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Ukrainian Journal of Ecology
Ukrainian Journal ofEcology, 2019, 9(4), 47 6-48 3.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Quality of life of the population resident at the radioactively contaminated area in Zhytomyr Region
L. D. Romanchuk1, L. O. Herasymchuk1, S. P. Kovalyova2, Yu. V. Kovalchuk1, O. V.
Lopatyuk1
1 Zhytomyr National Agroecological University, Zhytomyr, Ukraine 2Zhytomyr Branch State Institution, Soils Protection Institute of Ukraine, Zhytomyr, Ukraine
E-mail: Gerasim4uk@ukr.net
Received: 11.11.2019. Accepted: 05.12.2019
The article provides the assessment of the quality of life of the population resident at the radioactively contaminated areas of the Yemilchyno, Malyn, Korosten, Narodychi, Olevsk, Luhyny and Ovruch raions of the Zhytomyr region. The basis for the study and assessment of the quality of life of the population of radioactively contaminated administrative raions of the Zhytomyr region were the statistical data of the Main Directorate of Statistics in Zhytomyr Region, the Health Directorate of Zhytomyr Region State Administration, as well as our own results of a sociological survey. It was established that for the period between 2002 and 2018, the population of radioactively contaminated areas decreased by 24.7% (maximum values are representative of Malyn and Korosten raions). Natural population decline rates in rural settlements exceeded the corresponding values for urban settlements from 1.4 (Malyn raion) to 13 times (Olevsk raion). There is also the aging of the population, the largest share of the elderly (65 years old and older) -21.7% and 20.8% are resident in the Korosten and Narodychi raions. The values of birth rates (7.5 (Ovruch raion)-13 (Olevsk raion) per 1,000 of present population) did not have a positive effect on the demographic situation as a whole because of the high mortality rate exceeding the birth rate by 1.1 (Olevsk raion)-2.9 times (Malyn raion). The main causes of death are diseases of the circulatory system (75.4%), cancer (10%) and external factors (7.3%). It was noted that there is a deterioration of the health of the local population; they pointed out that diseases related to the ChNPP accident include cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the circulatory, nervous and endocrine systems, diseases of bones and joints, headaches. The living conditions of the population resident at the radioactively contaminated areas of Zhytomyr region are unsatisfactory, which is confirmed by both objective data and subjective assessments of the residents themselves. The housing stock is outdated and it needs renovation. In order to improve the quality of life of the population of radioactively contaminated territories in the Zhytomyr region, it is necessary to reform the state policy, to provide financial support for their revival and creation of normal living and reproduction conditions for the population.
Key words: Radioactively contaminated area in Zhytomyr region; Quality of life of the population; Demographic trends; Medical state; Living conditions
Introduction
The quality of life of the population is one of the most important social categories that are the basis for the concepts of economic growth and social development (Romanchuk, 2015). Today, improvement of the quality of life is a common idea and is considered a priority by the authorities at all levels; and it is also an indicator of the effectiveness of state policy.
According to the Quality of Life Index (Numbeo, 2019), Ukraine ranks 65th among 77 countries in the world and 34th among the European countries, despite the fact that at the legislative level, the Sustainable Development Strategy "Ukraine 2020" approved by the Presidential Decree as of January 12, 2015, No. 5/2015 defines improvement of the living standards as a component of the vector of state development. Quality of life is a very broad concept that is related to the general well-being in society, it can be defined in many ways, which makes it difficult to measure (Keles, 2012, Theofilou, 2013).
The problem of quality of life was reflected in the works of domestic and foreign scholars, because it is the human factor that is decisive in the development of any state. Thus, the question of assessing the quality of life of the population of Pakistan was covered by Lodhi et al. (2019), of southeastern Poland by Cwirlej-Sozanska et al. (2018), of Germany by Huber et al. (2017), of the capital of Slovenia, Ljubljana, by Tiran (2016), of the Dutch by Gobbens & van Assen (2018), of Romania and Lithuania by Streimikiene (2014), of Italy by Bonatti et al. (2017), Cecchini et al. (2019).
The factors affecting the decline in quality of life include the environmental component (Streimikiene, 2014; Gobbens & van Assen,
2018), aging of the population (Cwirlej-Sozanska et al., 2018; Lodhi et al., 2019), increasing number of chronic diseases (Cwirlej-
Sozanska, 2018), rural residence (Lodhi et al., 2019), quality of living conditions (Tiran, 2016; Li et al., 2017).
The issue of assessing the quality of life in territories exposed to radioactive contamination remained unaddressed.
During the 33-years' period after the Chernobyl accident, there were significant changes in the pollution levels of environment, food,
as well as in the socioeconomic development of radioactively contaminated territories. However, there are no positive trends in the
quality of life of rural residents. During the period, all efforts of the state were directed at countermeasures and social protection of the population, yet due regard was not given to the development of qualitative characteristics of living conditions of the rural population resident at the radioactively contaminated areas in Zhytomyr region. Based on the above stated, the issue of assessing the quality of life in the radioactively contaminated territories of Ukraine, namely in the Zhytomyr region, is extremely relevant and needs comprehensive research. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the quality of life of the population resident at the radioactively contaminated areas in Zhytomyr region.
Materials and Methods
The quality of life of the population resident at the radioactively contaminated administrative raions of the Zhytomyr region was assessed on the basis of statistical data from the Main Directorate of Statistics in Zhytomyr Region, the Health Directorate of Zhytomyr Region State Administration, as well as our own sociological survey among local residents.
The quality of life of the population resident at the radioactively contaminated territories in the Zhytomyr region was assessed using the following components: 1) demography (size, natural decline, gender structure, distribution of population, birth and mortality rates, causes of death); 2) medical state (morbidity and incidence rates of the population, main diseases and their manifestations); 3) socioeconomic living environment (living conditions).
Result and Discussion
The processes of functioning of households in the radioactively contaminated territories occur under the long-term factor of radioactive contamination, which causes certain features of forming the quality of life of the population in the region. Keles (2012) and Streimikiene (2014) confirmed that it is the environmental component that is one of the most important components of quality of life. Pereira et al. (2015) argued that the environment should be considered as an object that promotes not only longevity but also health and quality of life. Gobbens & van Assen (2018) emphasize that it is the link between quality of life and the environment that has been an important subject matter over the last few decades.
Along with the socioeconomic development parameters, the ecological state of the territory has a direct impact on demographic processes. These are the demographic indicators (size, birth rates, mortality rates, natural population increase/decline) that indicate positive or negative trends in the quality of life in a particular area (Herasymchuk et al., 2019).
Between 2002 and 2018, the population resident at the radioactively contaminated areas of the Zhytomyr region decreased by 24.7% (or by 81.3 thousand people), while in the territory of the Zhytomyr region as a whole by 11.3%. The dynamics of change in size of the population in the context of radioactively contaminated areas in Zhytomyr region is presented in Figure 1.
Olevsk =
Ovruch 1
Nov.-Volynskyi ■
Narodychi ■ Malyn Luhyny
Korosten 1 Yemilchyno
0
Figure 1. Changes in the size of permanently settled population in the context of radioactively contaminated areas in Zhytomyr region in 2018 compared to 2002.
In the context of administrative raions of the region, the maximum values of the total population decline were representative of the Malyn raion, where the number decreased by 64.2% (or 33.5 thousand people). Population decline of 21.5-22.9% occurred in Yemilchyno (by 9.0 thousand people), Luhyny (by 4.5 thousand people) and Korosten raions (by 7.8 thousand people). In Ovruch and Narodychi raions, which suffered the most from the Chernobyl accident, the size of population decreased by 17.9% and 17% respectively. The lowest indicators of population decline were recorded for Novograd-Volynskyi (by 13.2% or 6.9 thousand people) and Olevsk raions (by 11.5% or 5.4 thousand people) (Figure 1).
It should be noted that Ukraine is in the list of countries where the largest population decline will occur between 2019 and 2015. Thus, according to UN forecasts ("medium variant"), the size of population in Ukraine will have decreased to 40882 thousand people by 2030, to 35219 thousand people by 2021, to 24413 thousand people by 2100 ("high variant" - 37484 thousand people, "low variant" -14897 thousand people). The population decline is associated with the persistent low birth rates and high emigration rates. Along with the population decline, there is an unprecedented aging (United Nations, 2019). It should be pointed out that the sharp population decline is also a serious challenge for all authorities at all levels. It was established that the values of the crude rates of natural population decline in Korosten and Malyn raions exceeded the corresponding indicator in the region by 1.9 - 2.2 times. It should be noted that in all raions of Zhytomyr region affected by the Chernobyl accident, the crude rates of natural population decline in rural settlements exceeded the corresponding values for urban settlements from 1.4 (Malyn raion) to 13 times (Olevsk raion) (Figure 2).
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 Size of permanently residing population □ 2018 ■ 2002
Olevsk Ovruch Nov.-Volynskyi Narodychi Malyn Luhyny Korosten Yemilchyno
-16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 ■ rural areas □ urban areas «total
-4
Figure 2. Natural population decline in radioactively contaminated areas in Zhytomyr region in 2018 (per 1,000 of present population).
The obtained data is reflected in the works of Kuczabski & Michalski (2013), Chornyi & Shevchuk (2013), Kohler et al. (2017), Johnson & Lichter (2019). In particular, the latter point out that the depopulation of rural settlements creates a threat to national security, the conservation of the gene pool of the Ukrainian people, and the development of labor potential in general. According to Ubareviciene & van Ham (2017), these are the demographic differences between regions that lead to their unbalanced spatial development. The gender structure of the population is uneven across the studied raions of the Zhytomyr region: per 1,000 women, there are between 850 (Narodychi raion) and 916 men (Olevsk raion) (Figure 3).
Olevsk Ovruch Nov.-Volynskyi Narodychi Malyn Luhyny Korosten Yemilchyno
780 800 820 840 860 880 male per 1000 female, people
900
920
□ 2018 ■ 2002
0
Figure 3. Gender structure of the population in radioactively contaminated areas in Zhytomyr region.
It is known that the process of aging of the population, i.e. the growing proportion of old people in the total population, began in the territory of Ukraine in the middle of the twentieth century. The territories of radioactively contaminated areas in the Zhytomyr region are not an exception. The largest share of the elderly (65 years old and older) -21.7% and 20.8% -live in the Korosten and Narodychi raions, as for children and able-bodied population - 20.6% and 66.9% -in the Olevsk raion (with the smallest share of the elderly - 12.5%) (Figure 4). This structure is quite logical, given the above data. The aging of the population characterized by a decline in the proportion of children and an increase in the proportion of older people directly affects the level of demographic burden. Research by Vogelsang & Raymo (2014) showed that differences in the compisition of population play an important role in forming the observed relationships between the age structure at the local level and individual health. Cecchini et al. (2019) note that the size of the population and its structure affect the regional resilience and are an important driving force of land use, while demographic trends make it possible to identify socioeconomic resilience and to formulate strategies aimed at encouraging faster recovery of local systems from external shocks. As noted by Kohler et al. (2017), depopulation and aging have consequences beyond the scope of demography, since the aging will require better health and social care, which will increase costs, and tax revenues will decrease, just like local capacities for innovation and development, and depopulation will lead to a decline in effective delivery of services.
Zhytomyr region Olevsk Ovruch Nov.-Volynskyi Narodychi Malyn Luhyny Korosten Yemilchyno ~
0 20 40 60 80 100
%
□ 0-14 y.o. 015-64 y.o. ■ 65 y.o. and older
Figure 4. Distribution of permanently settled population resident at the radioactively contaminated areas in Zhytomyr region as of January 01, 2018.
The main indicator reflecting the reproduction of population is birth rate. Birth rates of the population in the context of the radioactively contaminated areas in Zhytomyr region were ranged from 7.5 (Ovruch raion) to 13 (Olevsk raion) per 1,000 of of present population with the average value in the region amounting to 9.4 (Figure 5).
Olevsk ■ Ovruch Nov.-Volynskyi Narodychi Malyn Luhyny Korosten Yemilchyno
0
■ rural areas ■ urban areas
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
birth rate, per 1000 of population
Figure 5. Crude birth rate of the population resident at the radioactively contaminated areas in Zhytomyr region as of January 01, 2018.
However, the presented values of birth rates did not have a positive effect on the demographic situation as a whole because of the high mortality rate. The values of mortality rates exceeded the corresponding birth rates by 1.1 (Olevsk raion) -2.9 times (Malyn raion). The excess of mortality rates over births rates within 2.1 - 2.5 times was observed in the territory of Yemilchyno, Luhyny, Narodychi, Ovruch and Korosten raions (Figure 6). It was established that in these raions, reproduction of the population is closely interrelated with the socioeconomic features of the territory development.
Olevsk - - - . . . ---------- .
Ovruch...................
Nov.-Volynskyi ..................
Narodychi.........................i
Malyn - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ..
Luhyny .................
Korosten
Yemilchyno .....................
0 5 10 15 20
death rate, per 1000 of population
25
I rural areas □ urban areas
Figure 6. Crude death rate of the population resident at the radioactively contaminated areas in Zhytomyr region as of January 01, 2018.
The main causes of death are diseases of the circulatory system (75.4%), cancer (10%) and external factors (7.3%) (Figure 7). The values of mortality rates in the context of the radioactively contaminated areas in the region are presented in more detail in Figure 8.
diseases of the
digestive system; 3.3%
diseases of the respiratory system; 3.1%
external reasons; 7.3
tumors; 9.9%
Figure 7. Death rates by reasons.
Maximum values of mortality rates were recorded due to:
• Some infectious and parasitic diseases, as well as diseases of the circulatory system - in the territory of Malyn raion - 37.5 Ta 1613.6 per 100 thousand of present population;
• Tumors, diseases of the digestive system as well as external factors - in the territory of Narodychi raion - 232.2, 105.6 and 158.3 per 100 thousand of present population, respectively;
• Diseases of the respiratory system - in the territory of Olevsk - 118.1 per 100 thousand of present population (Figure 8).
o o
<U CP
CP o
, CP
<u
1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
ninHlanc
nnnHUBra
<u
T3
tj £
□ Yemilchyno
] Korosten
Luhyny
c Malyn
ii Narodychi
= Nov.-Volynskyi ■ Ovruch
t Olevsk
Figure 8. Death rates of the population by main reasons in the context of radioactively contaminated areas in Zhytomyr region, 2017.
Apart from the negative demographic trends in the territories affected by the ChNPP accident, there is also a deterioration in the health of the locals. Yeroshkina & Derevyanko (2018) highlight the demographic crisis, the main signs of which are unfavorable changes not only in the size but also in the medical state of population, which is manifested in a decrease in life expectancy, deterioration of health of children and adolescents, increase in birth defects in newborns, high death rates from diseases in the territory of Ukraine. At the same time, a sharp decline in the qualitz of life of population is seen in the protracted economic crisis, the ChNPP accident, and the fact that the country is currently in a state of hybrid war. Thus, the morbidity rates of diseases exceed the corresponding indicator in the region in Luhyny and Ovruch raions, and the incidence rates of the population during 2017 was within its limits (Figure 9).
250000
£
O
ra 200000 zs
CL
â 150000
-a 100000
o 50000
.n
o
o 0
cu p
I
scW
I
I
I I
I
Ae>
if
I
I
„-V
□ morbidity rate □ incidence rate
Figure 9. Morbidity and incidence rates of the population resident at the radioactively contaminated areas in Zhytomyr region.
It was found out that the most common diseases among residents of radioactively contaminated areas include cardiovascular diseases and diseases of the circulatory system, diseases of ENT-organs, headaches, bone and joint diseases. 14.7% of people in the survey indicated that they had chronic diseases. According to the locals' opinion, the ChNPP accident is associated with cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the circulatory, nervous and endocrine systems, diseases of bones and joints, headaches (Figure 10).
■ chronic disease ¡3frequently Si occasionally □ once ■ related to the ChNPP accident
Figure 10. Main diseases of the population resident at the radioactively contaminated areas and their manifestations.
Demographic trends and medical state of the population are directly affected by the socioeconomic conditions of the living environment. The dynamics of Per capita housing supply in the radioactively contaminated areas in the Zhytomyr region during 2000 - 2017 is presented in Figure 11.
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
A?
F
□ 2000 H 2005 «2010 =2015 ^2016
12017
Figure 11. Per capita housing supply in radioactively contaminated areas in Zhytomyr region during 2000-2017.
Despite the positive dynamics in terms of housing supply of the population resident at the territories affected by the ChNPP disaster (Figure 11), there is a dilapidated and emergency housing stock, and 61.7 (Olevsk raion) - 96.3% (Luhyny raion) of residential buildings had been built before 1970. It is also worrying that there are a small number of residential buildings located in rural areas of the radioactively contaminated areas in the Zhytomyr region, which are provided with the centralized heating, water supply, wastewater disposal and natural gas supply (Figure 12).
35 30 25
□ centralized heating H centralized water supply
□ centralized gas supply a wastewater disposal
Figure 12. Assessment of residential properties in radioactively contaminated areas in Zhytomyr region as of January 01, 2018.
The conducted sociological survey among residents of radioactively contaminated areas in the Zhytomyr region, it was found that in 37% of cases, major repairs were carried out in the 1980s, in 19% in the 1990s, in 18% until 1980, in 11% between 2001 and 2010, in 14% since 2011 to this day. Thus, the living conditions of the population resident at the radioactively contaminated areas of Zhytomyr region are unsatisfactory, which is confirmed by both objective data and subjective assessments of the residents themselves It should be noted that the obtained results need further research, since a more complete and reliable picture will be obtained after next All-Ukrainian census in 2020, according to the decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine s of April 09, 2008 No. 581-p.s In spite of the current trends, which indicate low quality of life, there is not enough attention at the state level to regional development, including the areas affected by the ChNPP accident, especially in rural areas. In order to improve the demographic situation, it is necessary to reform the state policy on rural population, as well as to develop a strategy for demographic regional development of Ukraine, providing its sufficient financial support. Fundamental changes in state policy and in the development of the demographic strategy are also emphasized in the works of Chornyi & Shevchuk (2013), Kuczabski & Michalski (2013), Yeroshkina & Derevyanko (2018). Chornyi & Shevchuk (2013) point out that without a solution to this task, one might lose the opportunity of reproduction of the rural population, rural labor potential, and as a result, the chances of effective rural development in the future.
Conclusion
The low quality of life of the population in the radioactively contaminated areas in the Zhytomyr region was formed as a result of the prolonged unfavorable effect of the environmental factor. Negative trends are manifested in depopulation (the size of population decreased by 24.7% compared to 2002), high values of mortality and natural decline rates, aging, deterioration of medical state, as well as unsatisfactory living conditions of the population resident at Yemilchyno, Malyn, Ovruch, Korosten, Narodychi, Olevsk, Luhyny Ovruch raions of Zhytomyr region.
In order to improve the quality of life of the population of radioactively contaminated territories in the Zhytomyr region, it is necessary to reform the state policy, to provide financial support for their revival and creation of normal living and reproduction conditions for the population.
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Citation:
Romanchuk, L. D., Herasymchuk, L. O., Kovalyova, S. P., Kovalchuk, Yu. V., Lopatyuk, O. V. (2019). Quality of Life of the Population Resident at
the Radioactively Contaminated Area in Zhytomyr Region. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 9(4), 476-483. | ("OE^^^MI This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. License
