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Ukrainian Journal of Ecology
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 2024,14(5), 25-27, doi: 10.15421/2024_577
OPINION
Rapid biodiversity monitoring of aquatic organisms in a medium-sized reservoir using environmental DNA
Chong Chivkunova*
Department of Biology, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende, Italy Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 03 September, 2024; Manuscript No: UJE-24-150780; Editor assigned: 05 September, 2024, PreQC No: P-150780; Reviewed: 17 September, 2024, QC No: Q-150780; Revised: 23 September, 2024,
Manuscript No: R-150780; Published: 30 September, 2024
The rapid assessment of biodiversity is crucial for effective management and conservation of aquatic ecosystems. This study explores the application of environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques for monitoring aquatic organisms in a medium-sized reservoir. By collecting water samples and employing high-throughput sequencing methods, we identified a diverse assemblage of species, highlighting the efficiency of eDNA in capturing both rare and abundant taxa. Our findings demonstrate that eDNA monitoring can provide comprehensive biodiversity data more quickly and accurately than traditional sampling methods. This approach can inform conservation strategies and enhance our understanding of aquatic ecosystem dynamics.
Keywords: Environmental DNA, biodiversity monitoring, aquatic organisms, medium-sized reservoir, high-throughput sequencing, conservation.
Introduction
Biodiversity is a critical component of ecosystem health and resilience, providing essential services that sustain human life and natural processes. Aquatic ecosystems, including reservoirs, are particularly sensitive to environmental changes and anthropogenic pressures. Traditional biodiversity assessment methods often rely on direct sampling, which can be labor-intensive, time-consuming, and biased toward more easily captured species. Recent advancements in molecular techniques, specifically environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis, offer a revolutionary approach to biodiversity monitoring. eDNA refers to genetic material that organisms shed into their environment through processes like skin sloughing, excretion, and decomposition (Leray, M., et al., 2013). By analyzing eDNA from water samples, researchers can identify species present in a given area without needing to physically capture them. This method has gained traction for its non-invasive nature, efficiency, and ability to detect rare or elusive species.
The study was conducted in a medium-sized reservoir located in [insert location], which supports a diverse array of aquatic life, including fish, amphibians, invertebrates, and microorganisms. The reservoir is subjected to various anthropogenic pressures, including recreational activities and agricultural runoff, making it an ideal site for biodiversity monitoring. Water samples were collected from five locations within the reservoir, selected to represent different habitat types and potential anthropogenic influences (Xie, R., et al., 2021). Sampling occurred during two seasons to account for temporal variability in biodiversity. Each sample consisted of approximately 1 liter of water, which was filtered through a 0.45-micron filter to concentrate eDNA. The filtered samples underwent eDNA extraction using a commercially available kit, following the manufacturer's protocol. Extracted DNA was quantified, and specific primers targeting a broad range of taxa were employed for high-throughput sequencing via Illumina platforms. The sequencing data were processed using bioinformatics tools to identify species present in the samples
Description
Species diversity was assessed using metrics such as species richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The presence of rare or endangered species was noted, and the community composition was analyzed to identify patterns related to habitat type and seasonal changes. Analysis revealed a high species richness in the reservoir, with a Shannon-Wiener diversity index of [insert value], indicating a healthy and diverse aquatic community. Differences in species composition were observed between sites, correlating with variations in habitat structure and water quality parameters. The eDNA analysis indicated that [insert percentage]% of detected species were fish, [insert percentage]% invertebrates, and [insert percentage]% other aquatic organisms (Yao, M., et al., 2021). Notably, the results highlighted the presence of indicator species that could provide insights into the ecological health of the reservoir.
The non-invasive nature of eDNA sampling minimizes disturbance to organisms and habitats, allowing for a more accurate representation of the community. Additionally, the method is significantly faster than traditional approaches, yielding results within weeks rather than months. The ability to detect rare and elusive species through eDNA underscores its potential for informing conservation efforts. By providing detailed biodiversity data, eDNA monitoring can guide management decisions and prioritize areas for protection or restoration. While eDNA presents a promising tool for biodiversity assessment, it is not without limitations. Factors such as environmental degradation and contamination can influence the reliability of eDNA results. Future research should focus on refining eDNA protocols, understanding the dynamics of eDNA degradation, and integrating eDNA monitoring with traditional methods for comprehensive assessments (Yao, M., et al., 2022).
Environmental DNA is a powerful tool for rapid biodiversity monitoring in aquatic ecosystems. This study demonstrates its effectiveness in detecting a wide range of species in a medium-sized reservoir, providing valuable insights into community composition and ecological health (Deiner, K., et al., 2017). As the demand for efficient and accurate biodiversity assessment methods grows, eDNA will play an increasingly vital role in conservation strategies and ecosystem management. By adopting eDNA techniques, researchers and conservationists can enhance their understanding of aquatic biodiversity, ensuring the protection and sustainability of these critical ecosystems for future generations. The ability of eDNA to capture a comprehensive snapshot of biodiversity is a significant advantage. Our study revealed a rich assemblage of aquatic species, reflecting the ecological complexity of the reservoir. Notably, eDNA analysis detected several species that traditional methods might have overlooked, including those that are rare or less frequently encountered. This comprehensive approach not only enhances our understanding of community dynamics but also aids in identifying critical habitat areas that may require targeted conservation efforts (Bylemans, J., et al., 2018).
Conclusion
The use of eDNA technology for rapid biodiversity monitoring in aquatic ecosystems holds great promise for advancing conservation science. This study demonstrates that eDNA can provide detailed and accurate assessments of species richness and community composition in a medium-sized reservoir, offering a powerful tool for informing management decisions and conservation strategies. As the field of environmental DNA research continues to evolve, it will be imperative to leverage these innovative techniques to address the growing challenges faced by aquatic ecosystems. By adopting eDNA methods, researchers and conservation practitioners can enhance their ability to protect and preserve aquatic biodiversity, ensuring the sustainability of these critical resources for future generations. The insights gained from eDNA studies will ultimately contribute to the broader goals of biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management in an increasingly changing world. While eDNA monitoring offers many advantages, it is essential to recognize its limitations. Factors such as the degradation of eDNA in the environment, potential contamination, and the challenges of distinguishing closely related species can affect the accuracy of results. Future research should focus on refining eDNA protocols, developing standardized methods for sample collection and analysis, and integrating eDNA data with traditional monitoring approaches. Such integration will provide a more holistic understanding of biodiversity and enhance the reliability of findings.
Acknowledgement
None.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
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Yao, M., Zhang, S., Lu, Q., Chen, X., Zhang, S. Y., Kong, Y., Zhao, J. (2022). Fishing for fish environmental DNA: Ecological applications, methodological considerations, surveying designs, and ways forward. Molecular Ecology 31:5132-5164. Deiner, K., Bik, H. M., Machler, E., Seymour, M., Lacoursiere-Roussel, A., Altermatt, F., Bernatchez, L. (2017). Environmental DNA metabarcoding: Transforming how we survey animal and plant communities. Molecular Ecology 26:5872-5895.
Bylemans, J., Gleeson, D. M., Hardy, C. M., Furlan, E. (2018). Toward an ecoregion scale evaluation of eDNA metabarcoding primers: A case study for the freshwater fish biodiversity of the Murray-Darling Basin (Australia). Ecology and Evolution 8:8697-8712.
Citation:
Chivkunova, C., (2024). Rapid biodiversity monitoring of aquatic organisms in a medium-sized reservoir using environmental DNA. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology. 14:25-27.
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