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56Realia as a specific component of non-equivalent vocabulary
Matluba Isroil kizi Islomova National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek
Abstract: One of the most difficult problem of translation is of course, in the possibility of adequate transfer of the content of a text from one language to another. Non-equivalent vocabulary occupies a special place in science of translation. It exists because it denotes national realias. It's clear that non-equivalent vocabulary refers to the lexical units of the source language that don't have direct matches in the vocabulary in the translating language. Sometimes such lexical units are called untranslatable, but this is true only in terms of formal translation using a dictionary. The article is devoted to the realia as a specific componenet of non-equivalent vocabulary. Translation of realities is part of a large and important problem of transferring national and historical originality, which probably goes back to the very birth of translation theory as an independent discipline.
Keywords: realia, types of realia, ethnography, politics, geography, gloss, zero translation, neutralization
Introduction. Non-equivalent vocabulary has been one of the most important and relevant issues of translation studies since ancient times and even today. In particular, realia,which are the main components of the vocabulary of the cultural layer of each nation are considered one of the most interesting topics in linguistics. Knowing realia is important when studying the culture and language of the country. Following general linguistic methods are served as methodological bases of our investigation:
- Synchronously-descriptive method, which lets refer to languages with different structures;
- Contrastive method, which lets to analyze and to describe lexical units, reveal general and peculiar things in investigated languages.
Materials of investigation have been taken from different books, journals and internet resources.
Main part. As we mentioned above that realia are specific components of non-equivalence vocabulary,first of all we should focus on its history and origin.
"Realia" is one of those plural formations without a corresponding singular form. Like "memorabilia" ("memorable things" or "mementos"), "juvenilia" ("works produced in an artist's or author's youth"), and "marginalia" ("marginal notes or embellishments"), it incorporates the Latin plural ending "-ia." philosophically to
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distinguish real things from the theories about them-a meaning that dates to the early 19th century 1.
Some researchers use definitions that are synonymous with the word "realia", calling them "culturemes" 2. A number of researchers such as E.M.Vereshchagin, V.G.Kostomarov, A.V.Fedorov refer realia to non-equivalent vocabulary. In other words, they believe that realias are not subject to translation. In his writings, the Soviet Russian linguist and translator G.V.Chernov, speaks of realities as "non-equivalent vocabulary"
Realia has several functions in linguistics and other spheres of life and our aim is to investigate realia in translation. In translation, Realia (plural noun) are words and expressions for culture-specific material elements. The word realia comes from medieval Latin, in which it originally meant "the real things", i.e. material things, as opposed to abstract ones. The Bulgarian translators Vlahov and Florin, who were the first to carry out an in-depth study of realia, coined the modern sense of the word. They indicate that since realia carry a very local overtone, they often pose a challenge for translation3. L.S.Barkhudarov in the monograph "Language and Translation" treats realia as "words denoting objects, concepts and situations that do not exist in the practical experience of people speaking a different language"4. Vlahov and Florin classify them into various categories:
1. Geography
- physical geography: steppe, tornado, tsunami...
- geographic objects tied to man's activity: polder, piazza, bazaar...
- endemic species: koala, sequoia, yeti...
2. Ethnography
- everyday life: spaghetti, kimono, sari
- work: carabinieri, concierge, machete,
- art and culture: tarantella, ramadan,, Santa Claus
- ethnic characterizations: cockney,gringo, yankee...
- measures and money: mile, kilometer, hectare, gallon, ruble,
3. Politics and society
- administrative divisions: department, state, county
- organs and functions: senate, chancellor, tzar, shah
- political and social life: bolshevik, samurai, union jack,
- military realia: cohort, katyusha, cuirassier 5.
1 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/realia
2 МБ Раренко • 2002 — ВИНОГРАДОВ В.С. ВВЕДЕНИЕ В ПЕРЕВОДОВЕ-ДЕНИЕ. - М., 2001. - 224 с
3 Vlahov, S. and Florin, S. "Neperovodimoe v perevode. Realii", in Bruno Osimo. "Manuale del Traduttore, Seconda Edizione". Hoepli, 2004, p. 63
4 Barkhudarov L.S. Language and translation / L.S. Barkhudarov. Moscow: International Relations, 1975. - p.95.
5 "Political and Social Realia" "Logos", accessed May 26, 2011.
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According to Tomakhin, the classification of realia are: geography, ethnographic, folklore, mythology, everyday life, politics and society, history. In his book, "Реалии Американизмы", he suggested several types and subtypes of realia6.
We introduce the most common translation methods of realia put forward by translators:
1. Transliteration and transcription;
2. Creating a new word - neologism through translation;
3. Translation of realia by realia;
4. Giving definition to realia;
5. Change-over with a contextual alternative.
The most objective approach to aspects of language culture is the method of "gloss", that is, a technique of visual expression. This is because the functional to a certain term finding an alternative requires a lot of effort and sometimes ends with a completely unsatisfactory result. Neither transliteration nor transcription can always be used.
There are also cases where some realia in the system of foreign terms are not translated at all. This known as "zero translation". Because a certain term is absolutely specific to the culture of the language, or is an expression of a concept that does not need to be applied. For example, all types of tourism names are often mentioned in various publications and shows, such as sex tourism, pick up point in everyday life there is no need to translate the words. Although their content is understandable, Uzbekistan tourism there is no need to enter the terminology into the system. As a result, they will not be translated for an indefinite period of time.
"Neutralization" is used in the terminology translation, as well as in the translation of other texts. The reason for such a linguistic phenomenon lies in some aspects of translation possibilities limited, it may be impossible to find the exact meaning of the word. For example, in English lexemes traveler, tourist, excursionist, tourist are translated into Uzbek as as turist (sayyoh,ekskursant).
Every translator should understand that when transmitting the realia, it is necessary to take into account the fact that it is impossible to recreate "foreign" culture in the translation in full language means. In such situations,the task for the treanslator is to convey the atmosphere of the work, to help the reader understand the unfamiliar realia and add them to their vocabulary. The translator must focus on his future reader,who in the process of reading will be able to independently expand and replenish his stock of knowledge.
Conclusion. In conclusion, the translator shows his skill in translating realia supporting all methods and carry out the most suitable way of translation. The most effective way of translation for realia is transliteration.If the word given by
6 Tomakhin, Gennadii D. (1988) Realii-amerikanizmy, Moscow: Vysshaia shkola.
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transliteration is not interpreted, if it is not explained,the reader does not understand the description of the described events and words. This where the transliterated word is described and explained in context, the meaning can be given in parentheses or explained below the text. Equivalence plays an important role in the process of translating national specific words. But at the same time, it requires great knowledge and good skills in choosing an alternative word in the process of translation. Summing up all of the mentioned above,we can come to the conclusion that the topic of realia is one of the most diverse,complex and at the same time interesting area in translation. Each language has a large number of unique language units,called realia,which differ from each other in their type. The difficulties of adapting realia to other languages,as well as the relevance of the study of this theme,will exist in linguistics for a long time.
References
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5"Political and Social Realia" "Logos", accessed May 26, 2011..
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