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112024, Scienceline Publication
World's Veterinary Journal
World Vet J, 14(1): 91-96.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj12 PII: S232245682400012-14
Production Performance and Some Biochemical Traits of Layer Hens Fed on Date Palm Kernel Supplementation
Zahira A. Al-Zuhairi1 , Afrah S. Mhyson2 , and Basima J. Mohammed1 ©
'College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq 2College of Dentistry, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq *Corresponding author's Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
To enhance the well-being and productivity of poultry, researchers have conducted investigations into various botanical sources, including date palm kernel, and their bioactive components. The present investigation was conducted to assess the productive performance and certain biochemical characteristics of layer hens that were administered date palm kernel supplementation in their diet. To this end, 40 ISA Brown laying hens (48 weeks old) were used in the current study. The adaptation phase for the chickens lasted for 10 days before the initiation of the experiment. The study lasted 8 weeks. The chickens were then randomly assigned into two groups of 20, with 4 replications (5 chickens per replication). Chickens in the treatment group received 5% of dry matter ground date palm kernel (GDPK), as an additive to the basal diet, and the control group (CL) chickens were fed the basal diet. The eggs were collected daily during the study. At the end of weeks 1, 2, 4, and 6 of the study, egg productio n percentage, egg weight, and the feed conversion ratio were measured. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected to measure the serum levels of glucose, total protein, cholesterol, creatinine, and uric acid. The study findings revealed significant increases in the daily egg production percentage and egg weight during the experiment in the GDPK group, compared to the CL group. The feed conversion ratio recorded significant decreases in the GDPK group when compared to the CL group. Furthermore, the findings indicated significant increases in the serum total protein and significant decreases in the glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations in the GDPK group, compared to the CL group. In conclusion, the results indicated the positive effects of adding ground date palm kernel to the diet of layers on production performance, such as egg weight, conversion ratio, and some biochemical traits, including total protein, glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, and uric acid.
Keywords: Date palm, Egg production, Feed additive, Kernel, Laying hen INTRODUCTION
The rapid growth of the world population has led to a sharp increase in the demand for egg production. To meet this demand, there is a critical need for substantial improvements in hen genetics, nutrition, and husbandry practices (Guerrero-Legarreta, 2010; Kugukyilmaz et al., 2012). In the poultry industry, it is essential to explore cost-effective methods to boost egg production while maintaining high quality. Therefore, there has been a demand from consumers for healthier eggs with high quality (Wang et al., 2017; Marelli et al., 2021).
The global chicken business is one of the most rapidly expanding agricultural sectors. There have been several recent threats to the poultry industry, including rising worldwide populations, altered climates, a lack of feedstuffs, a weak economy, and new illnesses (El-Sabrout et al. 2019). Chicken egg is a complete food since it has both organic and inorganic constituents and includes a significant amount of water (~75% water; El-Sabrout et al., 2022).
Liquid egg white, freeze-dried egg powder, and egg white protein are some innovative egg products that have gained popularity among customers (Peric et al., 2011). Despite the common belief that eating eggs can raise blood cholesterol, several clinical and epidemiological studies have established no such correlation (Alagawany et al., 2018; Rehault-Godbert et al., 2019).
In order to improve chicken health and production, scientists have studied some botanical sources, such as date palm kernel, and their bioactive constituents. Poultry farms are beginning to embrace the use of these compounds because of their nutritional significance, medicinal capabilities, and lack of residual effects. Date palm kernel, for instance, has long been used in chicken feeds to maintain chickens' wellness and maximize productivity (El-Husseiny et al., 2008; Tareen et al., 2017). Date palm kernel possesses beneficial activities, such as anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, attributed to its bioactive constituents that significantly influence physiological functioning (El-Husseiny et al., 2008; Saki et al., 2014; Abo Ghanima et al., 2020).
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To cite this papery Al-Zuhairi ZA, Mhyson AS, and Mohammed BJ (2024). Production Performance and Some Biochemical Traits of Layer Hens Fed on Date Palm Kernel Supplementation. World Vet. J., 14 (1): 91-96. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj12
The current study was performed to study the efficiency of production performance and some biochemical traits of layer hens fed with date palm kernel supplementation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ethical approval
The current study was conducted according to the ethical guidelines College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq.
Date palm collection
The date palm kernel was collected during the flowering period at the end of March month before pollination from male palm trees growing in the Al-Qadisiyah agriculture department, Iraq.
Date palm chemical composition
Crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, ash, and total sugars for date palm kernel grains were determined according to AOAC (Bardaa et al., 2016). The concentrations of calcium (Ca), potassium (K), iron (Fe), and magnesium (Mg) were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) according to Hosseinzadeh et al. (2015).
Animals and study procedure
The study included 40 ISA Brown laying hens (48 weeks old). The chickens were randomly assigned into two groups of 20 hens with 4 replicates of 5 chickens per each. Before the experiment, the chickens were left for 10 days to adapt to the experimental environment. These groups were the treatment group that received 5% of dry matter ground date palm kernel (GDPK), as an additive to a standard diet (Table 1), until the end of the experiment (8 weeks), and a control group (CL) that received basal diet only.
Table 1. The chemical analysis and composition of diet in layer chickens in present study
Ingredients Percentage
Corn 40
Soybean meal 20
Rice 25
Wheat bran 10.7
Lime stone 2
Premix 1 0.3
NaCl 0.5
Mono-calcium phosphate 1.5
Total 100
Chemical analysis
CP 18.16
EE 2.65
CF 3.44
Ash 12.2
Ca 3.82
Available P 0.28
Lysine 0.7
Methionine 0.2
ME (Kcal/kg)2 2630
Premix 1: Contained 4540 mg/kg of Fe, 5000 mg/kg of Cu, 3400 mg/kg of Mn, 43 mg/kg of Co, 6000 mg/kg of Zn, 140 mg/kg of Se, 3600 kIU/kg of vitamin A, 360 kIU/kg of vitamin D, and 3 kIU/kg of vitamin E; CP: Crude protein, CF: Crude fiber, EE: Ether extract. The diet was balanced according to the last commercial recommendation of ISA Brown laying chickens' catalog.
Sampling
The produced eggs (n = 20) were collected daily during the study. Eggs collected at the end of weeks 1, 2, 4, and 6 were used to measure the egg quantity, egg weight, and the efficiency of the feed conversion ratio (FCR). At the end of the experiment, blood samples (2 ml) were collected from the wing vein of all chickens in a tube without anticoagulant for measuring the serum levels of glucose, total protein, cholesterol, creatinine, and uric acid with a commercial kit according to manufacturer instruction.
World Vet. J., 14 (1): 91-96, 2024
Production parameters, egg quality traits, and feed conversion ratio
The initial and final body weights were measured using a digital balance with an accuracy of ±0.5 g at 78 and 84 weeks of age for each replicate within the treatment. The egg number and weight were recorded daily during the experimental period from 78 to 84 weeks of age. Egg weights were recorded daily, while egg mass (g/hen) was calculated by multiplying the laid eggs numbers and weight (g) for all replicates within each treatment. Egg weights were recorded on a daily basis, while egg mass (g/hen) was calculated by multiplying the laid egg numbers and their respective weights (g) for all replicates within each treatment. Feed consumption (g/hen/d) was recorded weekly for each replicate, and FCR was measured as the ratio of feed in grams to the weight of eggs produced. A total of 140 normal eggs were randomly collected from eggs laid in the last three days (4 groups x 7 replicates x 5 eggs) to determine the external and internal egg quality traits.
Statistical analysis
GraphPrism v7 and SPSS software were used to analyze and present data. The sample t-test was used to analyze the data. The standard deviation of the mean was utilized to display mean data in graphs and tables. P values less than 0.05 were considered for significant differences.
RESULTS
The study findings revealed significant increases in the daily egg production percentage for all examined weeks in the GDPK group, compared to the CL group (p < 0.05, Figure 1). Moreover, egg weight was significantly higher at all tested week points in the GDPK group than that of the CL group (p < 0.05, Figure 2). Moreover, the feed conversion rate recorded significant decreases in the GDPK group when compared with this finding from the CL group (p < 0.05, Table 4 and Figure 3). Furthermore, the findings indicated significant increases in the serum total protein (p < 0.05) and significant decreases in the glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations in the GDPK group when compared with these findings from the CL group (p < 0.05; Table 5 and Figure 4).
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Figure 1. Daily egg production of laying hens fed ground date palm kernel
Week-0 Week-2 Week-4 Week-6
Figure 3. Feed conversion efficiency of laying hens fed ground date palm kernel
80
60
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II II II II
Week-0 Week-2 Week-4 Week-6 Figure 2. Egg weight of laying hens fed ground date palm kernel
Figure 4. Serum biochemical parameters of laying hens fed ground date palm kernel
DISCUSSION
Contemporary poultry lines have been genetically engineered to optimize both meat and egg production. However, their heightened metabolic activity leads to an increased production of intracellular free radicals. These free radicals pose the risk of inducing oxidative stress, triggering inflammation, and disrupting various cellular processes (Hosseinzadeh et al., 2015). Numerous botanical items and their bioactive substances have been studied for their potential to eliminate free radicals and restore crucial cellular functions essential for poultry health and production. Plant medicinal seeds, such as date palm kernel, are examples of botanical constituents gaining attention in poultry farms for their nutritional quality, therapeutic capabilities, and residue-free nature (Hosseinzadeh et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2018).
The findings from the present study revealed a significant increase in both egg production and egg weight with the inclusion of GDPK as a feed additive. These effects became evident early in the experiment, specifically during the initial week of treatment. While limited information is available regarding the impact of the kernel on egg production, numerous researchers have explored various herbal, plant, and seed preparations in this context. These preparations often contain components known for their diverse health benefits, including antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities (Alkhoori et al., 2022).
The seeds of the fenugreek plant have been employed for medicinal purposes for many years, primarily owing to their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory characteristics (Adil et al., 2015). For laying hens mainly, Samani et al. (2020) found that 1% fenugreek increased feed intake and yolk color, especially in the latter cycle of egg production. Using 0.4% fenugreek in hen diets increased both egg output and egg quality. Ginger roots utilized as a medicinal plant all over the globe are another instance of a nutritional approach for increasing egg production. The gingerols, zingerone, and date palm kernel help beneficial microbiota and antioxidant defenses. Supplementing layer diets with ginger powder (10-15gm/kg) increased egg production and serum antioxidant capacity (Zhao et al., 2011). Several scientists and plant breeders throughout the globe have lately been interested in pumpkin seeds because of their potential as both a food source and medicine. They are abundant in saturated fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids (Bardaa et al., 2016). According to Martínez et al. (2012), including 10% pumpkin into a layer hen diet improves beneficial fatty acids while lowering total cholesterol and detrimental fatty acids in the content of eggs.
In addition to the previously mentioned benefits, date seeds are rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Specifically, extracts from Ajwa date seeds have been recently discovered to exhibit exceptional antioxidant capabilities, comparable to those found in ascorbic acid (Anwar et al., 2022). This highlights the potential health-promoting attributes of date seeds and their significance as a source of natural antioxidants (Anwar et al., 2022). Because of their high phenolic component content, date seeds have also been studied for their potential antioxidant benefits. Salomón-Torres et al. (2019) observed that the polyphenolic composition of 'Medjool' date seeds is 10 magnitudes greater than that of the pulp. Research has demonstrated the antioxidant properties of date seeds, which have been assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The presence of various phenolic compounds, including tannins, saponins, flavonoids, coumarins, and anthraquinones, leads to these antioxidant characteristics. These bioactive molecules play a vital role in neutralizing free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative damage, making date seeds a promising natural source of antioxidants. Date palm kernel polyphenolic compounds could deliver significant antioxidants, helping to promote health and stave against illness in egg-laying hens. Employing the DPPH technique, Bentrad and Gaceb-Terrak (2020) discovered that extracts of date seeds had antioxidant properties. Compared to other antioxidant compounds, the extract of date palm kernel showed the greatest free radical inhibitory effectiveness. The phenolic chemicals found in date seeds are responsible for the antioxidant qualities of seeds since they efficiently donate hydrogen to DPPH radicals. These phenolic components include phenolic acids, flavonoids, and catechin tannins. Hilary et al. (2021) indicated the total polyphenol composition of date seed preparations and found significant increases in the phenolic compounds after consuming these preparations. Phenolic compounds prevent oxidative destruction of DNA, proteins, and lipids by neutralizing free radicals.
Due to the presence of these phenolic compounds in the date kernel, bird health and maximizing performance could have been improved in the current study, leading to an increase in the performance of the tested chickens. Date palm kernel contains bioactive constituents with beneficial impacts on physiological functioning and therapeutic qualities. Phytobiotics, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, and essential oils are found in eggs, and they serve several purposes in the birds' bodies. Feed additives such as date palm kernel have positive effects on egg weight, ovary features, and lowering yolk trimethylamine contents (López-Sobaler et al., 2017; Abolhasani Zadeh et al., 2022; Rohmah et al., 2022; Margiana et al., 2022; Arif et al., 2023).
CONCLUSION
The study results indicate the positive effects of adding ground date palm kernel to the diet of layers on production performance such as egg weight, conversion ratio, and some biochemical traits including total protein, glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, and uric acid. Therefore, more study is needed to evaluate the effects of date palm kernel on chicken production and biochemical traits.
DECLARATIONS Funding
There was no particular grant from any funding source in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors for this research.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Authors' contributions
Zahira A. Al-Zuhairi, Afrah S.Mhyson, and Basima J. Mohammed, designed, drafted the article, and revised it critically for important intellectual content; Zahira A. Al-Zuhairi, and Afrah S.Mhyson, analysis, and interpretation. All the authors reviewed the final draft of article and agreed the content before submission.
Availability of data and materials
The authors will provide all necessary data to the editor upon request. Ethical considerations
All authors have reviewed the ethical issues (including plagiarism, consent to publish, misconduct, data fabrication and falsification, multiple publishing and submission, and redundancy)
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