23УДК 332.1
РАЗВИТИЕ «ЗЕЛЕНОЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ» В СТРАНАХ БЛИЖНЕГО
ВОСТОКА
Ермаков Дмитрий Николаевич,
доктор экономических наук, доктор политических наук, кандидат исторических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры финансов и бухгалтерского учета АНО ВО «Национальный институт бизнеса»;
dermakow@mail .га ORCID: 0000-0002-0811-0058
Ткаченко Дмитрий Юрьевич,
кандидат экономических наук, доцент, проректор по научной работе АНО ВО «Национальный институт бизнеса»;
tkachenkod@yandex.ru https://orcid.org/0000-0001 -8268-5573
Аннотация. Неиссякаемые источники энергии, в условиях топливно-энергетического кризиса, охватившего современную Европу в результате санкционных войн и российско-украинского конфликта, приобретают особую актуальность в условиях дефицита нефти и газа. Климатические условия современной Европы по количеству солнечных дней в году гораздо более благоприятны, а энергия ветра и солнца в скандинавских странах зарекомендовали себя как источник энергии. На Ближнем Востоке количество солнечных дней в году многократно перекрывает европейский уровень, что создает благоприятные условия для развертывания как малых, так и глобальных солнечных электростанций, установки ветрогенераторов. Важнейшим источником чистой энергии в арабском мире с его обширными пустынями являются солнце и ветер. Правительства Ближнего Востока одними из первых воспользовались благоприятными климатическими условиями, что вместе с развитыми нанотехнологиями способствовало формированию принципиально передовых энергетических стратегий. Например, более трети энергии Марокко поступает из возобновляемых источников энергии. В представленной авторами статье рассматриваются алгоритмы влияния технологий возобновляемой энергетики на социально-экономическое развитие стран Ближнего Востока.
Ключевые слова: «возобновляемые источники энергии»; «страны Ближнего Востока»; «государственная политика в области «зеленой энергетики»; «экологическая политика»; «зеленая энергетика».
DEVELOPMENT OF "GREEN ENERGY" IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE
MIDDLE EAST
Ermakov Dmitry Nikolaevich,
Doctor of Economic Sciences, doctor of political sciences, candidate of historical sciences, professor, Professor of the Department of Finance and accounting ANO VO "National Institute of Business";
dermakow@mail.ru ORCID: 0000-0002-0811-0058
Tkachenko Dmitry Yurievich,
Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor,
vice-rector for scientific work ANO VO "National Institute of Business";
tkachenkod@yandex.ru https://orcid.org/0000-0001 -8268-5573
Annotation. Inexhaustible energy sources, in the context of the fuel and energy crisis that has engulfed modern Europe as a result of the sanctions wars and the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, are of particular relevance in conditions of insufficient oil and gas. The climatic conditions of modern Europe, in terms of the number of sunny days per year, are much more favorable, while wind and solar energy in the Scandinavian countries have established themselves as a source of energy. In the Middle East, the number of sunny days per year repeatedly overlaps the European level, which creates favorable conditions for the deployment of both small and global solar power plants, the installation of wind generators. The most important source of clean energy in the Arab world, with its vast deserts, is the sun and wind. The governments of the Middle East were among the first to take advantage of the favorable climate conditions, which, together with the developed nanotechnology, contributed to the formation of fundamentally advanced energy strategies. For example, more than a third of Morocco's energy comes from renewable energy sources. The article presented by the authors examines the algorithms of the influence of renewable energy technologies on the socio-economic development of the Middle East countries.
Keywords: "renewable energy sources"; "countries of the Middle East"; "state policy in the field of" green energy "; "environmental policy"; "green energy".
Introduction.
Global Overview of Renewable Energy Use.
Today, the use of renewable energy sources has become one of the main directions of the transition to a sustainable energy system. Interest in the generation
of electricity from renewable energy sources in the world has increased, as this is one of the elements of the national energy balance in most countries [3].
The Russian leadership shows attention and interest in the problems of renewable electricity. "When developing alternative energy, it is necessary to take into account consumption volumes and economic growth rates, and not get ahead of ourselves for the sake of politics, said Russian President Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin at the Russian Energy Week forum».1
The 2030 Sustainable Development Plan, adopted by the United Nations in September 2015, envisions efforts by the entire global community to conserve the environment and reduce harmful emissions. Important for the development of renewable energy is the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, concluded by the 12.12.2015, which provides for the annual allocation of $100 billion until 2025. US to developing countries to help them reduce harmful emissions. In the Russian Federation, renewable energy issues are outlined in strategic planning documents, where it is planned to introduce 12 GW of generation capacity based on renewable energy sources by 2035 [5].
President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin noted: "The energy nuclear industry is environmentally friendly and is included in the package of those measures related to improving the climate and environment, and not vice versa," he stressed and added that this issue in the world "seems to be resolved," but it is necessary to approve it finally. "2 He also noted that it is necessary to increase the pace of implementation of projects in the nuclear energy sector, actively develop small hydroelectric power plants, and use the energy of ebb and flow. For ten years, from 2010 to 2019, the share of energy obtained from renewable sources in the world in the total volume of final energy consumption increased by 1.6%. At the same time, over the same period, the total consumption of energy from renewable sources increased much more significantly - by 25%.
The fastest progress is in the electricity sector - the share of renewable energy sources in it increased from 19.7 percent in 2010 to 26.2 percent in 2019. At the same time, in 2019, this sector accounted for only a fifth of the final energy consumption in the world. Half of global energy consumption comes from heat generation, but progress in this sector has been insignificant: in 2019, the share of modern renewable energy sources was 10.1 percent, an increase of less than 2 percent compared to 2010. In 2019, the share of renewable energy sources used in the transport sector reached 3.6 percent, while in 2010 this figure was 2.6 percent.
In 2019, traditional biomass uses, such as burning wood for heating, continue to generate nearly a third of total renewable energy consumption.
Effective climate action will require increased strategic support across all sectors and effective tools to further mobilize private capital, including for
1 Putin urged "not to get ahead of ourselves" in the development of alternative energy. -URL: https://1prime.ru/alternative/20221012/838438627.html (date of appeal: 15.11.2022).
2 Vladimir Putin, President of the Russian Federation: "Without the atom, it is generally impossible to solve modern problems in the energy sector". - URL: https://www.atomic-energy.ru/statements/2022/07/07/126230 (date of appeal: 15.11.2022).
developing countries. Achieving the global goal of energy efficiency is still possible, but only with significant systematic investment. Improving energy efficiency is essential to achieving global climate change goals. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to increase energy intensity by 2.6 percent annually by 2030, which is twice the pace observed from 1990 to 2010.
The global primary energy intensity measure, calculated as the ratio of total energy consumption to GDP, decreased from 5.6 megajoules per dollar. US (by purchasing power parity 2017) in 2010 to 4.7 megajoules per dollar The United States in 2019, with a decline rate of 1.9 percent per year on average. In order to meet the goal of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and compensate for the lost time, the rate of increase in energy intensity until 2030 should average 3.2 percent per year. This is still possible, but only subject to significant systematic investment in cost-effective energy efficiency technologies. The pace of progress here in different regions varies due to differences in the economic structure, the amount of energy consumed and the level of electrification. The only region that has completed the task at the moment is East and Southeast Asia, where the average annual rate was 2.7 percent in 2010-2019, which was facilitated by active economic growth. Despite the fact that the task of combating climate change is becoming more urgent, the growth of international public funding for renewable energy slowed down even before the pandemic. The amount of funds received through international public funding to developing countries to support the development of clean energy has been declining for the second year in a row. In 2019, the volume of such financing amounted to $10.9 billion. The United States, which is almost 24 percent less than a year earlier [6].
In addition, for the first time since 2008, the moving average for five years decreased from $17.5 billion. In 2014-2018, up to $16.6 billion. The United States in 2015-2019. The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic could have caused another decline in 2020. In 2019, more than 52 percent of the commitments made to allocate funds were loans. Nearly 17 percent were gratuitous subsidies, indicating an increase in the use of aid tools for developing countries that do not lead to an increase in their debt. Another promising tool is shares in collective investment structures, such as investment funds, which reached $191 million in 2019. US, up 91 percent from 2018 LDCs accounted for 25.2 percent of announced aid in 2019, up from 21 percent in 2018, but shrank from $3.0 billion to $2.7 billion. USA.
The widespread use of renewable energy sources, especially from the Sun (depending on solar photovoltaic technology) and wind, has led to a noticeable decrease in the cost of electricity (an increase in renewable energy production can be seen in Figure 1, where the main share is in wind and solar energy3).
By 2025, the pace of electricity generation from renewable energy sources is projected to increase by about a third, but with limited growth in the heating and heat generation sector, as well as in transport.
3 Statistical Review of World Energy 2021. 70th edition. - URL: https://www.bp. com/content/dam/bp^usiness-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf (date of appeal: 15.11.2022).
According to information provided ourworldindata.org about 1/3 of the world's electricity production capacities in 2021 accounted for low-carbon sources. For example, the share of electricity from low-carbon sources in Saudi Arabia for 2021 was 0.23%; United Arab Emirates - 11.26%; Qatar - 0.25% (Fig. 2). The countries of the Middle East, continuing to increase the pace of production of low-carbon energy (solar, wind, biomass and waste, geothermal, tidal, etc.), continue to lag behind world leaders.
Annual change, TWh
400
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
Ветряная энергия / Wind energy Солнечная энергия / Solar energy Геотермальная энергия, биомасса и др. / Geothermal energy, biomass, etc.
Pic. 1 - Renewable Energy Production
Pic. 2. Share of energy from low-carb sources 4
4 Electricity is only one part of total energy - decarbonizing electricity is only one step towards a low-carbon energy system. - URL: https://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20almost%20two%2Dthirds,been%20pretty%20stagnant%20for %20decades (date of appeal: 15.11.2022).
Renewable energy sources, which make up about 26-28% globally, are actively developing around the world. If in some countries of the Middle East there is no nuclear energy (Fig. 3), then almost all countries are aimed at the active development of renewable energy sources, as evidenced by the strategies adopted at the state level and other planning documents. Thus, Egypt and Morocco, despite the uneven dynamics of the development of this segment, show fluctuations between 13 and 18%, which is commensurate with the use of renewable energy sources in the United States and Russia [4].
/
--__J
198& 1990 1995 2000 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy & Ember
2016 2021
OurWoridlnData.org/energy • CC BY
Egypt
Morocco
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
USA Russia
Pk. 3. Share of renewable and nuclear energy
The production of electricity per capita is indicative. Despite the ongoing efforts to develop renewable energy sources, gas, coal and oil account for a large share of energy production per capita, as shown in picture 4.
2.903 kWh
■ Coal ■ Gas ■ Oil United Arab Emirates United States Saudi Arabia Russia Europe
Egypt 1.919 kWh
Morocco m 997 kWh
0 kWh 4,000 kWh
Nuclear ■ Hydropower ■ Wind ■ Solar
Other renewables
13,211 kWh
5,026 kWh
2,431 kWh
14,887 kWh 13.038 kWh
6,006 kWh
3.424 kWh
3,890 kWh
9,920 kWh
7,942 kWh 6,409 kWh
8,000 kWh
12,000 kWh
Source: Our World in Data based on BP Statistical Review of World Energy & Ember OurWorldlnData.org/electricity-mix • CC BY
Pic. 4. Power generation per capita by source, 20215
Increasing the installed capacity of renewable energy sources in the United States, China and India combined will lead to a significant reduction in the cost of energy. Currently, many countries are aimed at signing long-term agreements on the purchase of electricity for the needs of the utility.
The picture 5 shows the expected sectoral development of renewable energy demand from 2015 to 2025.
30%
Pic. 5. Projected Industry Development of Global Renewable Energy Demand
in 2015-20256
5 Our World in Data. - URL: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-electricity-source-stacked?country=USA~EGY~Europe~MAR~RUS~SAU~ARE (date of appeal: 15.11.2022).
6 REN21, GSR 2018, p. 19, 22, 23.
Analysis of the current state and prospects for the development of renewable energy in the Middle East
Renewables play an important role in achieving sustainable development; although studies on it were started by chance in the 1930s, they still cause discussion and study, especially after the energy crisis of the 1970s, which affected economic and social life in the world. Industrialized countries sought alternatives to achieve economic independence and security, and countries such as China, Denmark, Iceland, and Germany succeeded [8].
The emergence and export of oil in the Arab region was a decisive historical revolution in overcoming the isolation of the region. Suddenly there was a socioeconomic transformation. Over the course of several decades, there was something of a value revolution that resulted in a crack in the value system, and many crafts were destroyed, in favor of spreading a new model of production that brought with it a consumer culture asking for help. lightness, relaxation and dependence, as societies emerged with the discovery of oil.
This is the impact on public life that such components of the natural environment have had, as climate, geographical location and natural resources, since population density was formed in regions without others, which contributed to the influence on the structure of production and social organization of these entities, thereby creating cultural and heritage diversity, some of which were subject to change, while others were reluctant to withstand the harsh conditions of time. It is well known that the Arab Gulf society as a whole is a tribal society that, before the discovery of oil, relied on traditional production models such as agriculture, grazing, pearl mining and fishing. Nevertheless, after that it was accompanied by many changes at various levels.
The enormous influence of modern and advanced technologies and means effectively contributed to the growth of modern cities with all their amenities, beauty and speed of distribution, and what they created in terms of urban heritage as representing a difficult period. conform to the new urban reality. For example, to achieve the seventh sustainable development goal of the United Nations by providing (clean and affordable energy), the Kingdom of Bahrain has worked to benefit from affordable sustainable renewable energy, and the Electricity and Water Authority has begun to promote renewable energy through a project to install solar energy systems in homes, as well as through the solar power plant project. Production capacity (100 MW).
Arab countries are about 94 percent dependent on fossil fuels as the main source of electricity generation, with renewable energy (sun and wind) making a modest contribution. A pleasant exception is the state of Sudan, which is mainly dependent on the Nile River spills, to get electricity in addition to oil.
Figure 6 shows the percentage of renewable energy contribution to energy produced in the Middle East region.
■ нефть, газ /oil, gas уголь / coal
■ гидроэнергетика / hydropower
■ возобновляемая энергия / renewable energy
■ другие / other
Pic. 6. Percentage of renewable energy contribution to energy produced in the
Middle East region, 2017-20227
There is a growing interest in renewable energy (especially solar and wind) in Middle Eastern countries. Arab power producers importing energy contribute significantly to diversifying the national energy balance.
The total installed capacity in the Arab countries of renewable energy sources (without hydropower) is about 5100 MW, including 1972 MW from the solar photovoltaic system, 2559 MW from the wind, 325 MW from solar thermal concentrators and 244 MW from bioenergy. At the end of 2017, Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia and Jordan, due to the lack of traditional energy sources, achieved great success in using wind power for electricity production.
At the end of May 2018, Jordan abandoned a construction project with the participation of Rosatom State Corporation for a large-capacity nuclear power plant worth $10 billion, on the same days Russia and Jordan signed an agreement on the development of a construction project on the Jordanian territory of a small-capacity nuclear power unit (about 200 MW) under the Russian project. The request of the Russian side to pay for the construction of the first nuclear power plant in Jordan with loans from commercial banks caused the cancellation of the agreement signed between the commission and the Russian company Rosatom8 .
The Jordanian leadership has demonstrated a general trend characteristic of the states of the Middle East - a phased transition to the use of solar energy.
7 World Energy Outlook 2017, executive summary, Arabic, p. 6. (date of appeal: 15.11.2022).
8 Jordan spoke about the reasons for the cancellation of the agreement with Rosatom on nuclear power plants. - URL: https://ria.ru/20180611/1522520409.html_(date of appeal: 15.11.2022).
Increasing the interest of governments of the Middle East in the use of wind energy in the presence of regions characterized by a "rose of winds" in terms of repeatability and average annual wind speed, which were obtained as a result of scientific research. A significant role is played by the local industry, which produces some components of wind power equipment.
The technology of photovoltaic solar systems, especially with its low price and its suitability for rural and remote areas, attracts the attention of most countries with different economies and natural resources, whether they are exporters or importers of energy (e.g. Algeria, Jordan). Expansion of photovoltaic systems projects for lighting, pumping and desalination purposes in most Arab countries is expected to continue. And Morocco is now still the region's first concentrated solar thermal power plant country.
Two millennia after the ancient Egyptians abandoned their solar deity Ra, their descendants rediscover the power of the sun. In the southern desert, a half-hour drive from Aswan, Egypt puts the finishing touches on Benban, one of the world's largest solar farms. Its 6-meter panels produce 1.5 gigawatts (gw) of energy, enough to power more than 1 million homes. "In a decade we will still need oil to make plastics and other petrochemicals, but not to produce energy," says Rabeaa Fattal, a Dubai-based investor at Rising Sun, in one of Benbana's 40 fields. Most of the energy of the modern Middle East and North Africa is built on oil. It exports more black matter than any other region. A quarter of the Middle East's electricity comes from it, compared with three percent from renewable sources. In the long run, the global trend is aimed at cleaner energy sources. Renewable energy capacity in the Middle East has doubled to 40 gigawatts (gwt) in the past decade and is set to double again by 2024.
Last year, the Arab Republic of Egypt made great strides in renewable energy production as renewable energy production reached nearly 24 GW per hour. At the same time, wind and solar energy provided 41 percent of the total amount of energy consumed in the country.
The renewable energy sector in Egypt has been able to achieve significant achievements despite the difficult conditions faced by renewable energy markets during the coronavirus pandemic, the most important of which was the commissioning of a wind farm located in the Suez Bay with a total capacity of 250 MW. The Arab Republic of Egypt has sold almost 2 million carbon certificates and made impressive progress in the implementation of a solar photovoltaic power plant in the area of the city of Zaafarany.
In Egypt, the development of projects in the field of solar and wind energy with a total capacity of approximately 3570 MW is underway. The private sector and foreign investors purchased facilities of such energy with a capacity of about 3,500 MW in the amount of about $3.5 billion USA.
Xlinks announced the implementation in Morocco, in the Helmim-Ued-Noun area, the largest project to create a wind and solar energy facility with a capacity of 10.5 GW on an area of 1,500 square meters. km.
Гидроэнергетика/Hydropower
2832
Ветроэнерreтнка/Wind power
1635
Солнечная энергия/Solar energy
1642
Тепловая солнечная энергия/Thermal solar energy
20
Pic. 7. Annual Report of the Renewable Energy Authority of the Arab
Republic of Egypt 9
To export the received energy, 3800 km of high-voltage DC offshore cables will be stretched and a huge battery storage with a capacity of 5 GW/20 GWh will be built.
In total, there are 111 clean energy projects in Morocco during operation and development, while the share of renewable energy sources in the electricity generated in the country is currently about 37-38%. In 2030, in the Kingdom of Morocco, the share of renewable energy sources should exceed 50 percent [1].
The electric capacity generated by the use of renewable energy sources, according to the Moroccan Ministry of Energy in 2021, amounted to about 3.95 thousand. MW: 1.43K MW due to wind power (13.4 percent of the total electricity capacity), 0.75 thousand MW due to solar energy (7.03 percent of the total electricity capacity) and 1.77 thousand MW from hydroelectric power (16.57 percent of total electricity capacity).
Investments in renewable energy projects in Morocco amounted to $5.8 billion. UNITED STATES. The goal of large-scale projects is to generate up to 52% of energy from renewable sources and create up to 400 thousand jobs in 20 years10.
According to official government sources and other publicly available information, in 2020-2021, in response to the COVID 19 pandemic, Saudi Arabia allocated at least 6.50 billion US dollars to support various types of energy through new or changed policies. These government monetary obligations include: at least
9World Energy Outlook 2017, executive summary, Arabic, p. 6
10 By Yemile Mariana Tuma. Arab Countries Eye Energy Diversification, Including Renewables. 07.06.2022. - URL: https://mexicobusiness-news.translate.goog/trade-and-investment/news/arab-countries-eye-energy-diversification-including-
renewables?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ru&_x_tr_hl=ru&_x_tr_pto=sc (date of appeal: 15.11.2022).
$5.59 billion for the unconditional use of fossil fuels under 5 strategies (3 quantitative and 2 non-quantitative).
Allocated at least US $906.67 million for unconditional clean energy under 3 strategies (1 quantitative and 2 non-quantitative)
Saudi Arabia allocated at least $5.59 billion in depleted energy for oil and gas. In addition, no government funding was allocated for coal. No government funding was allocated for the development of hydrogen based on fossil fuels. Finally, there are no government financial liabilities for several fossil fuels [7].
Significantly more public funds allocated to support Saudi Arabia's economy and population through monetary and fiscal policies in response to the crisis could also benefit different elements of the energy sector. However, these values are not available from official legislation and statements and are therefore not included in the database. Meanwhile, in addition to monetary and fiscal measures, the database lists other policies and regulations that could also provide benefits to producers and consumers of different types of energy. These public monetary commitments are in addition to many other public policy measures that existed to support various types of energy before the COVID19 pandemic11.
At the third session in Riyadh 22.01.2013 the Arab Development Summit adopted the Arab Renewable Energy Strategy (2010-2030)12. The strategy provides a scientific and theoretical basis for joint Arab action on renewable energy. Thanks to the implementation of this strategy, the share of renewable energy sources in the production of electricity in the Arab region in 2020 reached 5.1 percent [2].
The Executive Office of the Arab Council of Electricity Ministers of the League of Arab States adopted the Arab Renewable Energy Guidelines and its annex, the Renewable Energy Model of National Plans, and called on Arab countries to use them as the main guide in the preparation of their respective national plans and to coordinate with the Committee of Experts on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (related to the Council) and through special methodology to monitor the implementation of the decisions of the above-mentioned structure.
The table 1 shows countries in the Arab region that have announced official strategic goals and adopted policies related to renewable energy sources. The Kingdom of Morocco ranks first in the ranking for the completion of renewable electricity projects, followed by Egypt and Jordan.
11 Saudi Arabia. https://www.energypolicytracker.org/country/saudi-arabia/. (date of appeal: 15.11.2022).
12 Pan-ArabRenewableEnergyStrategy2030. - URL: http://www.irena.org/ Document Downloads/Publications/IRENA_PanArab_Strategy_June%202014.pdf (date of appeal: 15.11.2022).
Table 1 - Renewable Energy Goals. Total installed capacity of renewable energy sources in the Middle East. ___
Approved targets to Total installed
increase the share of Time frame for achieving the goal capacity of renewable
Country renewable energy (% of total electricity generation in the country) energy sources (without hydropower) for 2022 (MW)
Jordan (Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan) 10 2025 564.4
UAE (United Arab Emirates) 25 2030 356.6
Bahrain (Kingdom of Bahrain) 10 2035 6
Algeria (Algerian People's Democratic Republic) 27 2030 435.2
Tunisia (Republic of Tunisia) 30 2030 282.8
Syria (Syrian Arab Republic) 30 2030 13
Sudan (Republic of Sudan) 20 2030 202.6
Iraq (Republic of Iraq) 11 2025 37
Oman (Sultanate of Oman) 10 2025 25
Palestine (State of Palestine) 10 2025 18
Qatar (State of Qatar) 20 2030 43
Kuwait (State of Kuwait) 15 2030 41
Lebanon (Lebanese Republic) 12 2025 30
Libya (State of Libya) 10 2025 5
Egypt (Arab Republic of Egypt) 20 2022 866
Kingdom of Morocco 52 2030 1260.8
Saudi Arabia (Kingdom of Saudi 30 2040 92
Arabia)
Mauritania (Islamic Republic of Mauritania) 20 2025 119.2
Yemen (Republic of Yemen) 15 2025 400
The growing competitiveness of renewable energy sources gives analysts hope that this trend will continue (see Figure 5). Solar farms are cheaper, faster and safer to build and maintain than oil and gas power plants. A new solar power plant in the United Arab Emirates will produce electricity about two-thirds cheaper than gas and one-third cheaper than oil. Several countries in the region are talking about becoming renewable energy exporters. Investors, however, still have reasons to hesitate. First, Arab autocrats often promise more than they do. Take Muhammad bin Salman, the de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia, who has made renewable energy the backbone of his economic reform plan. In 2018, the ruler and Japanese conglomerate
SoftBank announced the world's largest solar power project in the Saudi desert. However, six months later it was postponed. Regional instability in the Middle East scares off potential investors. Iraq's energy minister blames the protests for derailing his plans to meet 20 percent of demand from renewable energy by 2030. Conflicts in neighboring countries have cast doubt on Jordan's efforts to export solar power to Lebanon. Turbulent Egypt has offered to buy solar at above-market prices to attract investors to Benban. There is also the risk that, in the long run, lower oil prices will weaken countries "interest in solar power. Saudi Arabia, for example, may prefer to burn more oil for energy. Lower revenues could force oil-producing states to suspend new solar projects. But such projects are largely carried out by the private sector, and they still compare favorably with fossil fuels. "We're seeing tenders accelerate during covid-19," says Paddy Padmanathan of Acwa Power, a Saudi firm that manages renewable energy projects. "Why spend money on extracting and recycling fuel from the earth rather than relying on God - given free sun and wind?"13.
Picture 8 - A graph demonstrating the growing competitiveness of renewable
energy sources
13 Arab states are embracing solar power. - URL:https://www.economist.com/middle east-and-africa/2020/05/07/arab-states-are-embracing-solar-power_(date of appeal: 15.11.2022).
Conclusion
The expansion of renewable energy requires integrated measures in accordance with national conditions and priorities, taking into account the degree of coordination and integration of policies between relevant sectors and public bodies, between countries, associations and organizations at the subregional, regional and international levels [9].
The use of nuclear power in the Middle East raises serious concerns among the world community. Concerns about nuclear security in the Middle East limit the spread of nuclear energy. For example, Saudi Arabia and the UAE are concerned about possible terrorist attacks. First of all, this raises the question of nuclear security, that is, rapid measures to prevent and detect such malicious actions as theft, sabotage, unauthorized possession and illegal transfer. But there is also a question of safety, i.e. ensuring the operability of nuclear facilities, preventing accidents or limiting their consequences. Countries in the Middle East are concerned about the availability of nuclear material for terrorist organizations, which undermines their desire to develop nuclear energy in peacetime.
The UAE, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Jordan import most of the fissile material for their current programs, and this raises the issue of dependence on other countries. In addition, the region is prone to frequent earthquakes (especially in Iran and Turkey), high temperatures, frequent terrorist attacks and fierce geopolitical disputes. When a magnitude 7.7 Richter earthquake struck Iran in 2013, the disaster caused cracks in concrete at the Bushehr nuclear power plant. Any nuclear leak in the Gulf region would be a major problem for these countries, dependent on seawater desalination. And finally, the Middle East, with its relatively late start in the development of nuclear energy, suffers from a shortage of qualified specialists and the belated development of relevant technologies.
The Russian Federation undoubtedly has the necessary technological resources to help the countries of the Middle East in the development of solar and wind energy.
Список использованных источников
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