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UDC: 637.05:636.52/.58:636.087
Chudak R.A.
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, Vinnytsia, Soniachna str. 3, 21008.
DOI: 10.24412/2520-6990-2021-16103-43-47 PRODUCTIVITY OF MEAT QUAILS FED BY BETAINE FEED ADDITIVE AS A PART OF DIETS
Abstract.
It was found that the betaine application for quails feeding causes an increase in live weight of 42-day females by 8.2% and males by 6.0%, female gain per kg of growth decreased by 0.38 kg, and male gain per kg ofgrowth decreased by 0.29 kg of feed. Slaughter rates were characterized by an increase in chest muscle weight of 11.4% and thigh muscles by 7.9% with the use of betaine feed supplement. Increased metabolism with an increase in hemoglobin by 2.9% was also found.
Keywords: quails, feeding, compoundfeed, productivity, slaughter parameters, morphological and biochemical parameters of blood.
Introduction
Many researchers are constantly looking for effective growth stimulants of natural origin [2-4, 11, 13, 14]. Betaine should be noted among such feed additives, it is insufficiently researched in animal husbandry [5-7].
It was found that the replacement of choline with betaine led to an increase in breast weight and a decrease in internal fat in broilers. A research conducted by Colorado Quality Research, USA, confirmed improved feed conversion in broilers and increased breast meat yield when choline was replaced by betaine and unchanged methionine levels. In laying hens, betaine helped to reduce the number of eggs that were too large in the later stages of laying [9].
Korean researchers Sun Jin Hur, Han Sul Yang, Gu Boo Park and Seon Tea Joo Asian-Aust. J. [7] conducted an experiment to determine the effect of dietary glycine betaine on the quality of pork in different muscle types. It has been studied that in the fatty acid composition dietary glycine betaine helps to increase the ratio of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and reduce unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) in the pigs thighs.
Material and methods of research
The aim of the experiment was to determine the effect of feed additive Betaine on productivity, slaughter quality and hematological parameters of quails.
Zootechnical, statistical, physiological and economic research methods were used to solve these problems.
The use of Betaine in premixes and concentrates significantly improves the preservation of vitamins, increases the shelf life of feeds, concentrates and pre-mixes. Betaine is a donor of methyl groups and acts as an osmoprotector.
One-day quails of the Pharaoh breed were selected on the principle of analogue groups [10], where the breed, age and live weight were taken into account. Two groups were formed, each group included 20 heads.
Quails consumed basic diet (BD) of the Multigain trademark. Betaine was additionally fed to the experimental group of poultry.
The experiment lasted 42 days. The equalization period is 5 days and the main period is 37 days (Table 1).
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Table 1
Feeding patterns
Group Duration of the period, days Number of quails, heads Feeding characteristics
equalization main
1-control 5 37 20 BD (complete feed)
2-experimental 5 37 20 BD+ Betaine (1 kg / t of feed)
The quail population was weighed, and feed consumption was monitored every week, starting from the first day to forty-second day of rearing. The following indicators were determined, i.e., safety, live weight dynamics, average daily, absolute and relative live weight gain, feed consumption per 1 kg of growth according to generally accepted methods.
Biochemical and morphological parameters of blood were researched according to the relevant guidelines, i.e., hemoglobin (using a Sally hemometer); total protein (refractometrically); leukocytes (using of Hori-aev's camera), etc.
35-day quails were divided into females and males. Thus, females of the second group prevail in live weight by 5.5% (P <0.01) and males by 3.6% (P <0.05) their counterparts. At the end of the experiment the live weight of female quails was bigger by 8.2% (P <0.001) and males quails was bigger by 6.0% (P <0.05) than in the control group.
However, the second group quails have higher survival by 2% than their control counterparts.
Biometric processing of research results was performed using appropriate techniques [12] and software MS EXCEL, 2010 at three levels of probability: *P<0.05; ** P <0.01; *** P <0.001.
Research results and discussion. Live weight is one of the indicators of meat quail productivity. We have researched the dynamics of live weight of poultry fed additionally by feed additives (Table 2).
It was found that the consumption of the researched feed additive Betaine by 28-day quails of the second group live weight increased by 8.3% (P <0.001) than control counterparts.
Table 2
We studied the average daily increase in live weight of meat quails under the action of Betaine feed additive (Table 3).
It was found that additional feeding by feed additive increases the average daily gain of the second group of meat quails by 6.7% (P <0.05) than the control analogues.
Table 3
Average daily gain of meat quails, g (M ± m, n =20)
Age of quails, days Group
1 - control 2 - experimental
1 - 7 1.8 ± 0.06 1.9 ± 0.04
8 -14 4.4 ± 0.18 4.5 ± 0.19
15 - 21 5.9 ± 0.21 6.3 ± 0.23
22 - 28 7.4 ± 0.24 8.5 ± 0.26*
29 - 35 females (n=10) 11.5 ± 0.42 11.7 ± 0.45
males (n=10) 7.5 ± 0.53 6.8 ± 0.56
36 - 42 females (n=10) 8.1 ± 0.28 9.5 ± 0.30**
males (n=10) 4.9 ± 0.26 5.9 ± 0.24*
Average by experiment periods females (n=10) 6.5 ±0.72 7.1 ± 0.88
males (n=10) 5.3 ± 0.62 5.7 ± 0.54
Live weight and safety of meat quails, g (M ± m, n =20)
Age of quails, days Group
1-control 2 - experimental
1 8.7 ± 0.16 8.8 ± 0.12
7 21.4 ± 0.32 22.5 ± 0.51
14 52.0 ± 0.75 54.1 ± 0.86
21 93.2 ± 1.14 98.0 ± 2.19
28 145.4 ± 1.64 157.5 ± 1.82***
35 females (n=10) 225.6 ± 2.48 239.1 ± 2.34**
males (n=10) 198.2 ± 1.75 205.4± 1.72*
42 females (n=10) 282.5 ± 2.64 305.7 ± 2.58***
males (n=10) 232.5 ± 3.14 246.6 ± 3.25*
Safety, % females (n=10) 98 100
males (n=10) 98 100
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36-42-day quails of the 2nd group under the action of "Betaine" in the average daily gain is higher in females by 17.2% (P <0.01) and in males by 20.4% (P <0.05), compared with control analogues.
It was found that the Betaine application increases the absolute growth of females by 8.4% and males by 2.1% compared with the control group.
The Betaine feed additive application for feeding meat quails allows to reduce feed costs by 1 kg of growth (Table 5).
It was recorded that the Betaine reduces feed losses per 1 kg of growth, i.e., females by 7.1% and males by 4.5% than control.
Additional feeding of experimental quails by feed additive Betaine increased pre-slaughter live weight by 7.2% (P <0.05), increased the weight of gutted carcass
It was found that the feed additives application in the second group increases the weight of pectoral muscles by 11.4% (P <0.05). There is a tendency to increase the weight of the thighs by 7.9% than the control group.
Feeding by Betaine supplement increases the relative growth of quail (Table 4).
On 36th -42nd day, quails of the second group, had the relative increase in females by 2.0%, and males by 2.3% (P <0.05) than control.
Table 4
The main indicators of meat productivity of animals and poultry are live and slaughter weight and their slaughter output.
Table 5
by 6.8% (P <0.05) and gutted carcass by 9.2% (P <0.05) than the control indicator (Table 6).
Table 6
We also researched the effect of Betaine feed additive on the internal organs of quails (Table 7).
Relative growth of quails, % (M ± m, n =20)
Age of quails, days Group
1 - control 2 - experimental
1 - 7 84.4 ± 2.09 87.5 ± 2.11
8 - 14 83.4 ± 2.23 82.5 ± 2.28
15 - 21 56.7 ± 1.91 57.7 ± 1.84
22 - 28 43.8 ± 1.75 46.6 ± 1.68
29 - 35 females (n=10) 43.2 ± 1.53 41.1 ± 1.54
males (n=10) 30.7 ± 1.44 26.4 ± 1.82
36 - 42 females (n=10) 22.4 ± 0.72 24.4 ± 0.64*
males (n=10) 15.9 ± 0.76 18.2 ± 0.85*
Feed consumption by quails, kg
Group Feed consumption, kg
for experiment per 1 kg per 1 kg of gain
total ± control total ± control total ± control
1-control females (n=10) 14.5 - 1.45 - 5.29 -
males (n=10) 14.2 - 1.42 - 6.34 -
2-experimental females (n=10) 14.6 +0.1 1.46 +0.01 4.91 -0.38
males (n=10) 14.4 +0.2 1.44 +0.02 6.05 -0.29
Slaughter indicators of quails, g (M ± m, n = 4)
Indicator Group
1- control 2 - experimental
Pre slaughter weight 257.5 ± 6.24 276.2 ± 5.46*
Weight of ungutted carcass 242.6 ± 5.16 259.2 ± 4.34*
Weight of semigutted carcass 215.7 ± 5.21 224.8 ± 6.26
Weight of gutted carcass 174.5 ± 4.24 190.6 ± 5.48*
Output of gutted carcass 67.7 ± 1.78 69.0 ± 1.64
Weight of separate edible parts pectoral muscles 45.6 ± 1.26 50.8 ± 1.28*
thigh muscles 26.5 ± 1.15 28.6 ± 1.12
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Table 7
Weight of quails' internal organs, g (M ± m, n = 4)
Organ Group
1-control 2- experimental
Liver 4.8 ± 1.26 5.1 ± 1.38
Pancreas 0.77 ± 0.124 0.80 ± 0.127
Spleen 0.18 ± 0.125 0.19 ± 0.118
Kidneys 1.4 ± 0.32 1.5 ± 0.26
Heart 2.0 ± 0.18 2.2 ± 0.14
Lungs 1.6 ± 0.22 1.7 ± 0.19
Esophagus 1.8 ± 0.34 1.9 ± 0.28
Gizzard 4.1 ± 0.56 4.3 ± 0.34
Glandular stomach 1.0 ± 0.12 1.1 ± 0.15
There is a tendency to increase the weight of internal organs, i.e., liver by 6.2%, heart by 10.0% and gizzard by 4.8% in the second experimental group than control samples.
Blood responds to any changes in the body and supports metabolism and homeostasis.
The effect of feed additives on the biochemical parameters of quail blood was also researched (Table 8).
The blood of the second group quails additionally fed by a feed additive is characterized by the increased content of total protein, glucose, and calcium levels.
Table 8
Biochemical parameters of quail blood (M ± m, n = 4)
Indicator Group
1- control 2 - experimental
Total protein, g / l 35.5 ± 3.25 36.3 ± 2.42
Albumins, g / l 17.3 ± 1.62 17.9 ± 1.38
Globulins, g / l 18.2 ± 1.28 18.4 ± 1.36
ALT, units / liter 4.4 ± 1.45 4.5 ± 1.58
AST, units / liter 221.5 ± 22.54 232.6 ± 19.35
Total bilirubin, mmol / l 3.4 ± 0.62 3.3 ± 0.58
Alkaline phosphatase, units / l 1112.5 ± 104.62 1029.5 ± 125.24
Cholesterol, mmol / l 3.1 ± 1.02 3.0 ± 0.72
Triglycerides, mmol / l 2.7 ± 0.74 2.9 ± 0.65
Glucose, mmol / l 5.8 ± 1.05 6.5 ± 1.08
Creatinine, ^mol / l 6.2 ± 2.64 6.4 ± 2.42
Urea, mmol / l 1.4 ± 0.27 1.5 ± 0.32
Calcium, mmol / l 2.1 ± 0.42 2.4 ± 0.46
It was found that the application of Betaine feed by 4.3% and hemoglobin by 2.2%. However, no signif-additive for feeding meat quails of the second group in- icant changes with control were found (Table 9). creased the content of erythrocytes by 9.5%, leukocytes
Table 9
Morphological parameters of the experimental poultry blood (M ± m, n = 4)
Group Erythrocytes, T / l Leukocytes, G / l Hemoglobin, g / l ESR, mm / hour
1- control 2.3 ± 0.24 33.2 ± 1.56 115.2 ± 2.57 1.7 ± 0.45
2 - experimental 2.4 ± 0.28 34.3 ± 1.42 118.6 ± 2.68 1.8 ± 0.54
Thus, the Betaine application in the quails feeding does not cause probable changes in the blood composition of quails of the second group, the indicators are within the physiological norm.
Conclusions:
1. It was found that the live weight of experimental quail females is higher by 8.2% (P<0.001) and males is higher by 6.0% (P <0.05) than in the control group.
2. The Betaine feed additive application increases the absolute growth of females by 8.4% and males by 2.1% compared to the control group.
3. It was recorded that the Betaine application reduces feed consumption per 1 kg of growth of females
by 7.1% and male quails by 4.5% compared to control counterparts.
4. Additional feeding quails of the second group by Betaine increases pre-slaughter live weight by 7.2% (P <0.05), the weight of ungutted carcass by 6.8% (P <0.05), gutted carcass by 9.2% (P <0.05) and pectoral muscles by 11.4% (P <0.05) relative to the control indicator.
5. No probable changes in the internal organs weight and hematological parameters under the action of the researched factor were found.
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