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14PROBLEMS OF PROTECTION INSURANCE SECRET IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
Sukiasyan V.
Assistant to the Judge of the Criminal Chamber of the RA Cassation Court, PhD Lecturer at the Chair of Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Law ofRA U Institute of Law and Politics
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to review and systematize the controversial issues (aspects) of obtaining insurance secrets existing in law enforcement practice. To achieve this goal, the scientific article sets out the task of giving a solution that, from the point of view of protecting the insurance secret, will not cause undue interference in the rights of persons using the protection of insurance secrets.
During the study, both scientific (analysis, synthesis) and special (formal-logical, comparative-legal) methods were used.
Keywords: Insurance secrecy, ECHR, court, access to information, confidential information.
Among the secrets protected by law is the insurance secret, which by its legal nature, according to the Russian lawyer A.A. Fatyanov look like a banking secret. [1]
Relationships between insurance legal entities are referred to in the legal literature by some as uberrima fides [2], that is, highly trustworthy, and some scholars argue that insurance legal relationships are not fiduciary or, so to speak, mutually trustworthy. We believe that there is a sufficient level of confidentiality in insurance relationships so that it is first included in limited information systems and then classified as a secret protected by law.
Point 6 of Article 3 of the RA Law on insurance and insurance activities (hereinafter referred to as the Law on Insurance) provides the definition of "insurance secret", according to which "insurance secret means information related to the policyholder, insured person or beneficiary, which becomes known to the insurer, reinsurer or insurance intermediary in the course of the insurance activity, such as the trade secret of the policy-holder, insured person or beneficiary or any other information, which the policyholder or the insured party have intended to keep in secret, and the insurance or reinsurance company or the insurance intermediary have been aware or shall have been aware of such intention".
As can be seen from the definition, the concepts of insurance secrecy and trade secret cannot be mutually exclusive. The rules on insurance secrecy will also apply to the trade secret that became known to the insurance company after entering into the insurance relationship.
The definitions of insurance secrecy and banking secrecy have similarities, but in terms of the use of the information that makes up the content of the secrecy, we believe that the two secrets are different and therefore may have different modes of access to information.
Article 112 of the law defines the procedure for provision of Insurance Secret to Criminal Prosecution authorities, according to which: 1. Insurer, reinsurer, insurance intermediary and the Bureau shall provide the criminal prosecution authorities with information constituting insurance secrets only based on a court decision, in accordance with the Code of Criminal Procedures of the Republic of Armenia.
2. Insurer, reinsurer, insurance intermediary and the Bureau shall, within 2 business days upon the receipt of a court decision, undertake to provide the information and documentation indicated and required by the court decision, in a closed envelope and signed in the closing part by the head of the executive body or person substituting him/her, to the court or the authorized party thereof. The insurer, reinsurer and insurance intermediary and the Bureau shall be prohibited to notify their customers (in case of the Bureau, customers of its members) of providing the criminal prosecution authorities with information constituting an insurance secret thereof.
3. Managers of an insurer, reinsurer, insurance intermediary and the Bureau or the employees thereof shall not be interrogated with regard to the information constituting an insurance secret of customer, except for the cases provided for herewith and in cases and according to the procedure stipulated by Articles 113, 114 and 119 of this Law.
It should be noted that in legal practice there is no common approach to whether the requirement to involve a suspect or accused is mandatory in order to obtain information that constitutes insurance secrecy. Attempts will be made to discuss and analyze the two conflicting approaches to the above issue, providing a solution that will not cause unnecessary interference with the rights of persons using the protection of insurance secrecy from the point of view of insurance secrecy, as well as the public interest will not be neglected.
Section 3.2 of Article 172 of the Code of Criminal procedure of RA allows it to be interpreted in two ways: pro persona (in favor of a person) and pro auctoritate (in favor of a state body). In this case, it turns out that in the case of pro persona interpretation, the information constituting insurance secrecy can be obtained only for persons with the relevant procedural status, and in the case of pro auctoritate interpretation, it can be obtained regardless of the fact that they have the relevant procedural status.
Now let's consider the given approaches.
In the case of a pro persona interpretation, it should be borne in mind that obtaining information containing possible insurance secrecy in a criminal case should be aimed at accomplishing the tasks set forth in Article 2 of the Code by obtaining factual data of the
nature referred to in Article 104 of the Code. While Article 172 3.2 of the Code does not make a search or seizure permit conditional on purpose, it merely stipulates that available information can only be obtained on persons with relevant procedural status.
In other words, no matter how much the purpose of the body conducting the proceedings is to carry out criminal proceedings, the court is limited to fulfilling the legal requirements in cases of deprivation of the guarantee of insurance secrecy, because one thing is clear, the actions of the body conducting the proceedings data that will contain insurance secrets of an indefinite circle of persons, which may reasonably lead to the restriction of the constitutional rights of those persons. Moreover, it is not the problem of the above-mentioned uncertain number of persons, what kind of criminal proceedings have been established between the body's relevant company conducting the proceedings, those relations should not lead to the disclosure, disclosure of the insurance secret of those persons, etc. It is not insignificant that the documents subject to confiscation (discovery) can later be attached to criminal cases, recognized as evidence, due to which the circle of persons entitled to access those documents will increase.
The European Court of Human Rights has issued a detailed legal position on the inadmissibility of expanding the scope of access to documents, where access to confidential information by employees of a supervisory authority has led to an invasion of privacy within the meaning of Article 8 of the European Convention [3].
The law does not specify the scope of persons for whom information constituting insurance secrecy may be requested; however, the law stipulates that information constituting insurance secrecy shall be provided to prosecuting authorities in accordance with the Code, and the Code defines the exhaustive range of persons (suspect or accused) about whom information constituting insurance secrecy may be required.
In the case of the pro auctoritate approach, it is emphasized that the guarantee of subjective limitation (the circumstance of being a suspect or accused) for obtaining information constituting insurance secrecy under Article 172 3.2 of the Code is not applicable.
As a justification, it is mentioned that in the part of the article the insurance secrecy is separated from the other conditions by the link "as it is", and according to Article 16, Part 7 of the RA Law on Normative Legal Acts, "if the application of the norm mentioned in the normative legal act is conditioned" "On terms divided by the words" as he ", then the terms after the words" as he "are considered conditions not related to the previous conditions.
In such circumstances, it may be considered acceptable that in the Law on Normative Legal Acts the link "as is" is interpreted in this way.
It should be noted, however, that Article 172 3.2 of the Code lacks any distinction as to why the legislature made the receipt of official information on banking secrecy and securities transactions conditional on a subjective restriction and the information constituting insurance secrecy not.
In addition, Section 3.3 of Article 172 of the Code provides for the provision of information for which the presence of a suspect or accused (subjective restriction) is not mandatory. Consequently, if the legislature meant the mandatory presence of a suspect or accused in order to obtain information constituting insurance secrecy, it could be defined in another part of the article. In particular, the supplement to Article 172 3.2 of the Code on insurance secrecy was amended on June 21, 2014, when Section 3.3 of that Article was available. This means that the legislature could have provided (supplemented) Article 3.3, which does not require a subjective restriction, to obtain information containing insurance secrecy.
Summarizing the approaches to the issue from a purely legislative point of view, we conclude that the pro auctoritate and pro persona comments on obtaining insurance secrecy under the current legal regulations should give preference to the pro persona approach, as it directly follows from Article 172 3.2 of the Code. From the analysis of the wording of parts 3.3.
However, we tend to consider whether the subject-matter guarantee is a necessary and appropriate condition when receiving information that constitutes insurance secrecy.
In our opinion, the recipients of the information constituting trade secrets are not the insurers (insurance companies).
If in order to solve the problems of criminal proceedings, the criminal prosecution bodies need to obtain information that constitutes a trade secret of the organization, then the addressee of their provision should be the given organization.
It is a different matter when a criminal case is being investigated in connection with an insurance activity in connection with an act allegedly committed that is not permitted by the Criminal Code. For example, during the insurance process, the client organization provided the insurance company with false information that constitutes a trade secret. In such cases, of course, the fact that the first thing to be clarified in the criminal proceedings is the disclosure of real, false information, so the criminal prosecution bodies are obliged to request the information that constitutes a trade secret from the insurance company as well.
Due to the specifics of the insurance business, it should be assumed that the customer provides the insurer with the information necessary to carry out sufficient insurance (both voluntary and compulsory insurance). At the same time, most of the current information is presented.
Thus, summarizing our observations, we note that in the context of the protection of insurance secrecy, the public interest must be balanced on the one hand, and the commercial and (or) personal interest on the other.
In our view, the value of information that constitutes insurance secrecy is not high enough to be subject to the complex type of access to it, that is, the guarantee of subjective restriction. The existence of a court decision is quite sufficient, the relatively complex regime of protection should be considered applicable. Other-
wise, insurance secrecy almost acquires a regime of absolute protection, unreasonably restricting the public interest.
References
1. See А.А. Фатьянов Тайна и право. Монография, - М.: МИФИ, 1999. P. 269:
2. See Фогельсон Ю.Б. Введение в страховое право. 2-е изд. М.: БИК, 2001. P. 48: p. Российское
гражданское право: Учебник: В 2 т./ Отв. ред. Суханов Е.А. 2-е изд., стереотип: Обязательственное право. М.: Статут, 2011 p. 857 U D.Schwartz Interpretation and Disclosure in Insurance Contracts, 21 Loy. Consumer L. Rev. 105 (2008) p. 152:
3. See Y.Y. v. Russia case 23.02.2016, 77097/01:
ДОСВ1Д nPABOBOrO РЕГЛАМЕНТУВАННЯ ПРОФЕС1ЙНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ПРАЦ1ВНИК1В У
пРОвщних kpaïh СВ1ТУ
Вапнярчук Н.М.
кандидат юридичних наук, старший науковий спiвробiтник, провiдний науковий спiвробiтник вiддiлу координацИ' правових до^джень Управлтня планування та координацИ' правових до^джень в Укра'ш Нацiональноï академИ' правових наук Украти
Укра'та, м. Харюв
EXPERIENCE OF LEGAL REGULATION OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF EMPLOYEES
IN LEADING COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
Vapnyarchuk N.
Doctor of Law, Senior Research Fellow, Leading Researcher of the Legal Research Coordination Department of the Legal Research Planning and Coordination Department in Ukraine of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine
Ukraine, Kharkiv
Анотащя
У статп зазначено, що прюритетними напрямками подальшого розвитку тдприемств нашо1' краши e бшьш широке використання досввду проввднт економш свггу у сферi управлшня яшстю та розвитком ка^в, формування i шдтримка культури якосп, розробки i впровадження стандартiв з розвитку персоналу, адаптованиx до потреб конкретно!' органiзацiï. Оскiльки, завдяки використанню досвiдy провiдниx краïн свiтy стае шновацшним розвиток вiтчизняноï професiйноï освгга, зростае потреба фаxiвцiв у тдви-щеннi квалiфiкацiï впродовж трудово1' д1яльносп ввдповвдно вимог сучасного свiтового ринку пращ, удо-сконалюеться нацiональна система компетенцш i квалiфiкацiй тощо.
Abstract
The article states that the priority areas for further development of our country's enterprises are wider use of experience of the world's leading economies in quality management and human resources development, formation and maintenance of quality culture, development and implementation of personnel development standards adapted to the needs of a particular organization. As, thanks to the use of the experience of the world's leading countries, the development of domestic vocational education becomes innovative, the need for specialists to improve their skills during employment in accordance with the requirements of the modern world labor market, improves the national system of competencies and qualifications.
Ключовi слова: пращвник, держава, професшний розвиток, освгга, зарyбiжне законодавство, свгго-вий досвщ.
Keywords: employee, state, professional development, education, foreign legislation, world experience.
Сучасний перюд розвитку суспшьства xара-ктеризуеться кардинальними сощально-еконо-мiчними змшами, посиленням процеив глобаль зацп та штеграци, постшним упровадженням шновацш в уи без винятку сфери життeдiяльно-сп людини. Щ процеси вимагають модернiзацiï освгти, що зумовлюе пiдвищення вимог до про-фесiйноï дiяльностi працiвникiв. Саме професшний розвиток е тим чинником, що здатний ство-рювати стабшьний запас квалiфiкованиx пращв-ниыв та надае змогу оперативно реагувати на швидкоплинш змiни якi, ввдбуваються у сусш-льствi.
На сьогодш саме якiснy вищу освiтy та профе-сiйне навчання визнае свгтова спiльнота як визна-чну домшанту в створеннi економiками системи цшностей i вмiннi швидко адаптуватися в yмоваx змiнюваного середовища для виробничт процесiв. Украïна посiла 88 позицш зi 189 краш i територш, якi представленi в Доповiдi про стан людського розвитку за 2019 рж, який опyблiкyвала ПРООН (Програма розвитку ООН - оргашзащя при ООН, створена на пiдставi резолюцiï Генерально1' Асамб-ле1' ввд 22 листопада 1965 р., яка починаючи з 1990 р. щорiчно видае доповiдь про людський розвиток).
