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DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2021-16-1-55-63
Psychological-pedagogical conditions necessary for realization of subject and physical training combination technology in calisthenics group exercises
Margarita A. Udalova'*, Aleksandr E. Bolotin2
'Russian State Pedagogical University named after A.I. Gertsen Saint-Petersburg, Russia margosha'QQ'rita@mailru * 2Saint-Petersburg Peter the Great Polytechnic University Saint-Petersburg, Russia ORCID: 0000-0003-3048-378X, a_bolotin@inbox.ru
Abstract: The authors defined the main psychological-pedagogical conditions. They are necessary for the technology of subject and physical training combination realization in calisthenics group exercises. These conditions are the following: special means and methodical techniques substantiation for the use in the training process; creation of the subject and physical training combination technology; providing the reliability of motor actions with the subjects and without them; creating the indices and evaluation criteria for the effectiveness of the training process; systematic effectiveness check of the used means and methodical techniques; rational planning of the load volume and intensity taking into account the periodization of training. Materials. The article presents methodical aspects and research results of the authors concerning the analysis of psychological-pedagogical conditions. They are necessary for the technology of subject and physical training combination realization in calisthenics group exercises among 78 highly-qualified female athletes, coaches and judges. Research methods. Scientific sources analysis and summarizing, pedagogical observation, questionnaire survey, calisthenics competitions analysis, methods of statistical data handling. Results. The authors proved the necessity to create and use the revealed psychological-pedagogical conditions for the technology of subject and physical training combination realization in calisthenics group exercises. Conclusion. The revealed psychological-pedagogical conditions help to optimize the training process for practical realization of the subject and physical training combination technology in calisthenics group exercises.
Keywords: psychological-pedagogical conditions, calisthenics, training process, group exercises, subject and physical training combination.
For citation: Margarita A. Udulova*, Aleksandr E. Bolotin. Psychological-pedagogical conditions necessary for realization of subject and physical training combination technology in calisthenics group exercises. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2021; 16(1): 44-50. DOI: 10.14526/2070-47982021-16-1-55-63
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays the technology of subject and physical training combination is widely used in the training process offemale gymnasts in group exercises [1]. For the technology of subject and physical training combination realization in calisthenics group exercises coaches should create the definite psychological-pedagogical conditions [1]. At the same time, these conditions are not studied that is why in order to create special complexes of exercises with the subject of combined character in order to develop simultaneously female gymnasts' physical qualities and the level of their technical readiness it is necessary to create the definite psychological-pedagogical conditions. These conditions should be
used during the preparatory part of the lesson at all periods of a yearly cycle of the training process.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
During the research works analysis we revealed that the main tendency, which prevails in calisthenics, is an impetuous increase of technical value of the composition [2,3]. This tendency means that coaches should create special complexes of exercises with the subject of a combined character in order to develop simultaneously physical qualities among female gymnasts and to increase the level of their technical readiness.[1]. Such kind of the training process development methodology is organized for sportsmanship improvement in
female gymnasts and in order to save time for the necessary physical qualities development. For these problems solution we organized a survey among the specialists in a form of a questionnaire survey and conversations, literature sources review. In general 78 highly-qualified female athletes, coaches and judges took part in the survey.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The training level of the female athletes in calisthenics group exercises is defined according to stable results of performances during the competitions. During the research we revealed the main objectives of training level increase among female gymnasts in group exercises:
- technical mastery level increase, which provides the set problems solution during the
competitions;
- the technology of the combined training creation, directed toward the time decrease. It is spent for physical qualities development in female gymnasts;
- gradual increase of technical combinations in group exercises on the basis of high level of female gymnasts' physical readiness;
- mastering the ways of improvement reliability of group exercises fulfillment during the competitions.
In order to realize the objectives of readiness level increase in the female gymnasts we defined psychological-pedagogical conditions. They are necessary to realize the technology of subject and physical training combination in calisthenics group exercises. They are presented in table 1.
Table 1 - Rank structure of psychological-pedagogical conditions, necessary for the technology realization of subject and physical training combination in calisthenics group exercises (n=78, при W>0,73)
Rank Psychological-pedagogical conditions Rank index, %
1. Special means and methodical techniques substantiation for the use in the training process 28,1
2. The technology creation of subject and physical training combination 21,9
3. Providing the reliability of motor actions with subjects and without them 15,3
4. Creating the indices and criteria for the training process effectiveness evaluation 14,7
5. Systematic effectiveness check of the used means and methodical techniques 11,8
6. Rational volume and intensity planning of the load, taking into account the periodization of female gymnasts training 8,2
The first condition (28,1% of total sampling variance) the respondents defined special means and methodical techniques substantiation for the use in the training process. They mentioned that the main psychological-pedagogical condition can be substantiation of means and methodical techniques,
based on subject and physical training combination. This condition defines the necessity to create complexes of exercises. They would increase the level of female gymnasts' motor abilities, who perform in group exercises, directed toward coordination and subject means of training revelation. They provide
psychomotor characteristics development:
- proprioceptive sensitivity (sense of subject);
- coordinations of body movements and a subject during tasks fulfillment in uncustomary initial positions, movements in pairs, triplets and quintuples development;
- the ability development to share attention to body and object movements, to two objects, oneself and a partner, "own" object and the objects of a partner;
- reaction to a moving object - complexes of motor actions with an object. They include fundamental and non-fundamental technical groups of different variety objects. Throwing the object with the right, left hand, to a set height, with different frequency or counting the time, juggling, catching the objects according to the "criteria", adopted rules of the competitions [2,3].
Together with technical mastery improvement the following qualities should develop:
- coordination of movements- difficult for coordination movements with the objects (pass, holding, spinning, rolling-over, small throws, "propeller", "mill", "grasping") together with the movements from the complex of special physical training;
-strictly-power and speed-power oriented qualities. The exercises with weight lifting directed toward female gymnasts' speed-power oriented qualities development (complex of skipping exercises, according to the amount of jumps, variety of spinnings, with speeding up and without it). Exercises with the objects (according to the rules of competitions for the current season). They fulfill the function of weigh, directed toward the separate muscle groups development and the exercises with own weight overcoming;
- quickness- well mastered motor actions should be used. The exercises with a high frequency of movements and their combinations and also the exercises under the flying object (acrobatic elements).
- endurance - the ability to repeat motor actions many times without effectiveness level decrease. [4,5].
- flexibility - active, passive.
In the opinion of the specialists, these exercises should reflect the structure of competitive composition [6,7,8,9].
Next psychological-pedagogical condition was the necessity to create the technology of subject and physical training combination. The contribution to total sampling variance was 21,9%. We studied the possibility of this technology use in order to increase the level of sportsmanship in the female gymnasts. Coaches always search for more effective kinds of special training, as together with the difficulty of the composition the amount of time, necessary for its successful realization, also increases. Usually coaches compensate this problem owing to time spent in the preparatory part of the lesson. During which we solve the problem of organism preparation for the future work over the competitive composition in the main part, in particular SPT(special physical training), STT (special technical training) (objectless - jumping, rotatory, balanced), choreographic training. Poorly held warming-up has a negative influence on further training process in general. Poorly held warming-up leads, first of all, to traumatism, secondly, to technical mastery decrease in female gymnasts.
In modern calisthenics there are tendencies to complexity of competitive composition increase of group exercises. They place high demands on technical and physical readiness of female athletes.
The most difficult in group exercises are the elements of objects exchange between female gymnasts by means of throwing (exchange difficulty (ED), cooperation (C)). The elements of body difficulty (BD ), dynamic rotations (R) and dancing tracks (S) are fulfilled by each female gymnast individually. It demands maximal concentration and actions synchronism of each female gymnast in a team.
An object loss leads to serious penalty for the technique (D) and execution (E). The difficulty of the composition increase is achieved by means of new forms of movements with the body, objects and their combination into the joints. It helps female gymnasts realize their individual abilities.
In this connection special importance gains reliability of motor actions fulfillment with an object and without it. It conditions the success of
competitive activity of a team in group exercises and the whole training process.
An important psychological-pedagogical condition, which is necessary for the technology of combined subject and physical training realization in calisthenics group exercises, is the indices and evaluation criteria of the training process effectiveness creation. The contribution to total sampling variance was 14,7%. Sometimes it is difficult for coaches to evaluate the effectiveness of the subject and physical training combination in calisthenics group exercises. Practical realization of this condition helps to solve this problem. This condition realization is closely connected with the effectiveness of the used training means and
methods evaluation. The effectiveness of the used training means and methods evaluation, based on subject and physical training combination, is the main condition, as it is oriented toward the necessary information formation concerning female gymnasts' sportsmanship development level increase, the level of sports achievements and selection prediction. The contribution to total sampling variance was 11,8 %. During the observation over the training process and a questioner survey among the specialists we revealed the most significant parameters of development. They can help to reveal the effectiveness of the used technology of combined subject and physical training in female gymnasts. They specialize in group exercises (picture).
Picture - The main development indices of female gymnasts during the technology of subject and physical
training use
The used parameters of evaluation provide high level of female gymnasts' performing mastery and reliability of competitive activity. It presents the technology of subject and physical training combination as a universal one for different stages of a long-term training in calisthenics group exercises. Rational volume and intensity of the loads planning,
taking into account the periodization of training female gymnasts was defined by the respondents as the 6th condition. The contribution to total sampling variance was 8,2%. Practice showed that the fulfilled by female gymnasts physical load is considered as the volume of physical exercise influence on an organism. It causes additional functional activity
(relative to the initial level) and the degree of the mastered objective and subjective difficulties.
Volume and intensity characterize the degree of the load. The specificity of the load is conditioned by the result of the training transfer from one task (additional exercise fulfillment) to another (the main exercise), by the level of motor abilities development and by the level of technical skills mastering.
Main attention should be paid to the components of special physical and subject training. The tendency to competitive composition complication is seen in the difficulty with group exercises object exchange, throwing over and cooperation. In this case throws and objects catching
prevail. It demands high degree of speed-power oriented, coordinating qualities, special endurance, quickness and flexibility. The volume and intensity of the load vary depending on training periodization.
The training process of each lesson includes the content of the preparatory, main and the final parts. In order to develop special physical and motor abilities of female gymnasts it is necessary to include group exercises into the preparatory part of the training process, different kinds of warming-ups. This can include choreographic training and the technology of subject and physical training combination. Table 2 presents the example of the training process organization for a weekly micro cycle in an involving mesocycle, one training a day.
Table 2 - Model of the training lessons for a weekly micro cycle (in an involving mesocycle, one training a
day)
Weekday Preparatory part (1,5 hour) Main part (2 hours) Final part (30 min) Volume and intensity of the load
Mon The technology of subject and physical training combination use (complex of exercises): - block № 1; - block № 2; - block № 3. 1st kind (objects of the same type). - according to the elements, 5-10 times (cooperation transfer together with other groups of difficulty); - according to parts, 1-2 clear parts (to the music); - according to halves, 2 clear halves (to the music); - run(s) from the beginning to the end; - mistakes correction Work over the main mistakes during competitive composition with the 1st kind fulfillment. Great amount of repetitions O: average M: low
Tue Choreographic training (classical lesson) 2nd kind (objects of different type). - according to the elements, 5-10 times (cooperation transfer together with other groups of difficulty); - according to parts, 1-2 clear parts (to the music); - according to halves, 2 clear halves (to the music); - run(s) from the beginning to the end; - mistakes correction Work over the main mistakes during competitive composition with the 1st kind fulfillment. Great amount of repetitions O: average M: low
Wed The technology of subject and physical training combination use (complex of exercises): - block № 1; - block № 2; - block № 3. 1st kind (objects of the same type). - according to the elements, 5-10 times (cooperation transfer together with other groups of difficulty); - according to parts, 1-2 clear parts (to the music); - according to halves, 2 clear halves (to the music); - run(s) from the beginning to the end; - mistakes correction GPT, SPT -physical qualities development (in weight, rubber band) O: average M: low
Thu Choreographic training (classical lesson) 2nd kind (objects of different type). - according to the elements, 5-10 times (cooperation transfer together with other groups of difficulty); - according to parts, 1-2 clear parts (to the music); - according to halves, 2 clear halves (to the music); - run(s) from the beginning to the end; - mistakes correction Work over the main mistakes during competitive composition with the 1st kind fulfillment. Great amount of repetitions O: average M: low
Fri The technology of subject and physical training combination use (complex of exercises): - block № 1; - block № 2; - block № 3. 1st kind (objects of the same type). - according to the elements, 5-10 times (cooperation transfer together with other groups of difficulty); - according to parts, 1-2 clear parts (to the music); - according to halves, 2 clear halves (to the music); - run(s) from the beginning to the end; Work over the main mistakes during competitive composition with the 1st kind fulfillment. Great amount of repetitions O: average M: low
Sat The technology of subject and physical training combination use (complex of exercises): - block № 1; - block № 2; - block № 3. 1st and the 2nd kinds of combined events. - according to the elements, 15-20 times of clear (cooperation transfer together with other groups of difficulty) GPT, SPT -physical qualities development (in weight, rubber band) O: average M: low
Sun Day off
The involving meso cycle is characterized by considerable loads volume increase in the training process of female gymnasts, the intensity of motor actions fulfillment increases gradually. General volume of the work is great. Special attention is paid to technical and physical training, as the conditions are created for further work and difficult elements realization in competitive composition. This period of training is characterized by big volume of objects loss and "imprecise" fulfillment. Mistakes are corrected with the help of many repetitions of motor actions with an object and without it, not developed physical qualities and special motor abilities improvement. This way the level of special readiness in female gymnasts increases.
CONCLUSION
During a questionnaire survey among the specialists we revealed psychological-pedagogical conditions. They condition the necessity to combine subject and physical training in the training process. Carried out by us research work shows a positive influence of the revealed by us psychological-pedagogical conditions on the effectiveness of technical and physical training level of female gymnasts in group exercises and also proves the necessity of their complex introduction into the training process.
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Submitted: 20.02.2021 Author's information:
Margarita A. Udalova - Graduate Student, Russian State Pedagogical University named after A.I. Gertsen, 191186, Russia, Saint-Petersburg, Embankment of the river Moika, House 48, e-mail: margoshaiQ91rita@mail.ru
Aleksandr E. Bolotin - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor, Professor of Sports Pedagogics Higher School, Saint-Petersburg Peter the Great Polytechnic University, 195251, Saint-Petersburg, Politekhnicheskaya str., House 27, e-mail: a bolotin@inbox.ru
