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АГРОНОМИЯ И ЛЕСНОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО
УДК 631.559:635:631.674,5
ПОВЫШЕНИЕ УРОЖАЙНОСТИ ОВОЩНЫХ КУЛЬТУР ПРИ ДОЖДЕВАНИИ В АРИДНОЙ ЗОНЕ РОССИИ1
Е.А. Ходяков, доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, профессор Ю.П. Фоменко, кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, доцент А.В. Русаков, аспирант
Волгоградский государственный аграрный университет
Показаны основные результаты многолетних полевых опытов по подбору режимов орошения и доз внесения минеральных удобрений для повышения урожайности овощных культур при поливе дождеванием до 70-90 т/га томатов и 50-70 т/га баклажанов и перца при сохранении плодородия почвы и экологической безопасности.
Ключевые слова: дождевание, овощи, планируемые урожаи, режим
орошения, минеральные удобрения
RAISING OF VEGETABLE CROPS USING SPRINKLING IN ARID ZONE OF RUSSIA
E.A. Khodyakov, Doctor of agricultural sciences, Professor Y.P. Fomenko, Kandidat of agricultural sciences, Professor’s assistant A.V. Rusakov, post-graduate student
Volgograd State Agrarian University
The article describes basic results of long-term field researches for the selection of irrigation schedules and mineral fertilizers doses to increase vegetable crops yields under irrigation sprinkler to 70 - 90t/ha of tomatoes and 50 - 70 t/ha of eggplants and peppers at maintaining soil fertility and environmental safety.
Key words: sprinkling, vegetable , planned crops, irrigation regime, mineral fertilizers
The low average vegetable crop 30.. .40 t/hectare is the main problem in agriculture of arid zone at the territory of several areas in the south of Russia : Astrakhan, Volgograd, Rostov, Saratov regions and also in the Republic of Kalmykia [1.2] .
So the main task of our researches researches in 2002-2005 in sprinkler irrigation [3.4] was increase of tomato crops to 70. 90 t/hectare, 50.70 t/hectare of eggplants and pepper at the same time with keeping of the soil fertility and ecological safety.
Researches were carried out at the farm “Gornaia Poliana” of the Volgograd State Agrarian University. The field experiences with vegetables were made with the medium ripeness grade “Novitchok” for tomatoes, and medium ripeness hybrids “Universal - 6” for eggplants and “Kaliforniskoe tchudo” for pepper.
The experience field was situated at the territory between famous Russian rivers Volga and Don. It was with plane surface and zero gradients. The soils were light brown, without salts, according to granulated structure - medium and tight loams. Maintenance of humus wasn’t more than 1.2 %.
These experiences with using sprinkling were carried out during 3 years. On the hydrothermal indicators (the relation of the sum of the rains to the sum of temperatures for vegetation) 2002, 2003, 2004 years were very dry and only 2005 year was dry. That is, we
1 Данная статья подготовлена по итогам участия в Международной конференции «Питание и водоснабжение растений в условиях глобального потепления», проходившей 18-19 октября 2012 г. в Университете прикладных наук, г. Ангальт, Г ермания.
received planned yields of tomatoes, pepper and eggplants even in the years with worst weather conditions.
The irrigation was carried out with the help of a center-pivot-irrigator “Fregat” (it‘s the analog of the US models by Valley Manufacturing became later Valmont Industries Inc.). The total irrigation square of “Fregat” was 30 hectares, including 3 hectares for our field experiments. This sprinkling machine characterized by presence 10 moving sections rotating around a fix rise pipe. “Fregat” was 283m length with the water expense 30.35 liter/second and the precipitation rate 0.18.. ,0.25mm/minute.
Against threat of frosts the setting down of the seedlings into the soil carried out every year in the second and third decade of May as band planting: for tomatoes according to the scheme 0,9+0,5*0,36; for pepper and eggplants - 0,9+0,5*0,30 m. That is, the interdrill distance was 0.9m wide. The band width was 0.5m and the distance between each plant in the row was 0.30 or 0.36m. The harvest of vegetables was making in September 3-4 times in a month.
In our field experiments we applied the agro technology typical for arid zone of Russia with addition 2 yield form research factors (irrigation and nutritious regimes)/
It is known that a major factor of receiving planned crops of vegetables in the arid zone first of all is a regulation of a water regime of the soil, providing giving of necessary amount of irrigating water during any period of development of plants. Therefore the first and major factor in our researches (the factor A) was an irrigation mode in an active fertile layer of the soil on the depth 0,4m.
We were studding three options of irrigation regime with different Preirrigation Moisture Soil Levels (PMSL): one constant 85% of Maximum Water Capacity (85% MWC) during hole vegetative period and two differentiated modes of an irrigation (75-65 and 85-75% MWC), which decreased there PMSL after the first interphase period of growing vegetables.
The first interphase period for tomatoes, eggplants and pepper was “sprouts planting - fruits setting” and the next one was “fruits setting - last harvest”.
The following studied factor (the factor B) was a nutritious regime of the soil. Mineral fertilizers brought down into the soil according to planned yields 70, 80, 90t/hectare of tomatoes fruits respectively rating doses of N130P57K65, Ni50P60K75, N170P67K85, and also for 50, 60, 70t/hectare of eggplants and pepper fruits - N165P100K90, N200P120K110, N235P140K130 kilogram of primary nutrient in hectare (kpn/ hectare).
Table 1 - Scheme of fertilizer, brought into the soil for eggplants ______________on the experimental site with sprinkler_____________
Planned croppage, Whole dose of fertilizers, Bringing of fertilizers in the soil, kpn/hectare Feedings, kpn/hectare
previously under the spring first second
under the cultivation Phase of vegetation
t/hectar kpn/hectare autumn plowing before sprouts planting before beginning of flowering before beginning of fruits setting
50 N P K 165 100 90 N P K 10 50 45 N 73 N P K 70 26 17 N P K 12 24 28
60 N P K 200 120 110 N P K 12 60 55 N 88 N P K 80 32 23 N P K 20 28 32
70 N P K 235 140 130 N P K 14 70 65 N 103 N P K 90 38 29 N P K 28 32 36
Fertilizers were counted taking into account the content of mobile compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, and also carrying out of these elements with a crop.
One part of the rating doses of mineral fertilizers (30 ... 55 %) brought down in each variant under the autumn plowing, the rest - the next year in the form of 2.3 feedings during vegetation of plants. For example, the Scheme of fertilizer brining for eggplants showed in the table 1.
The carried-out researches showed that the soil and climatic conditions of the region, biological features of applied grades and hybrids, different irrigation regimes using “Fregat” and calculated doses of mineral fertilizers allow to receive planned yields 70, 80, 90t/hectare of tomatoes fruits and 50, 60, 70 t/hectare of pepper and eggplants (table 2).
Table 2 - Croppage and coefficients of water consumption for the researching vegetables on the experimental site with sprinkler (on average for 3 years for each fruit)
Average croppage, t/ hectare The combinations of experimental factors Coefficient of water consumption m3/t
According to plan In fact Preirrigation humidity of soil, % MWC Doses of fertilizers, kpn/hectare
Tomatoes
70 65,7 85 N130P53K65 85,2
74,5 85-75 N150P65K75 72,2
80 79,1 85 N150P65K75 70,8
80,4 85-75 N170P67K85 66,7
90 83,6 85 N170P67K85 68,6
Pep per
50 51,7 85 - 75 N165P100K90 116,6
51,1 75 - 65 N200P120K110 107,0
60 55,3 85 N165P100K90 114,6
62,8 85 - 75 N200P120K110 96,1
60,8 75 - 65 N235P140K130 90,1
70 66,6 85 N200P120K110 95,2
70,9 85 - 75 N235P140K130 85,0
75,3 85 N235P140K130 84,2
Eggp ants
50 46,3 75-65 N165 P100 K90 124,3
54,9 85-75 N165 P100 K90 111,5
60 65,0 85-75 N200 P120 K110 94,2
65,8 85 N200 P120 K110 98,1
70 76,0 85-75 N235 P140 K130 80,5
77,5 85 N235 P140 K130 83,3
According to the most effectively of water expenses for formation of 1 ton of products planned productivity 70 and 80 t/hectare of tomatoes fruits can be received at maintenance of the differentiated irrigation mode 85-75% MWC at the same time with
introduction of doses N150P60K75 and N170P67K85 kpn/ hectare correspondingly. For these variants coefficients of water consumption were minimum 72.2 and 66.7 m3/t.
Such irrigation mode on average was provided by carrying out of 11 vegetative waterings on 250 m3/hectare before fruits setting and after one to the last harvest 5 waterings on 400 m3/hectare else.
The planned productivity 90 t/hectare of tomatoes was received by maintenance of the constant irrigation regime 85% MWC with brining N170P67K85 kpn/ hectare of mineral fertilizers. For this variant it was necessary to make 11 vegetative waterings on 250 m3/hectare at the 1-st interphase period and 9 ones on 200 m3/hectare else at the 2-nd interphase period of tomatoes development.
According to the minimum coefficients of water consumption 107.0 and 90.1 m3/t the planned crops 50 and 60 t/hectare of eggplants were reached by maintenance of the irrigation differentiated kind of 75-65% MWC in a combination with application of the doses of mineral fertilizers N200P120K110 and N235P140K130 kpn/ hectare correspondingly.
For that we carried out on average 1 pre-planting watering by the norm 100 m3/hectare, 2 moistening watering on 200 m3/hectare right after sprouts transplanting, 8 vegetative irrigations on 350 m3/hectare prior to the beginning of fructification and 3 ones on 500 m3/hectare before the last harvesting.
The plan yield 70 t/hectare of eggplants was received by maintenance of the constant irrigation kind of 85% MWC in a combination with application of mineral fertilizers according to designed croppage N235P140K130 kpn/ hectare.
For this irrigation regime, except 1 pre-planting and 2 moistening analog waterings, we carried out 14 vegetative ones on 200 m3/hectare at the 1-st interphase period and 9 ones on 200 m3/hectare else at the 2-nd interphase period of eggplants development.
Analyzing the results, we knew the planned crops 50, 60, 70 t/hectare of pepper from three studied options of the water soil regime most effectively were reached by maintenance of the irrigation differentiated kind 85-75% MWC in the combination with application of the rate doses of mineral fertilizers according to planed harvest N165P100K90, N200P120K110, N235P140K130 kpn/ hectare correspondingly.
As a whole, the set mode of the pepper irrigation was provided on average with carrying out of 2 after-setting down waterings on 100 m3/hectare right after sprouts transplanting for its better taking roots, 14 vegetative waterings on 220 m3/hectare to fruits seeting and 5 waterings on 370 m3/hectares during the period left before the last harvesting.
The carried-out researches showed else, when the tomatoes croppage arose from 70 to 90 t/hectare irrigation norms were equals 4750.5000 m3/hectare and summary water consumption 5381.5998 m3/hectare. At the same time, coefficient of water consumption, which shows how many m3 of irrigation water necessary for forming 1 ton of vegetables, decreased from 72 till 69 m3/t.
When the harvest of eggplants and peppers increased from 50 to 70 t/hectare the irrigation norms were equals 5130.5300 m3/hectare, summary water consumption 6030 . 6196m3/hectare and coefficient of water consumption reduced from 111,5.116,5 till 80,5. 85,0 m3/t.
Introduction of small irrigation norms of 100 . 250 m3/hectares in the combination to fractional giving of norms 350 . 400 m3/hectare (that is by parts 100.200 m3/hectare for 1 time) before forming of a water flow for some moves of "Frigate" effectively eliminated the threat of emergence of a water erosion, a soil pickling and territory bogging. It’s testified to ecological safety of the obtaining technologies of sprinkler irrigation for our region.
The correct calculation of fertilizer’s doses promoted receiving the high- quality grown-up vegetable products, and also preservation and some improvement of soil fertility. It was expressed that the low quality of moving phosphates P2O5 (no more than 30 mg/kg) in the arable and sub-arable horizons, was replaced and arose till average content; the raised content of exchange K2O potassium upon termination of researches increased in 10 . 13% and amount of nitrate nitrogen from the initial contents 4,1 . 6,3 mg/kg increased in 2,7.. 3.5 times, no more than limit norm for such kind of products.
Literature:
1. Ovchinnikov A.S. Irrigated agriculture efficiency increase in south-east of Russia droughty conditions/ Ovchinnikov A.S., Gavrilov A.M.// Izvestia Nijnevoljskogo agrouniversitetskogo kompleksa: nauka i vyschee professionalnoe obrazovanie - 2010. - №2. - p.5-10.
2. Ovchinnikov A.S.Position and perspectives in development of land improvement at Volgograd region/ Ovchinnikov A.S., Boubentchikov M.M., Pakhomov A.A. // Izvestia Nijnevoljskogo agrouniversitetskogo kompleksa: nauka i vyschee professionalnoe obrazovanie -2011. - №4. - p. 12-15.
3. Khodyakov E.A. Eggplants cultivation technology perfection for crop capacity increase at sprinkling/ Khodyakov E.A., Kuznetsova N.V., Kuznetsov J.V., Masharova O.V. // Izvestia Nijnevoljskogo agrouniversitetskogo kompleksa: nauka i vyschee professionalnoe obrazovanie -2010. - №3. - C. 50 - 56.
4. Khodyakov E.A., Rusakov A.V. A pepper planned harvest getting at sprinkling on the south of Russia / Khodyakov E.A., Rusakov A.V. // Izvestia Nijnevoljskogo agrouniversitetskogo kompleksa: nauka i vyschee professionalnoe obrazovanie - 2012 - №2 - p.42-46.
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