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UDC 338.47:658.7:332.12(477.62) doi: 10.12958/1817-3772-2019-4(58)-51-60
S. Ivanov,
Corresponding Member of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, DrHab (Economics), Professor, ORCID 0000-0002-1205-3797, Institute of Industrial Economics of NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv,
H. Dzwigol,
PhD, DrHab (Economics), Professor, ORCID 0000-0002-2005-0078,
Silesian University of Technology, Poland,
N. Trushkina,
PhD (Economics), ORCID 0000-0002-6741-7738,
Institute ofIndustrial Economics of NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv
PROPOSALS FOR THE FORMATION OF A TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS CLUSTER AS AN INSTITUTION OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT (ON THE EXAMPLE OF DONETSK ECONOMIC REGION)
The study was carried out as part of the research work of the Institute of Industrial Economics of NAS of Ukraine «Formation of the institutional environment for the modernization of the economy of the old industrial regions of Ukraine».
Problem statement. One of the dynamic and rapid lines of development of modern regional ecosystems is transport logistics as an effective source of competitive advantages. This requires the use of new tools to improve the competitive ability of regions, including the cluster approach, the essence of which is the formation and development of logistic clusters by consolidating the efforts of the state, business, science, education in priority fields of economic activity. As international practice shows, the implementation of the cluster model of logistic activities will contribute to the reduction of total logistic costs by 12-35% as a result of reducing transport costs by 7-20% and the cost of handling operations by 20-30%, as well as accelerating the speed of circulation of material resources by 20-40%. Therefore, the creation of transport and logistics cluster will create favorable conditions for the growth of the volume and quality of services and create a qualitatively new model of the regional economy in the economic regions of Ukraine.
Analysis of recent publications on the problem. On the basis of generalizations of scientific publications of foreign and Ukrainian scientists it is established that they paid considerable attention:
substantiation of application of an integrated approach to supply chain management and organization of logistics processes [1-5];
development of theoretical, methodological and applied principles of formation of the system of management of balanced development of the market of logistic services as a component of the national logistics
system, which allows to activate and effectively use the existing logistical potential of Ukraine [6];
defining the directions of increasing the efficiency of transport and logistics activities and key tasks and priorities of the development of the transport sector in Ukraine [7; 8; 9];
evaluation of indicators of innovative development of the transport system of Ukraine to substantiate strategic guidelines [10];
development of proposal for activation of innovative development of the transport and logistics system of Ukraine [11];
defining the components of the financial support mechanism for managing the innovative development of the transport and logistics system [12];
substantiation of conceptual provisions of strategy of development of transport system of Ukraine and measures of state policy of its implementation [13];
the development of theoretical and methodological provisions and practical recommendations for the formation of transport and logistics clusters [14-24];
identifying global trends in digitalization, which include the use of big data and cloud technologies, the proliferation of the Internet of Things, the development of robotization, the spread of 3D printing, blockchain technology and crowdsourcing [25-26; 27-29]; development of a functional scheme of digital transformation of the transport sector in Ukraine [30].
At the same time, despite such close attention to the problem outlined by scientists, it is important and necessary to carry out scientific researches in the direction
of substantiation of conceptual provisions on modernization of transport infrastructure of Donetsk economic district with the help of the transport-logistic cluster as the «core» of the renewed transport system. All this largely determined the choice of the topic of this study and its focus.
Formulation of research. The purpose of the article is to develop proposals for the formation of a transport and logistics cluster as an institute for regional development (on the example of Donetsk economic region).
Outline of the main results and their justification. As a result of previous researches [31-36] it is proved that the development of transport and logistics system of Donetsk economic region is influenced by many factors that can be conditionally divided into 7 groups:
F1 (X11, xi2);
F =
F2 (x21 ' x22 )'
F3( x31' X32, f4( x4i); f5( x5i); F6( x6i); F7 (x71 ' x72 !
x33);
x73)
(1)
where
F - political:
X1 - unstable political situation in the country;
X2 - Donbass transport blockade;
F2 - institutional:
x21 - imperfect legislative and regulatory framework;
x22 - lack of a regional program and strategy for the development of the transport and logistics cluster;
F3 - investment and financial:
x31 - insufficient financing of the transport industry;
x32 - inefficient implementation of the public-private partnership mechanism;
x33 - limited tools for private investment in logistics infrastructure;
F4 - infrastructure:
x41 - significant disruption to existing logistics infrastructure facilities;
F5 - environmental:
x51 - insufficient application of the concept of green logistics in the transport sector;
F6 - information:
x61 - insufficient use of information and communication technologies and tools of digital logistics;
F7 - logistic:
x71 - ineffective organization of logistic activities; x72- reducing the level of service and quality of transport and logistics services;
x73 - reduction of cargo transportation by different modes of transport.
According to data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine the volume of freight traffic by the Donetsk railway has decreased by 65.7% in 2000-2018 and its share in the total Ukrainian volume of freight traffic by railways - by 27.7 percentage points or from 44.7 to 17.0%. The freight turnover of the Donetsk railway has declined by 60.8% and share - by 12.4 p.p. or from 19.5 to 7.1% of the national freight turnover of public railway transport (Table 1).
Table 1
Volumes of cargo transportation and cargo
Years Cargo dispatch, million tonnes Cargo turnover, billion tonne-kilometre
2000 132.4 33.7
2001 140.5 31.9
2002 145.0 33.3
2003 156.6 37.3
2004 166.9 38.2
2005 157.8 36.9
2006 163.0 39.6
2007 167.6 42.4
2008 160.9 41.7
2009 131.4 32.1
2010 142.4 37.3
2011 153.1 41.0
2012 142.6 38.4
2013 139.0 34.6
2014 99.4 22.8
2015 69.2 13.8
2016 71.7 17.5
2017 48.7 13.2
2018 45.4 13.2
Source: [37, p. 72, 101; 38, p. 46, 50].
Statistical analysis showed that the volume of cargo transportation by road in Donetsk economic region has decreased in 2018 compared to 2000 by 22.5%. This is due to the decline of road freight in Lugansk region by 82.0% and Donetsk region - by 10.1%. Share of cargo transportation by road of Donetsk economic region has declined from 16.1 to 9.7%, it is 6.4 percentage points increase in the national volume (Table 2). Freight turnover of road transport in Donetsk economic region has increased by 1.2 times as a result of an increase in cargo turnover in Donetsk region by 1.6 times. However, the turnover of road transport in Lugansk region has decreased by 1.8 times. Share of road transport turnover in the region has decreased by 7.8
percentage points or from 11.4 to 3.6% in the national freight turnover (Table 3).
Table 2
Volumes of cargo transportation by road
in Donetsk economic region, million tonnes
Years Donetsk economic region Including
Donetsk region Lugansk region
2000 151.4 125.3 26.1
2001 168.5 129.7 38.8
2002 177.0 145.7 31.3
2003 187.6 137.7 49.9
2004 179.1 147.1 32.0
2005 202.3 170.5 31.8
2006 210.8 182.5 28.3
2007 215.4 188.5 26.9
2008 202.3 174.9 27.4
2009 156.4 131.7 24.7
2010 174.1 149.8 24.3
2011 192.6 166.3 26.3
2012 199.1 174.4 24.7
2013 196.8 168.1 28.7
2014 94.9 68.0 26.9
2015 104.3 77.0 27.3
2016 134.7 118.6 16.1
2017 110.0 105.1 4.9
2018 117.4 112.7 4.7
Source: [37, p. 72; 38, p. 46].
Table 3
Cargo turnover of motor vehicle in Donetsk
economic regions, million tonne-kilometre
Years Donetsk economic region Including
Donetsk region Lugansk region
2000 2189.4 1301.9 887.5
2001 2358.8 1475.6 883.2
2002 2762.9 1747.2 1015.7
2003 3204.3 1950.4 1253.9
2004 3372.4 2019.8 1352.6
2005 3899.9 2202.4 1697.5
2006 4263.3 2523.0 1740.3
2007 4784.0 2771.1 2012.9
2008 5167.6 2853.0 2314.6
2009 4648.0 2458.7 2189.3
2010 5603.4 2897.1 2706.3
2011 6324.2 3258.1 3066.1
2012 6181.9 3793.4 2388.5
2013 7579.8 4393.2 3186.6
2014 5915.9 4125.9 1790.0
2015 3441.9 2238.3 1203.6
2016 3090.6 2230.5 860.1
2017 2844.5 2367.3 477.2
2018 2608.1 2125.6 482.5
Source: [37, p. 101; 38, p. 51].
Analytical evaluation of statistical data shows that the share of capital investment in transport and warehousing in Donetsk economic region has decreased in 2010-2018 by 3.4 percentage points or from 7.2 to 3.8% of the total volume of capital investment in this industry.
This was due to a decrease in the share of capital investments in transport and warehousing in Donetsk region by 2.0 percentage points (from 5.7 to 3.7%) and Lugansk region - by 1.4 percentage points (from 1.5 to 0.1%) (Table 4).
Table 4
Capital investments in transport and warehousing
in Donetsk economic region _ (in actual prices, million UAH)_
Years Donetsk economic region Including
Donetsk region Lugansk region
2010 1670.7 1323.8 346.9
2011 3642.9 3341.7 301.2
2012 3978.9 3858.7 120.2
2013 1816.2 1662.7 153.5
2014 1161.7 959.1 202.6
2015 898.2 871.0 27.2
2016 473.9 452.8 21.1
2017 1715.4 1672.1 43.3
2018 1868.0 1819.2 48.8
Source: [38, p. 16].
The key problem for the development of the Donetsk region is the deterioration of logistical activity of the Mariupol Sea Commercial Port due to blocking the possibility of passage of vessels through the Kerch Strait. According to the analysis of statistical data the total volume of cargo processing by stevedoring companies in Mariupol seaport has decreased in 2012-2018 by 60.5%. The volume of export goods has declined in 2018 compared to 2012 by 22.5%. During the research period, there was a trend of growth in the volume of imported goods by stevedoring companies by 3.6 times. In 2015, the volume of transit cargoes has decreased significantly. And since 2016 transit goods have stopped (Table 5).
In view of the above, it is advisable for the transformation of the regional transport and logistic system of Donetsk economic region to develop and implement a set of proposals, which should contain the following measures:
formation of transport and logistics cluster as an effective form of partnership between business structures, scientific institutions, higher education institutions, institutions of transport and logistics infrastructure and authorities in the context of ensuring the modernization of the economy: development of a strategy for the integrated development of transport and logistics cluster; development of financial support mechanism for the management of transport and logistics cluster development, the essence of which is the application of such financial instruments as venture investment, crowdsourcing, factoring, public-private partnership based on attracting private investment, funds of credit institutions, foreign investment financial resources, grants ; development and implementation of the regional cluster model of logistics activities organization; recon-
struction of existing and creation of new objects of proper logistics infrastructure (transport, trading, service, etc.); creation of optimal multimodal logistics chains, including through increased use of energy efficient modes of transport;
organization of logistic activity and development of port infrastructure in Mariupol seaport: attraction of
introduction of information technologies for management of transport and logistics system of economic region: introduction of «physical» internet based on the Internet of Things; development and implementation of information solutions for the delivery of the «last mile» (the use of autonomous vehicles for delivery of goods); introduction of digital crowdsourcing platforms in delivery of products to consumers using the principles of trust and cooperation between participants of logistic processes;
introduction and development of the concept of «green» logistics, which will allow to integrate ecology and economy into a single system in order to preserve the environment and modernize the regional transport and logistics system using environmentally friendly technologies; attraction of investments in the equipment and the equipment connected with environmentally friendly technologies, in the field of transport and the warehouse economy;
private investments in technical modernization of seaport infrastructure; activation of innovative activity with application of different forms of preferences (credits, guarantees, tax privileges, subsidies) for the development of seaports; transfer of port facilities for concession or lease;
Table 5
introduction of digital logistics as a mechanism for development of transport and logistics system of economic region: development and implementation of digital services in all modes of transport; use of digital platforms in the organization of cargo transportation; introduction of electronic document flow with various authorities (customs, tax, etc.); application of modern forms of calculations; formation of a system of management of road and water transport; implementation of Galileo satellite navigation system; development and implementation of an integrated ticket that allows the use of different modes of transport, which complies with the European transport policy TEN-T.
Implementation of practical recommendations on institutional support for the formation and development of a transport and logistics cluster in Donetsk economic region will contribute to obtaining a synergistic effect, which components are:
Freight handling volumes by stevedoring companies in Mariupol seaport, thousand tonnes
Indicators Years
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Total volume 14908.7 15499.4 13003.2 8984.0 7603.5 6514.5 5887.9
Including Export goods 13011.3 14058.3 10853.9 5178.0 5607.6 5462.6 4929.9
Imported goods 249.3 177.9 476.4 1321.7 269.8 936.6 907.5
Transit goods 1635.6 1217.5 473.6 8.3 - - -
Source: Information and statistical materials of the Administration of the seaports of Ukraine.
E = Z E1(Уl1,..., yi8) + y24 ) + y34 ) ^ maX , (2)
ij=1
where
E - economic effect:
y11 - increasing the level of investment attractiveness of the territories of the region;
y12 - increase of revenues to the budgets (regional, local) at the expense of formation of a qualitatively new model of regional economy, strengthening of competitive advantages of the region and increase of economic capacity of territorial communities in the conditions of decentralization;
y13 - annual increase of freight transportation by rail transport by 5% and cargo turnover of Donetsk railway
by 2%;
y14 - annual increase in the volume of transportation of goods by road by 6% and the turnover of road transport by 16%;
y15 - reducing logistics costs by 12% due to a 7% reduction in the cost of transport;
y16 - reduction of the average idle of the car under one cargo operation of Donetsk railway (hours) by 25%;
y17 - ensuring favorable institutional conditions for the functioning of the logistics services market;
y18 - improvement of transportation technology with the use of modern information and communication technologies and digital logistics;
E - social effect:
y21 - annual growth of the average number of employees in the field of transport and storage by 1.5%, including in the field of land and pipeline, water, aviation - by 1%;
y22 - job creation and employment growth (for example, as shown by good European experience, 33.3% of cluster companies have a trend of steady employment growth);
y23 - improving the working conditions of workers employed in the field of transport and warehousing; y24 - reducing the level of accidents; E3 - ecological effect:
y31 - ensuring almost complete decarbonization of city logistics;
y32 - reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from transport by optimizing transport flows; y33- increasing the share of electrically and environmentally friendly modes of transport; y34 - increasing the level of environmental safety.
Conclusions and prospects for further research.
As a result of the study it was found that the formation and effective functioning of transport and logistic cluster in the Donetsk economic region is hampered by many key barriers that can be conditionally classified into the following groups, such as political, foreign economic, institutional, investment and financial, infrastructure, environmental, information, logistics. It was proved that for the effective development of transport and logistic cluster in the economic region it is reasonable to develop proposals for the creation of appropriate institutional conditions, which are to finalize the Strategies of the regional development in terms of institutional, investment and financial, organizational and economic and information support of the functioning of transport and logistic cluster using the cluster approach, as well as the Concepts of creating transport and logistic cluster and Strategies for the integrated development of transport and logistic cluster as a component of the regional transport and logistic system; implementation of the financial support mechanism, which includes exogenous and endogenous factors affecting the development of the regional transport and logistic system; the principles on which the formation of transport and logistic cluster should be based; management functions (forecasting, planning, organization, accounting, control, analysis, regulation); a set of tools governing the organization and implementation of logistic activities, as well as the provision of transport services; financial instruments (venture investment, crowdinvesting, factoring, public-private partnership on the basis of attracting private investments, funds of credit institutions, foreign investment resources, grants of international financial organizations); means (digital, information and communication technologies, software, regulatory documents).
The indicators that characterize the effectiveness of the implementation of proposals for the formation of transport and logistic cluster in the Donetsk economic region include annual growth: length of public roads (thousandkm) by 3.6%; solid-state public roads (km) by 1%; the density of public roads with hard surface (km
per 1 thousand km2 of the territory of the region) by 2%; the average daily productivity of the locomotive (thousand tonne-kilometre gross) of the Donetsk railway by 2.4%; average daily freight wagon productivity (tonne-kilometre net) by 17.5%; average section speed of freight train (km per hour) by 1%; the level of logistic service of consumers of services (%) by 3%; the share of direct investment in transport and logistics in the total volume of direct investment in all types of economic activity of the region (%) by 2%; the share of capital investments in the sphere of transport and warehouse economy in the total volume of capital investments by all types of economic activity of the region (%) by 3%.
Combination of modern cluster policy, mechanism of institutional support for the development of an integrated transport and logistic system and strategies of smart industry specializations in the context of decentralization will create the appropriate conditions for the formation of transport and logistic cluster as an effective form of partnership, strengthen the competitive advantages of the Donetsk economic region and increase the economic capacity of territorial communities.
It is planned in future to develop a cluster model of logistic activities in the economic regions of Ukraine.
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35. Trushkina N., Rynkevich N. Optimization of information flows in transport logistics [Оптимизация информационных потоков в транспортной логистике]. Contemporary issues of sustainable development: monograph / Edited by T. Pokusa, O. Nestorenko. Opole: The Academy of Management and Administration in Opole, 2019. P. 137-146. 36. 1ванов С.В., Ляшенко В.1., Трушкша Н.В. Передумови формування та перспек-тиви розвитку транспортно-лопстичного кластера в Причорноморському економiчному райош. Причорно-морськ економiчнi студИ. 2019. Вип. 46. Ч. 2. С. 16-24. https://doi.org/10.32843/bses.46-25. 37. Транспорт i зв'язок Укра!ни у 2010 рощ: стат. збipник. Ки!в: Державна служба статистики Укра!ни, 2011. 267 с. 38. Транспорт i зв'язок Укра!ни у 2018 рощ: стат. збip-ник. Ки!в: Державна служба статистики Укра!ни, 2019. 154 с.
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1ванов С., Джвкол Х., Трушкша Н. Пропозицп щодо формування транспортно-лопстичного кластеру як шституту регшнального розвитку (на при-кладi Донецького економiчного району)
Одним з динамiчних i стрiмких ra^HMÎB розвитку сучасних регюнальних екосистем е транспортна лопс-тика як ефективне джерело забезпечення конкурент-них переваг. Це вимагае застосування нових шстру-менпв пвдвищення конкурентоспроможносп регюшв, серед яких кластерний тдхвд, суть якого полягае у формуванш й розвитку транспортно-лопстичних клас-терiв шляхом консолiдацiï зусиль держави, бiзнесу, науки, освгги у прiоритетних сферах економiчноï дiяль-ностi.
Як показуе мiжнародна практика, реалiзацiя клас-терноï моделi оргашзацп логiстичноï дiяльностi спри-ятиме скороченню загальних логiстичних витрат на 1235% у результатi зниження транспортних витрат на 720% i витрат на навантажувально-розвантажувальш роботи на 20-30%, а також прискоренню швидкосл обiгу матерiальних ресурсiв на 20-40%.
Отже, формування транспортно-лопстичних кластерiв дозволить створити сприятливi умови задля зростання обсягiв та якостi наданих транспортно-ло-гiстичних послуг i сформувати яшсно нову модель ре-гiональноï економши.
У результатi дослвдження виявлено, що форму-ванню й ефективному функцюнуванню транспортно-лопстичного кластеру в Донецькому економiчному районi перешкоджае безлiч ключових бар'ерiв, якi умовно можна систематизувати за такими групами, як полiтичнi, зовнiшньоекономiчнi; шституцшнц швес-тицiйно-фiнансовi; iнфраструктурнi; iнформацiйнi; еколопчш; логiстичнi. Доведено, що для ефективного розвитку транспортно-лопстичного кластеру в еконо-мiчному районi доцiльно розробити пропозицп щодо створення належних iнституцiйних умов, яш поляга-ють у доопрацюванш Стратегiï регiонального розвитку в частиш iнституцiйного, iнвестицiйно-фiнансового, органiзацiйно-економiчного й шформацшного забезпечення функцiонування транспортно-логiстичного кластеру з використанням кластерного подходу, а також Концепци створення транспортно-лопстичного
кластеру i CTpaTeriï комплексного розвитку транс-портно-лопстичного кластеру як складовоï регионально!' транспортно-логiстичноï системи; запровадженш механiзму фiнансового забезпечення, який включае екзогеннi й ендогеннi чинники, що впливають на роз-виток репонально1' транспортно-лопстично1' системи; принципи, на яких мае базуватися формування транс-портно-лопстичного кластеру; функцiï управлiння (прогнозування, планування, органiзацiя, облiк, контроль, аналiз, регулювання); сукупнiсть iнструментiв, що регулюють умови органiзацiï й здiйснення лопс-тичноï дiяльностi, а також надання транспортних по-слуг; фiнансовi шструменти (венчурне iнвестування, краудiнвестинг, факторинг, публ1чно-приватне партнерство на основi залучення приватних iнвестицiй, коштiв кредитних установ, шоземних iнвестицiйних ресурсiв, грантiв мгжнародних фiнансових оргашза-цiй); засоби (цифровi й iнформацiйно-комунiкацiйнi технологiï, програмне забезпечення, нормативш доку-менти).
Поеднання сучасно1' кластерно1' полiтики, меха-нiзму шституцшного забезпечення розвитку штегрова-но1' транспортно-лопстично1' системи i стратегiй ро-зумних спецiалiзацiй промисловостi в умовах децент-ралiзацiï дозволить створити належнi умови для формування транспортно-лопстичного кластеру як дiевоï форми партнерства, змщнити конкурентнi переваги Донецького економiчного району i тдвищити еконо-мiчну спроможшсть територiальних громад.
Обгрунтовано, що впровадження пропозицiй щодо створення належних шституцшних умов формування й розвитку транспортно-лопстичного кластеру в Донецькому економiчному районi сприятиме одер-жанню синергетичного ефекту, складовими якого е шдвищення рiвня iнвестицiйноï привабливостi району; збшьшення надходжень до бюджету за рахунок еконо-мiчного зростання територiй; створення нових робо-чих мiсць i зростання рiвня зайнятостi; збiльшення об-сягiв вантажоперевезень i вантажообiгу; оптишзащя перемiщення логiстичних потоков; зниження витрат на органiзацiю логiстичноï дiяльностi через зменшення транспортно1' складово1' у вартосп послуг, скорочення часу на виконання митних процедур при оформленш вантаж1в; забезпечення сприятливих умов функцюну-вання ринку лопстичних послуг; створення об'екпв необхвдно1' логiстичноï iнфраструктури (транспортной торпвельно1', сервiсноï тощо); удосконалення техноло-riï перевезень з використанням сучасних цифрових ш-формацiйно-комунiкацiйних технологiй.
Ключовi слова: економiчний район, транспортно-лопстичний кластер, шституцшш умови, чинники, ме-хашзм фiнансового забезпечення, логiстична дiяль-нють, синергетичний ефект.
Ivanov S., Dzwigol H., Trushkina N. Proposals for the Formation of a Transport and Logistics Cluster as an Institution of Regional Development (on the Example of Donetsk Economic Region)
One of the dynamic and rapid lines of development of modern regional ecosystems is transport logistics as an effective source of competitive advantages. This requires the use of new tools to improve the competitive ability of regions, including the cluster approach, the essence of which is the formation and development of transport and logistic
clusters by consolidating the efforts of the state, business, science, education in priority fields of economic activity.
As international practice shows, the implementation of the cluster model of logistic activities will contribute to the reduction of total logistic costs by 12-35% as a result of reducing transport costs by 7-20% and the cost of handling operations by 20-30%, as well as accelerating the speed of circulation of material resources by 20-40%.
Therefore, the creation of transport and logistic clusters will create favorable conditions for the growth of the volume and quality of transport and logistics services and create a qualitatively new model of the regional economy.
It was found that the formation and effective functioning of transport and logistic cluster in the Donetsk economic region is hampered by many key barriers that can be conditionally classified into the following groups, such as political, foreign economic, institutional, investment and financial, infrastructure, environmental, information, logistics. It was proved that for the effective development of transport and logistic cluster in the economic region it is reasonable to develop proposals for the creation of appropriate institutional conditions, which are to finalize the Strategy of the regional development in terms of institutional, investment and financial, organizational and economic and information support of the functioning of transport and logistic cluster using the cluster approach, as well as the Concept of creating transport and logistic cluster and Strategy for the integrated development of transport and logistic cluster as a component of the regional transport and logistic system; implementation of the financial support mechanism, which includes exogenous and endogenous factors affecting the development of the regional transport and logistic system; the principles on which the formation of transport and logistic cluster should be based; management functions (forecasting, planning, organization, accounting, control, analysis, regulation); a set of tools governing the organization and implementation of logistic activities, as well as the provision of transport services; financial instruments (venture investment, crowdin-vesting, factoring, public-private partnership on the basis of attracting private investments, funds of credit institutions, foreign investment resources, grants of international financial organizations); means (digital, information and communication technologies, software, regulatory documents).
Combination of modern cluster policy, mechanism of institutional support for the development of an integrated transport and logistic system and strategies of smart industry specializations in the context of decentralization will create the appropriate conditions for the formation of transport and logistic cluster as an effective form of partnership, strengthen the competitive advantages of the Donetsk economic region and increase the economic capacity of territorial communities.
It was substantiated that the introduction of proposals for the creation of the appropriate institutional conditions for the formation and development of transport and logistic cluster will contribute to a synergetic effect, the components of which are to increase the level of investment attractiveness of economic region; increase revenues due to economic growth of territories; creation of new jobs and growth of employment; increase in the volume of cargo transportation and turnover; optimization of movement of logistic flows; cost reduction for the organization of lo-
gistic activities for the reduction of transport component in the cost of services, reduction in time to complete customs procedures for clearance of goods; provision of favorable conditions for the functioning of logistic market; creating objects of the appropriate logistic infrastructure (transport, trade, service, etc.); improvement of the technology of transportation with the use of modern digital information and communication technologies.
Keywords: economic region, logistic cluster, institutional conditions, factors, financial support mechanism, logistic activities, synergetic effect.
Иванов С., Джвигол Х., Трушкина Н. Предложения по формированию транспортно-логистиче-ского кластера как института регионального развития (на примере Донецкого экономического района)
Одним из динамичных и интенсивных направлений развития современных региональных экосистем является транспортная логистика как эффективный источник обеспечения конкурентных преимуществ. Это требует применения новых инструментов повышения конкурентоспособности регионов, среди которых кластерный подход, суть которого заключается в формировании и развитии транспортно-логистических кластеров путем консолидации усилий государства, бизнеса, науки, образования в приоритетных сферах экономической деятельности.
Как показывает международная практика, реализация кластерной модели организации логистической деятельности будет способствовать сокращению общих логистических издержек на 12-35% в результате снижения транспортных затрат на 7-20% и затрат на погрузочно-разгрузочные работы на 20-30%, а также ускорению скорости обращения материальных ресурсов на 20-40%.
Таким образом, формирование транспортно-логи-стических кластеров позволит создать благоприятные условия для роста объемов и качества предоставляемых транспортно-логистических услуг и сформировать качественно новую модель региональной экономики.
В результате исследования выявлено, что формированию и эффективному функционированию транс-портно-логистического кластера в Донецком экономическом районе препятствует множество ключевых барьеров, которые условно можно систематизировать по следующим группам, как политические, внешнеэкономические; институциональные; инвестиционно-финансовые; инфраструктурные; информационные; экологические; логистические. Доказано, что для эффективного развития транспортно-логистического кластера в экономическом районе целесообразно разработать предложения по созданию надлежащих институциональных условий, которые заключаются в доработке Стратегии регионального развития в части институционального, инвестиционно-финансового, организационно-экономического и информационного обеспечения функционирования транспортно-логисти-ческого кластера с использованием кластерного под-
хода, а также Концепции создания транспортно-ло-гистического кластера и Стратегии комплексного развития транспортно-логистического кластера как составляющей региональной транспортно-логисти-ческой системы; реализации механизма финансового обеспечения, который включает экзогенные и эндогенные факторы, влияющие на развитие региональной транспортно-логистической системы; принципы, на которых должно базироваться формирование транс-портно-логистического кластера; функции управления (прогнозирование, планирование, организация, учет, контроль, анализ, регулирование); совокупность инструментов, регулирующих условия организации и осуществления логистической деятельности, а также предоставление транспортных услуг; финансовые инструменты (венчурное инвестирование, краудинвес-тинг, факторинг, публично-частное партнерство на основе привлечения частных инвестиций, средств кредитных учреждений, иностранных инвестиционных ресурсов, грантов международных финансовых организаций); средства (цифровые и информационно-коммуникационные технологии, программное обеспечение, нормативные документы).
Сочетание современной кластерной политики, механизма институционального обеспечения развития интегрированной транспортно-логистической системы и стратегии разумных специализаций промышленности в условиях децентрализации позволит создать надлежащие условия для формирования транспортно-логистического кластера как действенной формы партнерства, укрепить конкурентные преимущества Донецкого экономического района и повысить экономическую состоятельность территориальных общин.
Обосновано, что внедрение предложений по созданию надлежащих институциональных условий формирования и развития транспортно-логистического кластера в Донецком экономическом районе будет способствовать получению синергетического эффекта, составляющими которого являются повышение уровня инвестиционной привлекательности района; увеличение поступлений в бюджет за счет экономического роста территорий; создание новых рабочих мест и рост уровня занятости; увеличение объемов грузоперевозок и грузооборота; оптимизация перемещения логистических потоков; снижение затрат на организацию логистической деятельности из-за уменьшения транспортной составляющей в стоимости услуг, сокращения времени на выполнение таможенных процедур при оформлении грузов; обеспечение благоприятных условий функционирования рынка логистических услуг; создание объектов необходимой логистической инфраструктуры (транспортной, торговой, сервисной и т.п.); совершенствование технологии перевозок с использованием современных цифровых информационно-коммуникационных технологий.
Ключевые слова: экономический район, транс-портно-логистический кластер, институциональные условия, факторы, механизм финансового обеспечения, логистическая деятельность, синергетический эффект.
Received by the editors. 02.12.2019
and final form 19.12.2019
