Punctuation in direct speech and quotations in different-system languages of the ХХ-ХХ! centuries (on the basis of English, Russian and Kalmyk scientific, publicistic and artistic texts) Текст научной статьи по специальности «Языкознание и литературоведение»

УДК 811.111:81'367

И. В. Убушаева

ПУНКТУАЦИЯ В ПРЯМОЙ РЕЧИ И ЦИТАТАХ В РАЗНОСИСТЕМНЫХ ЯЗЫКАХ ХХ-ХХ1 вв. (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ АНГЛИЙСКИХ, РУССКИХ И КАЛМЫЦКИХ НАУЧНЫХ, ПУБЛИЦИСТИЧЕСКИХ И ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННЫХ ТЕКСТОВ)

Статья посвящена узусу знаков препинания при оформлении прямой речи и цитат. Автор делает попытку проследить расстановку пунктуационных маркеров в английском, русском и калмыцком языках в научном, публицистическом стилях и в художественных текстах ХХ-ХХ1 вв. В процессе работы устанавливаются общие и особенные характеристики в употреблении пунктуаци-

онных маркеров при оформлении прямой речи и цитат в трех языках и их стилях, поскольку английский, русский и калмыцкий языки считаются разносистемными языками.

Ключевые слова: пунктуация, прямая речь, тире, разносистемные языки, научный стиль, публицистический стиль, художественные тексты.

I. V. Ubushaeva

PUNCTUATION IN DIRECT SPEECH AND QUOTATIONS IN DIFFERENT-SYSTEM LANGUAGES OF THE XX-XXI CENTURIES (ON THE BASIS OF ENGLISH, RUSSIAN AND KALMYK SCIENTIFIC, PUBLICISTIC AND ARTISTIC TEXTS)

Punctuation systems of any language, as well as the language itself, are in constant development. In the twentieth-twenty first centuries new punctuation trends appear, some of them become dominant when placing punctuation marks with different syntactic structures, while the others gradually disappear from use. The process of the emergence of new punctuation trends is also found in the three languages and their styles under consideration.

Studies show that new meanings have appeared in the semantic function of punctuation marks. Our interest is the usage of punctuation marks with those new meanings in scientific, publicistic styles and artistic texts in English, Russian and Kalmyk languages. The article is devoted to the

use of punctuation marks in direct speech and quotations. The author makes an attempt to trace the arrangement of punctuation markers in English, Russian and Kalmyk languages in scientific, publicistic styles and in artistic texts of the twentieth-twenty first centuries. In the process of work, general and special characteristics are established in the use of punctuation markers in direct speech and quotations in three languages and their styles, since English, Russian and Kalmyk are considered as different -system languages.

Key words: punctuation, direct address, dash, different-system languages, scientific style, publicistic style, artistic texts.

This article is devoted to punctuation of direct speech and quotations in English, Russian and Kalmyk scientific, publicistic and artistic texts. The purpose of the study is to identify the general and specific characteristics of the use of a dash with direct speech and quotations in three languages and their styles. Information about English punctuation from various foreign publications, both theoretical and practical, is inconsistent and in many ways contradictory. So, L. L. Baranova gives a rather deep comparative analysis of the recommendations on the use of punctuation marks of such well-known philologists as Sir E. Gowers and H. W. and F. G. Fowler [1, p. 32-34]. She writes: E. Gowers thinks that a dash is used after the colon in order to enter a long quotation or enumeration, while at the same time making a reservation that it is not necessary to use these two punctuation marks together, because both dashes and colons can perform the same function

separately. According to H. and F. Fowler, any, even a brief quotation can be entered with a dash (after a colon or other punctuation mark), for example: Hear Milton: - How charming is divine Philosophy! What says Bacon? - Revenge is a kind of wild Justice.

H. and F. Fowlers also give a whole range of cases of using a dash, but they boil down to very private uses, such as the dash preceding the author's comment on the idea expressed in the sentence: ^s they parted, she insisted on his giving the most solemn promises that would not expose himself to danger - which was quite unnecessary. Or a dash in a monologue, when the subject or person to whom the speaker is talking changes: <.. .> and lose the name of action. - Soft you now! The fair Ophelia!

According to the rules of the nineteenth century it is necessary to put a colon before the quote and direct speech. However, J. Wilson wrote, "some authors after the colon put a dash, believing that by this

they more clearly separate a quote or a direct speech from the preceding words." J. Wilson did not advise doing this, except the case if a direct speech or quotation begins with a new line. If a direct speech or a quote was a short sentence, and it was closely related to the preceding words, J. Wilson recommended putting a comma instead of a colon, considering that in this case it is more convenient [5, p. 138].

If a quote or comment was presented by the words as, namely, that is - a semicolon in front of them and a comma after these words are, according to J. Wilson, more preferable than a colon.

In the English scientific texts of the 1st half of the twentieth century direct speech is not common. It was considered common practice after the author's words to put a colon before a direct speech.

This punctuation marker is dominant in direct speech and for the second half of the twentieth century. Less frequent in these time slices is the trend of interchangeability: replacing the colon with a comma.

It was natural to put a comma, if the words of the author and direct speech were short sentences; direct speech was taken in quotes. This practice takes place both in the texts of the first half, and in the second half of the twentieth century. Long sentences preferred to print from the new line. Quotes in this case are omitted.

A comma could replace the colon before the quote, which began with a new line.

In "Atlantis," in the very heart of his ecstasy, he says,

O, Choir, translating time Into what multitudinous Verb the suns And synergy of waters ever fuses, recast In myriad syllables, - Psalm of Cathay! (American Literature. 1985.57/1-2:84)

A quotation index could be a dash, although such cases are found in English (American English) scientific texts much less often.

I cite representative parts of it -Again, ascending yet higher, we maintain that He is neither soul nor intellect; nor has He imagination, opinion, reason or understanding; nor can He be expressed or conceived <. . .> (American Literature. 1985.57/3-4:6).

In the same scientific texts of the last 20 years of the twentieth century the process of crowding out the colon is manifested, before quotation a comma is often observed, as in the example: The highly-charged image of the American Adam emerged from a conviction of unlikeness, articulated in most precise form by the use of negative terms: a new paradise may flourish in the burgeoning nation, wrote Philip Frene-au in "The Rising Glory of America" (1772), by no second Adam lost, No dangerous tree with deadly fruit shall grow, No tempting serpent to allure the soul From native innocence (American Literature. 1985.57/3-4:3).

As you can see, for punctuation of the syntactic structures (quotations) of the end of the second half of the twentieth century, there is a tendency to use several marks. For example, along with the tenden-

cies of colon setting in scientific texts before quotations (which begin from a new line) it is possible to put three marks: a colon, a dash and a comma.

In "verses to the moon" taken by Emerson from her 1844 journal, Fuller writes,

But, if I steadfast gaze upon thy face,

A human secret like my own I trace,

For, through the woman's smile looks the male eye (American Literature. 1993.65/1:7).

However, at the end of the twentieth century, the tendency to use the colon remains dominant in punctuation of quotes.

In the book "The King's English" (1908), H. and F. Fowlers set forth the basic rules for using the dash in English, which are characteristic of the first half of the twentieth century. According to the authors' book, a dash indicates that a direct speech or quotation follows [4, p. 218]:

a) to replace the speaker in the absence of quotes and the author's words; in a monologue speech when changing the subject or person addressed to: (Here Milton: - How charming is divine philosophy!);

b) when making a dialogical speech.

Dialogue speech is not peculiar to the scientific style of any language, but, nevertheless, it is found in publications from various fields (in literature, for example). The usage of punctuation marks with a dialogue speech is also of some interest. The dash implementation finds a place when transmitting a dialogue to separate the speech of one speaker from another (if the direct speech follows on a line, and not from a new paragraph). Consider the following example: - 'But says is followed by a colon? And a colon between verb and object breaks your own rules.'- No; (:-) is something different from a stop; it is an extra quotation-mark, as much a conventional symbol as the full-stop in M. A. and other abbreviations (H.&F. 1908:294).

As you can see, before the speech of each participant in the dialogue a dash was used. Attention should be paid to the implementation of quotes in dialogic speech. The speech of one participant in the conversation was made using quotes. In the speech of another participant in the conversation there were no quotes.

In the 50s of the twentieth century in the transmission of dialogical speech in artistic texts, the speech of each participant in the dialogue, according to N. A. Kobrina, L. V. Malakhovsky, is taken in quotes and is printed from a new paragraph [2, p. 82]. In examples in real modern works there is a similar punctuation.

"Where did he have it?

"I don't know. He shot the cop with it."

"You saw him shoot the cop?" (D. Ellis. Jury of one, 2005)

Let us consider in more detail the real usage of punctuation marks with direct speech and quotations in English texts.

Analysis of English sentences with direct speech and quotations showed that at the end of the twentieth century and at the beginning of the twenty first century:

1. After the author' words before the direct speech, if the sentences are short, can, except for the colon, be used a comma. Direct speech is taken in quotes and begins with a capital letter.

English artistic texts. Allan put his arm around her and said quietly into her ear, 'You're an angel.' (M. Wickham. The Wedding Girl. 1999).

2. In the publicistic style (in newspapers) the dash is rarely used, as in the scientific style. In the newspapers, after the author's words, a colon is often placed. The tendency to put a comma after the author's words is not noted before direct speech.

English publicistic style. IFS senior research economist Jonathan Cribb said: "The tax and benefit system is much more generous to those above the state pension age than those below it (The Independent, 2017).

3. However, the comma after the author's words before direct speech can sometimes be omitted.

English artistic texts. But then Allan rolled over too, and said 'Sure thing.'And then he leaned over and casually kissed Rupert on the mouth. (M. Wickham. The Wedding Girl, 1999).

4. If a direct speech breaks the author's words, then after the first part of the author's words a comma is used, followed by a direct speech in quotes and after a direct speech, before the second part of the author's words the second comma is used.

English artistic texts. 'Milly had smiled breathlessly back, and said, 'It's nothing,' and truly meant it. (M. Wickham. The Wedding Girl, 1999).

5. If the author's words break the direct speech, then after the first part of the direct speech a comma is used, after the author's words a comma is also used before the second part of the direct speech. Such punctuation in English is typical for all styles of the first half of the twentieth century.

English artistic texts. 'The Adventures of Augustus, ' Teddy read out loud, 'by Delphie Fox.' ('Delphie?' Hugh queried). (J. Joyce The sisters, 1904-1914).

English publicistic style. "Well, perhaps, that's true," said A. D.M., "but perhaps not." (West Virginian, December 30, 1922: 6)

A number of sentences contain the following usage of punctuation marks with sentences in which the author's words break the direct speech.

English artistic texts. 'Then it is an immoral city,' said Little Chandler, with timid insistence - 'I mean, compared with London or Dublin?' (J. Joyce. The sisters, 1904-1914).

As you can see, in the example above, a comma is put after a direct speech, followed by the author's words. Before the second part of the direct speech after the author's words a dash is used. Such punctuation was not included in practice, since there are not many such examples. However, this suggests that in the first half of the twentieth century there is a formation of punctuation formal speech, bursting the author's words.

At the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century in English artistic texts there is also a replacement of commas on a dash.

English artistic texts. "I want to know how many copies of this" - he couldn't bring himself to name the

Chronical - "were sold". (A. J. Cronin. The northern light, 1958:64).

English artistic texts. But"- Bard shrugged - "he seems a sound-enough citizen". (A. J. Cronin. The northern light, 1958:76).

By the end of the twentieth century the frequency of using commas in this syntactic structure is higher than the use of dashes. This trend continues to function at the beginning of the twenty first century in English artistic texts.

However, the tendency to put a dash in direct speech in cases where the author's words break the direct speech is sometimes encountered.

The first information on the use of colon in Russian written texts before direct speech and quotations, we obtain from written sources, developed by M. V. Lomonosov. Since that time, in the text with different styles, the colon has been widely used with author's words before direct speech or quotations.

According to A. B. Shapiro (the II-nd half of the twentieth century), in Russian there are two ways of punctuation marks using with direct speech and quotations [3, p. 324]. The 1st way: the introduction of direct speech in the text without isolating it from the paragraph; the second way is to turn off direct speech from a paragraph with its graphic division into statements of individuals (each statement starts on a new line). The first way is used relatively rarely.

- The direct speech entered into the general text is separated from the author's words preceding it by a colon and enclosed in quotes. In real Russian and Kalmyk artistic texts, writers follow this rule.

Russian artistic texts. He approached the horse, stopped and was silent for a long time, indifferently, looking at her. Then he turned, casually said to his comrades: "Quicker, I'm going to wait on the pasture," and went to the gate. (I. Bunin. Tanka,1892).

Kalmyk artistic texts. Свввн Гольга ввгн свгдн: «Тана зергд медулхд Микугэ Утнасн ирэд уга! -ги^ хэру вгв» (Доржин Б., М.о., 12) - The old Golga, the servant, sat down on his knees and answered: "I bring to the notice of your domination that Utnasun Mikugiev did not come.

If the author's words immediately follow the direct speech, the latter also consists in quotation marks, and after it, to separate it from the author's words, a dash is used. After the direct speech, before the dash, the punctuation mark is preserved, which is required by the character of the sentence - direct speech.

In Kalmyk newspapers in the 1st half of the twentieth century. in the sentences that were printed on one line, the direct speech before the author's words was in quotes, after the second quotes the author's words were preceded by a comma and a dash:

Kalmyk artistic texts. «Хар Моhа ^ил hарв, Хорhлж;н цогцнь уудэн хаав. Эрднь - Кулг довтлад ирв, Эврэ ^илинь уудинъ секв», - ги^ би эн газетд бичлэв (Halmg Unn. July 27, 1920). -"The year of the Black Snake came back," Erdni, a wise horse, rode, opened the doors of his year. " -so I wrote in this newspaper.

Similar usage of punctuation marks with direct speech in the Kalmyk and Russian languages we

see in the twenty-first century in all styles. Below there is an example of punctuation marks in a sentence with direct speech, which occupies a position before the author's words in publisistic style.

Kalmyk publicistic style. «Баh наста деерэн ha3p эргэд, орн - нерг kyцэхэр бээнэв», - гиw kyykh келнэ (Halmg Unn. January 25, 1920). - "In youth, "having flown around "the whole earth, she is ready to do a lot of things," said the girl.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, however, there are examples in which quotation marks are used in front of direct speech. After a straightforward speech, a comma and a dash are used before the author's words, as usual. However, the quotes do not close part of the direct speech. Before the second part of the direct speech a dash is used. The second quotes close the sentence with direct speech and the author's words. This is an unusual punctuation. Examples refer to either the beginning of the twentieth century or the 70s of the twentieth century. There are not many of them. This trend of similar punctuation in Russian artistic texts has not become the leading one. Gradually, it fell into disuse. At the end of the twentieth century and at the beginning of the twenty-first century there are no examples with such punctuation.

1. "Soon the pass," I told myself. "Soon I will be in a lull, just around the corner, in a bright, crowded house ..." (I. Bunin. Antonov apples, 1900).

2. "You are," says, "Sultanmurat, the strongest in the class. You will survive. (Ch. Aitmatov. the Early Cranes, 1975).

3. "Probably, there is no need for putty in Ceylon," he thought. - Why is it? Yes, and what windows, and the houses themselves do not need. One built a hut for oneself, covered with leaves - and live !... " (C. Aitmatov. Early Cranes, 1975).

The second way: each regular statement of the persons participating in the dialogue begins on a new line and has a dash at the beginning; after the author's words, the setting of a colon is preferred [3, p. 324].

Direct speech after the author's words: in real Russian artistic texts and in a publicistic style, each regular statement of persons participating in the dialogue begins on a new line and has a dash at the beginning; after the author's words, the setting of a colon is preferred:

Russian artistic texts. Not blocking himself from the prickly sand dust, he rather smiled with weathered lips and, encircling the open spaces of the earth with a small strong hand, said:

- Isn't it great, huh? Imagine for a minute that such a recess would have to be digged in Tsarist Russia. Why is there Tsarist Russia! (B. Polevoy Contempo-raries,1960: 69)

Russian publicistic style. Head of the Department of Reconstructive Surgery of the Eye of the Research Institute of Eye Diseases of the RAMS, Academician, Professor of the Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy Arkady Kasparov:

- Eye surgery today has achieved great success. <...> (Izvestia. December 11, 1999).

Direct speech precedes the words of the author:

Kalmyk artistic texts. «Эх, Герл, Гзрл!Эн бичкн зуркнчнмел ил нYЦкн», - гиж овгн шагшрв (Бадмин А., Рд., 53) - Oh, Gerel, Gerel! Your little heart is completely open,"grumbled the old man.

"Do you read a lot?" He asked.

"I read a lot," she answered and smiled broadly, the amber pupils glowing brighter.

In real Russian artistic texts of the twentieth -twenty-first century in this case, a similar punctuation is. Before the direct speech, starting with a new paragraph, it is necessary to put a dash. Before the author's words a comma, exclamation point or question mark and a dash may be used. In the same way punctuation marks are placed in the Kalmyk language.

Kalmyk artistic texts.

- Мана кех керг ямарамг?

- Hyk малтлhн, - гиw Долда келв (Инд^ин Л., О.к., 70).

- "What should we do? - "Dig the holes," replied Dolda.

In Russian and Kalmyk publicistic style punctuation marks are arranged in the same way as in artistic texts.

Russian publicistic style.

- Sport is one of the favorite activities of Soviet schoolchildren," said P. Shagayev, a physical education teacher.

- And it's hard to believe that in a beautiful, new school designed for almost a thousand students, they didn't build ... a gymnasium (Literary newspa-per,1953).

Kalmyk publicistic style.

- Тер уйин коммунистнрт, социалистнрт, социал-демократнрт ичх бинт уга, - гиw Г. Гизи келнэ (Halmg Unn. January 25, 1920). - That generation of communists, socialists, social democrats, should not be ashamed, - said G. Gisi.

Direct speech is broken by the words of the author inserted in the middle of it:

- To begin with, he said, sitting down on my bed, - that I sympathize with you, with all my heart and deep respect for your life.

In real Russian artistic texts of the twentieth and twenty-first century in this case, a similar punctuation is. Before direct speech there is a dash, before the words of the author a comma and a dash are used after the author's words, a comma and a dash are punctuated before the second part of the direct speech.

Kalmyk artistic texts. «Би амрар эднд эврэннь цогцан егшгов! - хойр hарарн бYстэн дYYWглдw йовсн зер-зевэн илэд, - ода бийнь дервн гранат, хойр диск суумн бээнэ ...» - гиж санв (Бембин Т.«Бамб цецг»). - "No, I'm just not giving them myself!" - and, stroking the weapon on his belt with two hands, I thought: "There are still four grenades and two disks with bullets."

Quotes in Russian and Kalmyk languages in real different system languages printed on one line are quoted. Such a design quotes observed during the first, second half of the twentieth century and twenty first century.

Russian publicistic style. "I myself don't know how we collected so many taxes!" exclaimed Alexander Pochinok, Minister of Taxes and Duties of the Russian Federation, in a short break between the calls of readers on the Izvestia straight line (Izvesti-ya. December 11, 1999).

Kalmyk publicistic style. «Xap Moha wun hape, Xophn^H u,oau,Hb yy^sh xaae. Эрднb - fyna doemnad upe, Эepэ wunuHb YYduHt ceKe», - bum; 6u эн aa3emd Quvnae (Halmg Unn. July 27, 1920). -"The year of the Black Snake came back," Erdni, a wise horse, rode, opened the doors of his year." -so I wrote in this newspaper.

The analysis of the sentences showed that in the Russian and Kalmyk languages the punctuation design of direct speech and quotations following on one line is the same. In the example below, the author's words and the direct speech are printed on the new paragraph. After the author's words a colon is used.

Before direct speech, starting with a new paragraph, a dash must be used. Quotes are lowered.

Russian publicistic style. Head of the Department of Reconstructive Surgery of the Eye of the Research Institute of Eye Diseases of the RAMS, Academician, Professor of the Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy Arkady Kasparov:

- Eye surgery today has achieved great success. <...> (Izvestia. December 11, 1999)

If each sentence of direct speech follows on a new paragraph, then a dash is used in front of direct speech. In this case, quotes are omitted. After a direct speech, a comma and a dash are used before the author's words. Such punctuation is observed in Russian and Kalmyk texts of various styles from the first half of the twentieth century till the beginning of the twenty-first century.

Литература

1. Баранова Л. Л. Онтология английской письменной речи. М.: Диалог-МГУ, 1998. 246 с.

2. Кобрина Н. А., Малаховский Л. В. Английская пунктуация. М.: Изд-во лит-ры на иностр.яз., 1959. 110 с.

3. Шапиро А. Б. Основы русской пунктуации. М.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1955. 398 с.

4. Fowler H. W., Fowler F. G. The King's English. 3ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940. 383 p.

5. Wilson J. Treatise on English Punctuation. Boston: Crosby, Nicholand Co., 1856. 334 p.

References

1. Baranova L. L. Ontologiya anglijskoj pis'mennoj rechi (Ontology of English writing). Moscow: Dialog-MGU, 1998. 246 p. (In Russian).

2. Kobrina N. A., Malahovskij L. V. Anglijskaya punktuaciya (English punctuation). Moscow: Izd-vo lit-ry na inostr.yaz., 1959. 110 p. (In Russian).

3. Shapiro A. B. Osnovy russkoj punktuacii (Basics of Russian punctuation). Moscow: SU USSR publ., 1955. 398 p. (In Russian).

4. Fowler H. W., Fowler F. G. (1940) The King's English. 3ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 383.

5. Wilson J. (1856) Treatise on English Punctuation. Boston: Crosby, Nicholand Co., 334.