CC BY
112Russian Journal of Logistics and Transport Management, Vol.1, No.2, 2014
© Yulia Panova, Eugene Korovyakovsky and Aleksey Bessolitsyn Petersburg State Transport University
RAIL PASSENGER TRANSPORT OF RUSSIA: ANALYSIS AND PROSPECTS (Review article)
Abstract
An adequate level of customer services is the primary prerequisite of the tourist's cities. The passenger transport is to play a critical indication of the large towns' future success or failure. In this regard, the article provides an analysis of passenger volume indicators in the national transport market. The central attention is paid to the stance of the rail passenger sector, its reformation and peculiarities. On the ground of transport infrastructure development, preferably in St. Petersburg as a litmus test, the prospects for the future trends are drawn.
Keywords: transport infrastructure, passenger traffic, intermodality. 1 Introduction
Rail passenger services are of great importance in the development of our country and its regions, especially when taken into account the size of the territory and the main directions of passenger traffic. The development of passenger traffic in Russia takes place in the circumstances of the on-going restructuration of the railway. The process is started since 2001 and should be considered during the creation a competitive rail market within the area of transport services.
A particular attention should be paid to the development of the passenger carriage in the most visited tourist's cities. According to the annual ranking of the portal TripAdvisor (2012), St. Petersburg is on the 10th place in the list of the 25 most attractive tourist cities in Europe. The city occupies the 20th place in the world list. In Russia, Saint-Petersburg is the most visited city, followed by Moscow, Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Sochi, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Samara, and Kaliningrad. In 2011, the growth of tourist flow was 8%, the number of tourists reached 5.5 million people, of whom 2.6 million were foreign tourists.
For that reason, St.Petersburg requires a well-developed, modern and efficient transport system, to which most of the foreign tourist got used in their countries (Vodop'yanova, 2012). The annual volume of passenger traffic performed by all modes of transport in St. Petersburg stands at 3.32 billion
passengers. These are the transportations of passengers by land transport -50.3%, subway - 25.2%, rail - 2.8 %, private vehicles - 21.7%. The reliability, as well as quality of public transport, is a principal prerequisite for the social and economic development of the city.
As a matter of fact, the study concerns the characteristics of the transport infrastructure of St. Petersburg. The analysis of passenger traffic is provided in regard to national and international markets. Based on the current state of the rail passenger sector, including the peculiarities of its reformation the future trends are outlined.
2 Analysis of passenger traffic in the international and national markets
In the railway systems, the analysis of passenger traffic is based on the classification presented in Figure 1.
Fig 1. The classification of passenger traffic. Source: Vitchenko (2008).
The grouping provides the allocation of commuter (up to 200 km) and long-distance traffic. Long-distance traffic, in turn, is divided into local and direct traffic (import, export, and transit). The largest share in the structure of passenger traffic (notably the number of passengers transported) is taken by commuter traffic (more than 90%). In the structure of passenger turnover, the direct traffic has over 50%.
Russia occupies a leading position in the world in terms of the volume indicators of passenger traffic: by the number of passengers transported (Ml pass.) and by the passenger turnover (B1 pass.-km) the country is in the 4th place (World Bank, 2012) (Figure 2a and 2b, respectively).
a)
b)
5378 (29.1%)
1260 (6.8%)
8683,9 (47.1%)
□ Japan H India
Germany H Russia H China
H India H China □ Japan H Russia H France Germany
Fig. 2.
a) The number of passengers transported (2006); b) Passenger turnover (2011). Source: World Bank (2012).
According to the JSC 'Russian Railways' (JSC 'RZD'), in 2012, passenger traffic on its network grew by 6.4% compared to last year up to 1.060 billion (Press.rzd.ru, 2012). However, this figure comprises only 3 - 5% share of passenger traffic performed by all modes of transports (Gsk.ru, 2011). In the analysis of passenger transport by the indicator of passenger turnover, the picture turns in favour of rail transport. The reason behind is that the significant distance of trains running over the territory of Russia is accounted in this indicator (Figure 3).
Fig. 3. a) Number of passengers (Ml pass); b) passenger turnover by mode of transport (B1 pass-km).,S0Mrce: Gsk.ru (2011).
139,
224,6 (9.
88,1 79,2 (3.8%)(3.4%)
978,5
815, (35.1%)
3 The current state of the rail passenger sector and its trends
The main competitive threat to passenger rail services in Russia as well as throughout the world is the air transport on the long-distances and road transport (notably, buses) at the commuter traffic (Figure 4).
a)
b)
32,6%
32,9%
□ Road
□ Air
■ Rail
31,1%
34,5%
37,5%
Fig. 4. Passenger turnover by mode of transport in 2010 (a) and 2011 (b).
Source: Gsk.ru (2011).
In 2011, the main reason for the decline of rail transport in the longdistance passenger traffic was the redistribution in favour of air travel. In urban and suburban traffic, the road share is declining due to the shift of passengers to other modes of transport (particularly to the metro and railway transport) (Figure
5).
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
2078,8 2003,6
2197,4 2152,1
3293,7 3351,3
13377,8 0D±,0 13201,5 o/ /,b
2010 2011 I Railway H Bus H Metro HTrolleybus HTramway
Fig. 5. Passenger traffic in urban and suburban traffic, 2010 (a) and 2011 (b), Ml pass.
Source: Gsk.ru (2011).
Over long distances (800-1000 km), the competitiveness of air transport increases on cost performance and delivery time of passengers (JSC 'FPC', 2011). Intercity bus transportation gains competitive advantages over short distances (up to 300 km) (Figure 6).
I I I I I I I I I I Г
200 400 600 800 1000
Fig.6. Passenger transport market niches.
Source: JSC 'FPC' (2011).
Railway passenger transportation may increase in the near future in connection with the organization in Russia the events of the global scale. The examples would be FIFA World Cup in 2018, and continuing globalization, in particular, the implementation of the project "RBGC Russia" (RBGC.eu, 2013).
In order to meet the anticipated growth of traffic, the development of passenger rail transport is underway. The organization of fast (up to 200 km/h) and high-speed (in accord with the Russian classification, a speed of 350-400 km/h) is in progress (Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2030, 2008). The particular attention is paid to the organisation of these types of traffic between the cities hosting the matches in connection with the FIFA World Cup in 2018 and the capitals of neighbouring European countries. Apart from the development of the infrastructure and the renovation of the rolling stock, the Russian Railways implement client-oriented passenger services, such as:
• Purchase of train tickets over the internet;
• Loyalty program "Russian Railway Bonus";
• Duty free shops on trains;
• Private cars on board of passenger trains.
4 Reformation of the railway passenger market
Over the years, the reforms of the railway sector (2001-2015 years) brought the changes. Consequently, the company 'Russian Railways' gradually focused on the management of infrastructure and its proposal to the newly created rail operators (Doc.rzd.ru, 2012) (Figure 7).
2001
2003
2005
2010
Rail passenger market
1 HSRL
1 FPC
2014 2015
I Phase
II Phase
Phase
IV Phase
Commuter traffic
High-speed traffic
Long-distance traffic
Fig. 7. Liberalisation of rail passenger market.
In order to advance the development of high-speed and fast passenger traffic in Russia, the JSC 'High-Speed Rail Lines' was established. To organize the long-distance transportation, the Federal Passenger Company (FPC) was formed; while for the commuter traffic organisation 26 independent companies have been installed.
The detailed analysis of passenger traffic by rail, showed that, in the longdistance transportation, the maximum percentage of trains accounted for the formation of the Moscow branch of the company (11%), North-Caucasian (10.4%) and North West (10%) (JSC 'FPC', 2011). On general, JSC 'Federal Passenger Company' accounts for over 79% of the passenger traffic of the country (Figure 8).
H JSC FPC (95,29%) H JSC TCS(0,65%) H Grand (0,13%)
HJSCRZD (3,44%) HTver Express (0,19%) Ы Other operators (0,3%)
H Moskovsky H Ural a Volga I Yeniseysky
В North-Caucasian Ы North-West BGorkovsky H Far Eastern H South-Ural Li North South-East MTrans-Baikal
H West-Siberian H Kuybyshevsky U East-Siberian J Kaliningrad
Fig. 8. Long-distance passenger market and the passenger turnover of branches of JSC 'FPC'.
Source: JSC 'FPC' (2011).
In suburban passenger traffic, the distributions of passenger traffic between 26 regional passenger companies are uneven. The significant prevalence of commuter services is in the Central Federal District (49%). Meanwhile, the North-West passenger company accounts only for 10% (Dolmatov, 2013) (Figure 9).
HJSC Central RPC H JSC North-West RPC HJSC Moskovskaya-Tverskaya RPC HJSC Sverdlovskaya HJSC Volgo-Vyatskaya RPC HOther RPC
Fig. 9. The market of commuter passenger traffic: Split of passenger turnover among RPC.
Source: Dolmatov (2013).
With the reformation of the passenger sector in Russia, as well as in neighbouring countries, the significant changes took place in the services provided for the clients. On December 12, 2010, the Allegro passenger train was launched between Helsinki and St. Petersburg, departing from the Finnish capital four times a day. The journey time is 3.5 hours. These high-speed trains are owned the company 'Karelian Trains' Ltd, founded by the JSC 'Russian Railways' and 'VR Group'. The Company «Karelian Trains» bought the Allegro trains from the French manufacturer Alstom. Nowadays, the trains are leased by rail carriers 'VR Group' in Finland and JSC 'Russian Railways' in Russia.
The Allegro trains have unique characteristics that allow for the different supply voltages of traction systems used in the countries. For example, there were the following supply systems:
• Finland - 25 kV AC;
• Estonia - DC 3 kV;
• Latvia - DC 3 kV;
• Lithuania - AC 25 kV;
• Poland - DC 3 kV;
• Germany - 15 kV AC.
The Allegro is a dual-system train. Four of the seven cars of the train have collectors: two of them are for the system of power supply 3 kV, and two - for the system of 25 kV. For this reason, the trains can smoothly run across the
countries' border. That cannot be said about the trains ER2, 33WE of direct current (DC) or ER9 trains of alternative current (AC) (Table 1).
Table 1
Specifications of electric trains.
Characteristics ER9 ER2 33WE Sm6 Allegro ML Desiro
Number of coaches 10 10 8 7 3
Width of gouge of, mm 1520 1520 1435 1522 1520/1435
Speed, km/hour 130 130 160 220 160
Acceleration of the train, m/sec2 0,6 0,72 n/a n/a n/a
Rated power 3640 4500 8x425 5500 1300
Number of seats 1050 1039 900 342 248
Train weight, tons 489 587 n/a 423 132
Sources: Sheremet et al. (2005); Pegov et al. (2003); SIEMENS.com (2013); ALSTOM.com(2014); PESA.com (2013).
5 Characteristics of the transport infrastructure of St. Petersburg
In St. Petersburg, currently the concept of the development of air transport is in realization (Gov.spb.ru, 2012). The basis of the notion is of the sectorial development scheme, which is aimed at building on the territory of St. Petersburg the transport aviation hub that includes the airport Pulkovo, airport Levashovo, airfield Bych'e Pole. Pulkovo airport is outstanding for the unique equipment that allows landing/take-off of aircraft to occur underall weather conditions, ensuring its smooth operation. In the city, the development of the airfield on the island of Kotlin for maintenance of light aircraft is also planned. Apart from airports' development, the urban core network of heliports comprised of 19 objects has been forming.
The foundation of St. Petersburg as a rail hub is presented by five railway stations: Baltiysky, Moskovsky, Ladozhsky, Vitebsky, and Finlyandsky. Since 1933, the long-distance trains from Baltiyskiy railway station do not departure. Therefore, the Baltiysky rail station is the only station that receives and sends just commuter trains.
In 2010, the organizations of urban passenger traffic of St. Petersburg carried 1,998,900,000 passengers. The structure is dominated by passenger underground transportations (2011 - 37.8 %). At the beginning of 2011, in St. Petersburg, there were 64 subway stations of 294 stations of the Russian Federation. The other stations are located in the following cities. This is Moscow - 182 stations, Nizhny Novgorod - 13, Novosibirsk - 12, Samara - 9, Yekaterinburg - 7 Kazan - 7) (Gsk.ru, 2011). Metropolitan of St. Petersburg has been rapidly developing over the last three years: new stations, such as Bukharestskaya, Mezhdunarodnaya, Admiralteyskaya (Metro.spb.ru, 2012).
However, the level of the development of the underground system in St. Petersburg is inadequate if compared to the metro systems of Berlin and Moscow (Table 2).
Table 2
Characteristics of metro system in St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Berlin.
Indicators St. Petersburg Berlin Moscow
The city's area, km2 1439 892 2511
Population, mln pass. 5.3 3.5 11.9
Population density, pass./km2 3683 3901 4721
The number of subway lines 5 10 12
Length of the network, km 113.6 151.7 312.9
The number of stations 67 173 188
The density of subway network, km/ km2 0.079 0.17 0.12
Passenger traffic for year mln/year 778 505.2 2463.8
Sources: Metro.spb.ru (2012), Mosmetro.ru (2012), Bvg.de (2012), Gdsk.ru (2012).
In 2012, the density of the St. Petersburg metro network was 0,078 km/km2. This figure is much less than the normative density for large cities (the density of subway lines on average accounts for 0.5 - 0.6 km/km2). For that reason, by 2035, in St. Petersburg, three new lines metro will be built. That is, in 2020; the sixth line will be opened, in 2025 - the seventh, in 2035 - eighth line. If these plans are realized, the length of the metro in just 20 years will increase two-fold, from 113.6 to 272 km. The total number of stations will grow from 67 to 146 with an annual transport volume of 1.6 billion passengers.
According to the North-West RPC, in 2012, the passenger turnover in suburb traffic was 3 037 million passenger-km (in 2011 - 2854 Ml pass.-km) (Ppk-piter.ru, 2013). Meanwhile, the possibilities of railways for the transportation in the city are not sufficiently used despite the fact that commuter traffic is paramount both for the urban and for the metropolitan area in general. Moreover, railway is considered as a main type of transport for passenger in the suburbs of large cities and industrial centres. With a distancing from the towns, the passenger traffic decreases and the intensity of the rounds of trains in this area reduces. On the contrary, in the fields, closer to the city, the intensity of passenger traffic reaches its maximum size, especially in the so-called peak hours. The distance between stops is 2-3 km while in the near the city zones 1-1.5 km.
Historically, the priority in the transportation of passengers in St. Petersburg was given to the tramway. St. Petersburg was the first town in Russia where the tramway was introduced (in 1880). Moreover, by 1990 St. Petersburg has become a 'tram capital'. It entered the Guinness Book of Records, firstly, for the length of the tram network, and secondly, for the number of street cars in
parks (Bookman.spb.ru, 2013). Nowadays, the Committee on Transport plans to upgrade the fleet of the tramway. The confirmed shopping list includes 20 three-section low-floor vehicles, ten twin cage type shuttling trams (Gudok.ru, 2013).
One of the most important components of urban and suburban public transport networks remains buses. The first buses from the central bus station of St. Petersburg went to Tallinn, Luga, Novgorod, Moscow, Opochka, Riga, Minsk and other cities. Currently, bus service is organized to more than 70 destinations (Avtovokzal.ru, 2014).
The state of the transport system of St. Petersburg is complicated by rapidly growth of the number of vehicles. Over the past ten years, the number of private cars in St. Petersburg increased by 1.5 times. Meanwhile, an average annual growth of rate is 8% per year (Table 3) (Assemblly.spb.ru, 2014).
Table 3
The list of regions with the highest number of registered vehicles.
Institutional territory of the Federal District The number of vehicles
Russian Federation
Moscow Central 4 200 000
Moskovskaya Oblast Central 2 793 694
St. Petersburg North-West 1 685 000
Krasnodarsky Krai South 1 561 164
Sverdlovskaya oblast Ural 1 458 940
Rostovskaya Oblast South 1 278 578
The Republic of Bashkortostan Volga 1 275 165
Nizhegorodskay Oblast Volga 1 099 102
Samarskay Oblast Volga 1 027 706
Chelyabinskaya Oblast Ural 1 022 918
Source: Mnr.gov.ru (2011).
In St. Petersburg, by contrast to the utilisation of private vehicles, the bicycle transportation is not developed. The total length of bikeways to be built by 2015 is 220 km (Fontanka.ru, 2012). Nowadays, the city has only 20 km of bikeways mostly in parks and recreational areas while, in Netherlands, their length equals 15 thousand. It is assumed that by 2015, the number of bicycles available in St. Petersburg will increase from the current 2 million to 2.5. According to the project, the concept of cycling development, by 2015 in St. Petersburg, 100 parking spaces for bicycles will be created.
6 Prospects for the development of urban passenger transport
The St. Petersburg metropolitan area accounts for more than 5.3 million people. Approximately 1 million citizens live in the suburbs such as Sestroreck, Namyv, Yuntolovo, Sertolovo, Vsevolozhsk, Kolpinsky district, Pushkin district, Petrodvorets district (Spb-projects.ru, 2012). However, the centre of the city
where most of the people do work does not connect with the suburbs. The theme of rapid and convenient transportation from the suburbs is crucial. For that reason, there are plans of so-called simultaneous developments of Metro and Railways that will bring the integration of suburban railway network with the city passenger transport.
On 23 October 2013, the Governor of St. Petersburg Mr. Poltavchenko approved new dates of putting prospective subway stations into exploitations (Figure 10). The dates were prescribed to scheme of the subway that was adopted in the middle of 2011 by the former Government of St. Petersburg -Mrs. Matvienko.
Fig. 10. The new scheme of the subway development (grey lines exist, lines in colour to be
constructed). Source: Fontanka.ru (2013a).
On October 22, 2013 the new train 'Neva' with induction motors for the first time was launched on the line Primorskaya- Rybatskoe. The cost of one train composed of 6 wagons is 350 million Roubles. These trains are considered much more silent than the existing rolling stock. In general by the end of 2014, the metro will receive nine Neva trains.
These modern asynchronous trains 'Neva' was developed by the St. Petersburg plant 'Vagonmash' together with the Czech Skoda. Subsequently, due to financial problems of 'Vagonmash', the Czech company replaced Russian partner by the Kirov factory (Fontanka.ru, 2013b).
In addition to the renovation of the metro train's fleet, it is planned to introduce the new urban rail buses in the city streets and suburbs widely. In these conditions, the operation of small rail buses provides their high occupation. Therefore, this option is considered cheaper in comparison to the costly and ineffective exploitation of short trains compiled of two or three cars
//
(not traction rolling stock and locomotives). The main technical characteristics of rail buses and diesel trains are presented in Table 4.
Table 4
Specifications of diesel trains and rail buses.
Characteristics DR1 AR2 FLIRT DMU 620M
Length, m 154 26,4 74,32 27
component 6 1 4 1
Capacity, pass 1000 100 425 200
Seats 648 76 214 95
Design speed, km / h 120 120 160 120
Cruising range, km 500 500 n/a 1000
Sources: Sheremet et al. (2005); Pegov et al. (2003); PESA.com (2013); Stadlerrail.com (2013).
According to the Master Plan of St. Petersburg dated from 30.06.20lOthe most important positions in the improvement of the transport system of the city have been marked. The section Transport Infrastructure, include (Assemblly.spb.ru, 2014):
• development of transport links between the peripheral areas and areas of mass housing construction with the centre of St. Petersburg with the use of speed kinds of passenger transport with a high carrying capacity;
• provision priority in the development and operation of mass transit in front of individual transport;
• reconstruction and development of the technical base of urban passenger transport (depot, parks);
• the reduction of transit traffic within the historical centre of St. Petersburg by the creation of ride-and-park facilities near the metro stations, as well as by the introduction of administrative and economic methods to limit the entry and parking in the city centre.
Currently, the first route of urban electric trains is under consideration. For the urban electric trains, experts suggest using Northern Rail Semi-Circle (NRSC) that connects the radial routes, which branch off from the main train stations of St. Petersburg and mostly operated for freight traffic. In the long term, after 2025, it is foreseen the possibility of adaptation of (NRSC) only for the urban transportation. There is a consideration that the most useful part of the route will be from the station Ruch'i and further to the intersection with Moscow Avenue near the metro station 'Electrosila'.
The project of urban electric train's development is based on the principle of the 'oscillating motion' of electric trains. It means the implementation of the scheme "suburbs - urban - suburb" that will be more attractive to people of sleeping quarters and satellite towns. This system is more beneficial than the existing one "central station - suburb".
In addition to the oscillating motion and city trains, there are a number of other infrastructure projects in St. Petersburg, such as
1. North-West Speed Diameter- the first Russian urban toll highway;
2. The road Scandinavia;
3. High-speed highway Moscow - St. Petersburg;
4. Express train from Pulkovo airport to the Baltisky train station.
The forth infrastructure project is of great impotence due to the reason that St. Petersburg is the most tourists visited city of Russia. Scheduled passenger air traffic is carried out through the airport 'Pulkovo': terminals 'Pulkovo-1' - for the domestic flights, 'Pulkovo-2' - for the international flights. By the end of 2013, the new terminal 'Pulkovo-3' was put into exploitation (Top.rbc.ru, 2013).
Nowadays, the passengers experience difficulties with transport situation on the way Moscovskaya Metro station- Airport Pulkovo (Table 5).
Table 5
Comparative characteristics of transport modes in connection with airport Pulkovo.
Type of transport Interval Travel time, hour Tariff, Roubles
Without With traffic Without traffic With traffic
traffic jams jams jams jams
Private car - 0.33 0.7 72 100
Bus 20 0.58 1 25
Fixed-run taxi 20 0.5 0.8 35
Taxi - 0.33 0.7 400
Source: Vodop'yanova (2012).
Analysis of Table 5 and data on the Express train (Baltiysky train station-airport Pulkovo) showed that "Aeroexpress" would be more preferable. According to plans, the travel time will take 18 to 20 mins. with an approximate interval of trains - 15 mins (Rg.ru, 2013).
Ltd. 'Aeroexpress' that is an operator of suburban trains connecting Moscow, Sochi, Vladivostok, and Kazan with airports, is inevitably involved in these plans (Aeroexpress.ru, 2014). Recently, Aeroexpress announced its intends to organize transportations of passengers on the route Baltiysky train station-Terminal 3 of the airport Pulkovo. For that reason, the Board of Directors of 'Aeroexpress' approved the establishment of a wholly-owned subsidiary of the company called 'Aeroexpress Pulkovo'.
The use of Aeroexpress should improve the traffic situation in the city (eliminate congestions, carbon footprints). In addition, it will allow passengers to save time and money (compared to a taxi) along with the increased travel convenience.
7 Conclusions
The volume of passenger traffic in Russia tends to rise, which will continue in the future. The reasons partly lay in the organization in Russia the global-scale events, for example, World Cup in 2018, as well as continuing globalization (e.g. the project "RBGC Russia"). The rapidly growing segment of rail passenger traffic, fast and high-speed traffic (e.g. trains "Sapsan", "Allegro", and "Swallow") can compete with the civil aviation.
It is worth to note the intermodal passenger traffic that has been developing between city and the airports, for instance, in Moscow, Kazan, Sochi, Vladivostok, St. Petersburg, and Kaliningrad. In addition, intercity intermodal passenger traffic projects (e.g., in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Omsk, Vladivostok) are underway. The implementation of intermodal transportation of passengers is of a high interest for the large metropolitan areas with instance traffic, such as Moscow and St. Petersburg.
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