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UDK 81-13
Mirzayeva D. teacher
Ferghana state University Uzbekistan, Ferghana city PROVERB AS A KIND OF PAREMIOLOGICAL FUND AND AS AN OBJECT OF LINGUISTIC AND METHODOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Annotation: In this article highlights of proverb as a kind of paremiological cliche and as an object of linguistic and methodological research.
Key words: proverb, paremiological Fund, English and Uzbek language.
Proverbs as paremiological units are studied in linguistics, in linguodidactics and in the methodology of language teaching. Comparative study of Proverbs of two or more languages allows us to identify similarities and differences that contribute to build the most scientifically sound method of teaching a non-native language. Since ancient times, the paremiological Fund has interested scientists.
Aristotle (384-322 BC) was the first to classify and systematize Proverbs and sayings (paremias). He noted that paremias are elements of the old philosophy that have survived because of their brevity (Osheva, 2013). Proverbs are worldly wisdom, spiritual wealth and cultural heritage of the people, proven by centuries of experience. As the author of the vast collection of Russian Proverbs and sayings, the famous linguist and writer V.I. Dahl, "proverb... is not composed, but is born itself" (Dahl, 2000). For the research work of scientists of various specialties — paremiologists, linguists, literary critics, folklorists, ethnographers and others, the world of Proverbs and sayings is a fertile field. This is quite reasonable, because the proverb, despite the small volume, can be considered in various aspects of the study. For a relatively young branch of the science of language - the linguistics of the text, the proverb is of great interest as a completely complete (in semantic and structural relations) text. Due to the fact that different Proverbs of the same language and even related and unrelated languages can belong to the same logical type and denote the same situation, they are directly related to logical semantics and semiotics. Due to the fact that a proverb is a certain syntactic unit — a sentence, the formal structure of a proverb must be studied by grammar.
Regarding Proverbs, in recent years, there are ambiguous, and at times even polar points of view. Thus, one of the founders of modern paremiology G.A.Permyakov believes that the imagery and external design of the proverb, reflecting its ethnographic and ethnogenetic realities, do not seem to be the main thing that characterizes it. In his opinion, the main thing is that the main content of the proverb is determined by logical constructions, and "Proverbs and sayings are signs of situations or certain relations between things" (Permyakov, 1970. p. 19). On the contrary, other researchers believe that " the main thing in the proverb as a genre of folklore is not its logical nature, not the information inherent in it, but the artistic image and semantic duplicity. The most profound judgments, impeccably built according to the laws of logic, the most intelligent thoughts clearly and clearly
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formulated, will not acquire wings if they do not have an artistic form, for not every speech is a proverb" (Martynova, Mitrofanova, 1986. P. 6).
According to A. Danis, " in the twentieth century, apparently, under the influence of modern social Sciences, a certain departure from the purely literary and historical study of Proverbs began" (Danis, 1978. P. 13). Judgments about the "triviality" of statements began to appear: "Proverbs and sayings exemplary form the entire life, social and historical experience of the working people" (Gorky, 1937. P. 21). "Proverbs are folk sayings, which reflect the centuries-old socio-historical experience of the people..."(Martynova, Mitrofanova, 1986. P. 6). In the content aspect, the complex study of the proverb is directly related to such branches of science as cultural studies, ethnolinguistics and Ethnography. First of all, culture is transmitted from generation to generation, in a linguistic form. At the first stages of social development, this transfer was carried out orally, including by means of oral folk art, one of the characteristic genres of which are Proverbs. "Proverbs are not the most extensive, but the most characteristic part of the folk heritage of the people. The features of folk history and character, work and life are imprinted or metaphorically encoded in them with the same authenticity as the trace of ancient life on the fossil, with the difference that they remain alive all those long centuries, as long as there is a people who created them, and its language, which made them its part, clots of its figurative energy" (Uzbek folk Proverbs and sayings, 1985. Pp. 86). Ethnolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that studies the relationship of language with culture, folk customs and beliefs and with the people as a whole. One of the most prominent representatives of ethnolinguistics E.Sepir argued that " language acquires an increasing value as a guiding principle in the study of culture. In a certain sense, the system of cultural models of a civilization is fixed in the language expressing this civilization" (Sepir, 1965. Pp. 233). Proverbs are the model of the" particle " of civilization, and therefore without its study it is inconceivable to understand any world civilization. Just without the study of proverbs cannot do and Ethnography " " the historical science of the origin and ethnic history of peoples, the formation of specific features of their culture and life-components of world civilization" (Its, 1991. P. 8). In the introductory article to the collection "Proverbs and sayings of the peoples of the East", V.PAnikin writes that " the content side is of interest to specialists of different profiles.
Historians find in proverbs the customs of antiquity and echoes of ancient events; lawyers see in proverbs the reflection of customary law; the ethnographer, thanks to proverbs, gets an idea of the character of already disappeared customs and orders; philologists through proverbs try to understand the features and structure of popular thinking; linguists see in proverbs the most valuable material for the study of the nature and laws of human speech" (Proverbs. Sayings. Riddles, 1986. P. 7). It is quite obvious that not only a deep and comprehensive analysis of Proverbs is impossible without the broad involvement of the higher mentioned Sciences, but on the contrary, the study of Proverbs is extremely useful, important and necessary for the development of these Sciences.
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Paremiology is the science of proverbs and sayings. Paremias (Greek. "paromia" - a saying, a parable) is a universal phenomenon characteristic of all languages of the world. In the last third of the 20th century — the beginning of the 21st centuries, the success of linguistics, folklore and other related scientific disciplines, caused a rapid development of paremiology. Despite its apparent structural simplicity, the proverb is such a complex phenomenon that until now there is no single, universally recognized definition of paremia of this species in science. A proverb is a parody that is grammatically correlated with a sentence: a proverb cannot exceed a sentence in volume and at the same time it cannot be smaller.it is Important to note that many researchers argue that it is impossible to define the term "proverb". "The definition of a proverb is too difficult to undertake such a task. Whether this sentence is a proverb or not, some subtle signs tell us. Therefore, no definition will help us to establish with certainty whether we are dealing with a proverb in this case" (A. Taylor). "It is almost impossible to offer a short and at the same time acceptable definition of a proverb, especially one that would cover all proverbial phrases... fortunately, the definition is not really necessary, since we all know what a proverb is" (B. J. Whiting). (cyte. by: Danis, 1978. P. 14). According to some scholars, Proverbs and sayings are not included in the phraseological Fund.
It is somewhat different with a proverb that combines the features of phraseology and syntactically free combination at the same time. The judgment expressed by the proverb, is important for a number of epochs, is relatively constant, as the content of the idiom, but in each specific historical period, this constant value (judgment) has its own form of expression corresponding to the level of development of the syntactic system of language at any given period," strongly proverbs beyond the boundaries of the phraseological system of language (of Tarlanov, 1972, pp. 81-82). But nevertheless, most researchers, in whole or in part, include Proverbs in the category of phraseological units. Academician V.V.Vinogradov, in the group of phraseological units includes Proverbs, sayings, cliches and winged expressions " " the field of phraseological units includes many phrasal stamps, cliches typical for different literary styles, literary quotes, and winged words, aphorisms, Proverbs and sayings" (Vinogradov, 1977. P. 133). At N. M. Shansky also discusses this position, it includes sayings, winged words, Proverbs and sayings, aphorisms, turns of speech, idioms and expressions in phraseological turns (Shansky 2012, p. 7). In his work D. A. Bulakhovsky puts Proverbs and sayings on the first place among phraseological turns, as they are used "as usual phrases of the literary language " (Bulakhovsky, 1954. P. 54). From the above arguments, it can be understood that each researcher has his own point of view both in favor of including paremias in the phraseological Fund, and in favor of the opposite. So, as a linguistic phenomenon, the proverb has great theoretical and practical significance. The proverb is studied by linguists, paremiologists, literary critics, folklorists, ethnographers, as well as linguo-didactics and methodists.
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References:
1.Taylor A. the proverb. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard University Press, 1931. Uzbek folk Proverbs and sayings / TRANS. and comp. Naumov A. Tashkent: Uzbekistan, 1985. - 93c.
2.Proverbs, sayings, riddles / Comp., ed. Preface. Comments Martynova A. N., Mitrofanova V. V. M.: Sovremennik, 1986. - 511c.
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