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38КОНТРОЛЬ И МОНИТОРИНГ ОПАСНОСТЕЙ HARARD MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING
Оригинальная статья / Original article УДК 528.846
DEVELOPMENT of 3D COMPOSITE PRINTING MATERIALS © Sun Kai1, Sun Xia2
Liaoning University of Engineering and Technology, Innovation Practice College, Liaoning, 123000, China.
ABSTRACT. PURPOSE. 3D printing technology (additive manufacturing technology) as one of the representative technologies in the third industrial revolution has drawn more and more attention from industries and investment communities. Currently, there are two main factors restricting the development of 3D printing technology: printing technology and printing materials. Among them, polymer composites have obvious advantages in 3D printing materials. METHODS. Therefore, this paper analyzes the problems, research status, application fields and future prospects of 3D polymer composites in printing. RESULTS. The immediate need is to intensify the R & D efforts of raw materials, especially in the research and development and application of new materials, according to the characteristics of additive manufacturing, combined with the market application of various requirements, vigorously develop new raw materials, for example, na-nomaterials, direct printing of high-density metal parts for the production of alloy materials, functional graded materials, biomaterials, etc., will continue to increase the quality of additive materials manufacturing development direction. CONCLUSION. With the concept of "additive manufacturing +", the continuous integration of additive manufacturing technology and traditional manufacturing industry will be an important area for the development of additive manufacturing technology.
Keywords: 3D printing, composite printing materials, polymer, development
Article info: received November 12, 2017; accepted January 31, 2018; available online March 21, 2018.
For citation: Sun Kai, Sun Xia. Development of 3D composite printing materials. XXI century. Techosphere Safety. 2018, vol. 3, no. 1 (9), pp. 26-31.
РАЗРАБОТКА ТРЕХМЕРНЫХ КОМПОЗИТНЫХ ПЕЧАТНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ Сун Кай, Сун Ксиа
Инженерный Технологический Университет Ляонина, Колледж инновационной деятельности, Ляонин, 123000, Китай.
РЕЗЮМЕ. ЦЕЛЬ. Будучи одной из передовых технологий третьей промышленной революции, 3D технология печати (дополнительная производственная технология) привлекает все больше внимания инвестиционного сообщества и отраслей промышленности. В настоящее время есть можно выделить два основных фактора, ограничивающих развитие 3D технологии печати: технология печати и печатные материалы. У полимерных соединений есть очевидные преимущества. МЕТОДЫ. В данной статье анализируются проблемы, статус, прикладные области и перспективы трехмерных полимерных соединений. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. Возникает острая необходимость в поиске новых материалов для печати (например, наноматериалы, прямая печать высокоплотных металлических деталей для производства материалов сплава, функциональные классифицированные материалы, биоматериалы и т.д.), повышении качества аддитивных материалов. ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Аддитивное производство+ способствует непрерывной интеграции технологии аддитивного производства и традиционных методов производства. Ключевые слова: 3D печать, композитные печатные материалы, полимер, развитие. Информация о статье: дата поступления 12.11.2017 г.; дата принятия к печати 31.01.2018 г; дата онлайн-размещения 21.03.2018 г.
Формат цитирования: Сун Кай, Сун Ксиа. Разработка трехмерных композитных печатных материалов // XXI век. Техносферная безопасность. 2018. Т. 3. № 1 (9). С. 26-31.
1
Sun Kai, Research Associate,e-mail: [email protected] Сун Кай, научный сотрудник, e-mail: [email protected]
2Sun Xia, Research Associate, e-mail: [email protected] Сун Ксиа, научный сотрудник, e-mail: [email protected]
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Problems Facing 3D Printed Materials and Solutions
Although there is a wide range of polymer materials currently available for 3D printing, there are currently widespread problems with printing materials:
- High material printing temperature leads to high requirements on the equipment. The material printed out under high temperature rapidly cools, resulting in rapid crystallization of the printed material, resulting in a material with high rigidity and insufficient toughness.
- Poor material flow, resulting in a lot of engineering polymer materials can not be used for 3D printing, even barely printed products, hit the product dimensional stability is not good.
- The environmental protection and non-poisoning of the material still need to be improved; as the printing temperature is too high, it can also lead to the overflow of the volatile components in the polymer and adversely affect the printing environment.
- The application of new products also puts forward higher requirements on the function of materials, such as water solubility, abrasion resistance or conductivity of materials.
- The economics of 3D printed materials are also important considerations
[1, 2].
Solutions. In view of the problem of poor fluidity of a single polymer material, polymer lubricants are often added to improve the fluidity of polymer composites, in particular to reduce the friction between the polymer material and the metal material at the outlet, Blocking probability.
Spherical inorganic fillers such as spherical barium sulfate [3] and glass beads [4] can effectively improve the fluidity of the polymer and increase the rigidity of the final product; and the plate-like inorganic material such as talc and mica flakes can also be coated with a surface coating Cover the method, join the polymer system, effectively improve the fluidity of the composite and reduce the friction with the spinneret [5].
Improve the mechanical properties of materials. Adding polymer to the polymer to prepare composite materials can effectively improve the strength of the composite material. At present it is possible to add glass fiber, wood fiber and metal fiber into ABS to prepare 3D printing material which has good mechanical properties and is suitable for 3D fused deposition process; carbon fibers and macro-molecular organic fibers can also be added to nylon to improve the tensile strength of nylon. The effect of nanofibers (such as halloysite nanotubes) on silane coupling agent and AX8900 toughening agent can effectively improve the tensile strength Strength and toughness.
Shorten the cooling solidification time. The cooling and solidification time of macromolecule material is closely related to the crystallization property of macromolecule. When the solidification time is too long, the forming dimensional stability of macromole-cule material is too poor, so the nucleus can be formed by nucleating agent to shorten the solidification time [6]. In addition, metal materials with different heat capacities can also be used to accelerate the solidification process of the whole composite [7].
3D printed composites research status quo
Due to many problems in the printing of a single polymer material, the research on polymer composites has become the focus of attention.
3D printing multi-functional nano-composites. Postiglione et al. [8] prepared the PLA / WCNT conductive nano-three-dimensional structure material by liquid-phase
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deposition (LDM) combined with the common desktop 3D printer. Campbell et al. [9] also explored 3D printed multi-functional nanocom-posites. Studies have shown that nanocompo-sites prepared by 3D printing can produce more functions by adding nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, nanowires and quantum dots to the host matrix (polymers, metals, ceramics). Wei et al. [10] studied 3D printed gra-phene composites. Graphene-ABS (G-ABS) composites with different compositions and graphene-polylactic acid (G-PLA) composites were obtained through the series of treatments. These graphene composites were further pultruded to a diameter of 1.75mm. The wire is printed on a 3D printer.
3D printed fiber reinforced composites. Currently, only thermoplastic wires are used as raw materials for FDM, including ABS, PC, PLA, Nylon (PA), or any of them A mixture of two. Pure thermoplastics made via FDM suffer from the drawbacks of insufficient strength, insufficiency of function and weak carrying capacity, which severely limits the widespread use of fused deposition modeling techniques. One effective method is to add a reinforcing material such as carbon fiber to form a carbon fiber reinforced composite (CFRP) in a thermoplastic material. Carbon fibers in carbon fiber reinforced composites can be used to support the load while the thermoplastic matrix can be used to bind, protect and transfer the load to the reinforcing fibers [11].
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) copolymer has become a broad choice of materials for melt deposition modeling, however FDM to make Type ABS Polymers commonly suffer from low strength and low hardness defects. In order to overcome this flaw Zhong et al. [12]. By adding several different Modifiers include short glass fibers, Plasticizers and compatibilizers to modify.
Dudek et al. [13] Selective laser sintering process (SLS) succeeded in rapidly forming hydroxyapatite/nylon 12 (HAP /PA12)
Composites ABS.
Gray et al. [14] Proposed thermotropic liquid crystal polymer (TLCP) Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene (PP) Composite filament used FDM Molding and manufacturing. With short Cut fiber compared, Longer used in composites TLCP fiber (Aspect ratio> 100) production Born a greater tensile strength and manufacturing various types Function.
This TLCP Fiber reinforced PP The tensile strength of the composite is better than most others FDM.
Shofner et al. [15] developed a nano-fiber-reinforced ABS composite by melt deposition. The raw material wire consists of singlewalled carbon nanotubes and AB plastic. Christ [16] first introduced polyacrylonitrile fiber filler (PAN), polyacrylonitrile chopped fiber (PAN-SC), polyamide fiber filler (PA) and antialkali zirconium glass chopped strand in 3D powder printing. This study primarily demonstrates the major reinforcement mechanisms for fiber-reinforced materials in 3D printing. Carneiro et al. [17] used polypropylene as a potential candidate for melt-laid molding (FDM) to extrude PP pellets out of the wire and print the test swatches.
3D printing inorganic filler composite material. Biological ceramic materials and thermoplastic composite through 3D Printed articles can be used in the modern healthcare and drug delivery industries (Such as Bone transplantation). The ideal bone graft should be porous, can stimulate new bone formation.
Hanemann et al. [18] mentioned that there are recent methods to describe the use of nano-gold particles and SiC particles as filler filler polyester-Polyurethane polymer. Then again FDM based on the development of ceramic melt deposition (FDC) technology, where the ceramic material is loaded into the polymer to make the bioceramic portion Pieces.
3D printing polymer alloy. Eric et al. [19] used FDM technology to modify ABS sur-
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face grafted polyethylene glycol dimethacry-late (PEGMA) to render it impermeable, hy-drophilic and biocompatible. Surface contact angle analysis of ABS-9-PEGMA, infrared spectroscopy, and BSA adsorption force were performed by atomic force microscopy. FTIR analysis showed that the degree of PEGMA grafting was proportional to the amount of PEGMA monomer in the grafting solution, and PEGMA grafting at 20% (VOL) was the best. The grafted ABS surface contact angle decreased from 77.58° to 40° and its adhesion to BSA decreased. The results clearly show that PEG treatment of the ABS surface gives better grafting of PEGMA to ABS and increases surface hydrophilicity and biocompatibility.
Traditionally, rigid or rigid materials can only achieve limited deformation; soft and low stiffness materials can achieve large deformations only if the soft segments are fully deformed. Lee et al. [20] developed a new material, Smart Soft Composite (SSC). 3D printing produces anisotropic SSC materials. The SSC material is an integrated composite of SMA (SMA)/ABS/PDMS that exhibits the properties of photosensitive and compliant materials for large deformation and in-plane/bend/twist coupling Deformation. Utilizing the material anisotropy, large and complex deformations under the action of actuators can occur at soft deformation structures.
3D printed metal filler composite. The basic principles of FDM process operation offer great possibilities for forming the series of other materials, including metal-filled composites. Metal filler composites in FDM engineering research work has been carried out in some universities and research institutes, is committed to the development of a higher mechanical properties of metal filler composites [21].
Nikzad et al. [22] successfully developed new composite materials (ABS filled with iron particles and ABS filled with copper particles) and discussed their direct application in rapid prototyping of melt deposition. Winding wires of new composite materials have been
successfully produced and printed on existing FDM 3000 machines. This new composite, due to its high content of metal particles, has a higher pressure hardness by FDM than pure polymer materials. In addition, the viscoelas-ticity of newly developed composites used in FDM was characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The results showed that the thermal and mechanical properties of ABS were significantly improved due to the incorporation of metal fillers.
Saude et al. [23] also conducted tests on the melt flow behavior (FMB) of pure ABS, PP, PLA, ABS mixed with 10% copper powder and ABS mixed with 10% iron powder. Studies have shown that the effect of FMB mixed with ABS with 10% copper and ABS with 10% iron is affected by viscosity, density, thermal conductivity, melting temperature and specific heat of the material. FMB of metal-filled polymer composites (PMC) was investigated using FDM nozzles using finite element analysis (ANSYS CFX12). The results obtained show that the extrusion nozzle diameter of the ABS mixed with copper powder and the ABS mixed with iron powder is larger than that of other plastic materials. It can be observed that the flow behavior of PMC is affected by pressure drop, velocity and outlet nozzle size.
Hwang et al. [24] observed the thermo-mechanical properties of the new composites by melt-depositing (FDM) metal / polymer composites. The ABS is mixed with copper powder and iron powder to change the percentage of the metal powder to study the thermomechanical properties of the composite wire, such as tensile strength and thermal conductivity; printing parameters such as temperature and packing density. It was found that the tensile stress and strain of ABS-Cu and ABS-Fe composites decreased with the increase of the content of metal particles. On the other hand, the thermal conductivity of ABS-Cu composite wire increased with the increase of Cu content Due to the decrease of the thermal expansion coefficient of the composite material. This shows that ABS-Cu com-
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posites can be applied to 3D printing on a large scale. The increased thermal conductivity of ABS has also eased its limitations on printed articles.
Wang et al. [25] used 3D printing for the manufacture of aBs frames. The ABS framework is functionalized by coating porous Cu-BTC (BTC = trimellitic acid) and is transformed into a metal-organic framework through in-situ growth step by step. The size of Cu-BTC particles on ABS ranged from 200 nm to 900 nm. This Cu-BTC / ABS composite frame occupies most of the reactor space and allows for more efficient adsorption without
agitation. Methylene blue (MB) can be removed from the aqueous Cu-BTC / ABS frame. When the solution concentration was 10 mg/L and 5 mg/L, MB removal efficiency from the solution within 10 min was 93.9 and 98.3%, respectively. After MB removal, Cu-BTC / ABS composites can be easily recycled and reused without the need of centrifugation and filtration. In addition, a significant advantage of this composite material is the ease with which the required framework can be made and the broader application of materials in addition to adsorption.
Applications and future prospects
In recent years, rapid development of 3D printing technology, its applications are also increasing, such as aerospace, medicine, machinery manufacturing and other related aspects. However, at present, China's research on printing raw materials is not yet mature enough and the relevant standards formulated are still not perfect. Most of the raw materials for additive manufacturing used in the market still need to be imported from abroad and are expensive [26, 27].
Therefore, the immediate need is to intensify the R & D efforts of raw materials, especially in the research and development and application of new materials, according to the characteristics of additive manufacturing,
combined with the market application of various requirements, vigorously develop new raw materials, for example, Nanomaterials, direct printing of high-density metal parts for the production of alloy materials, functional graded materials, biomaterials, etc., will continue to increase the quality of additive materials manufacturing development direction; In addition, the promotion of additive manufacturing materials series, standardization, green And with the concept of "additive manufacturing +", the continuous integration of additive manufacturing technology and traditional manufacturing industry will be an important direction for the development of additive manufacturing technology [28-30].
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Contribution
Sun Kai, Sun Xia have equal author's rights and bear the responsibility for plagiarism.
Conflict of interests
The authors declare no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this article.
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