-strike) system.
Keywords: reconnaissance and fire complex, reconnaissance and strike complex, unified information space, unmanned aerial vehicle, effectiveness of the reconnaissance and fire complex.
Modern military conflicts are characterized by: a wide spatial scope with simultaneous impact on the enemy on land, sea, in the aerospace and information spaces;
transience, increased maneuverability and reduced deployment time of groups of troops;
increase the efficiency of command and control of troops and weapons by automating control;
complex use of means of armed struggle (high-precision weapons, robotic systems, weapons built on new principles) [1].
In such conditions, it is obvious that the success of the operation largely depends on achieving superiority over the enemy in the management of their troops and
weapons, intelligence and defeat of objects and groups of enemy troops.
Historical experience shows that the emergence of new and improvement of existing types of weapons affects the tactics of warfare and operational art. In [2], [3], the concepts of the method and form of combat use of Rocket troops and artillery, as well as the main directions of their development, are given.
The main method of combat use of Rocket troops and artillery in the short and long term is considered maneuver-fire actions. This method provides for maneuvering formations, strikes and fire, dispersed placement of formations in compliance with the anti-fire maneuver mode after each fire task, as well as the use of
