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4The Newman In Foreign Policy № 69 (113) Vol. 6, ноябрь - декабрь 2022 г.
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УДК 378:338
ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛИЗАЦИИ МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ В ХХ ВЕКЕ НА ПРИМЕРЕ СССР
© Абрамович Мария Михайловна1 Рави Чакраборти2
'Студентка Университета Альянс, Бангалор, Индия
2Научнъш руководитель, директор по коммуникациям в области гуманитарных наук, Департамент языка и литературы, Университета Альянс, Бангалор, Индия
После разрушения Союза советских социалистических республик, произошедшего под влиянием внутренних факторов и внешних сил, следствием стала геополитическая катастрофа, в результате которой новые постсоветские государства столкнулись как с экономическими, политическими и социокультурными
трудностями, так и с кризисом системы науки. В данной статье сделана попытка обсудить причины задержки развития
интернационализации математической науки СССР и определяются процессы интернационализации математических
исследований на постсоветском пространстве, происходящие после распада СССР.
Ключевые слова: математика, СССР, исследования, Россия, интернационализация исследований.
Older mathematicians often refer to the period from the 1950s to the 1980s as the "golden age" because Soviet mathematics was developing extremely dynamically at that time. Modern authors explain this, as a rule, by the fact that research in the field of mathematics is an exclusively intellectual work that does not require either special laboratories or sophisticated equipment. This ensures relative independence from sponsors, including the state. In addition, mathematics in the USSR, unlike the social sciences and humanities, was not subjected to ideological control.
The important point is that scientific research is a collective process, and it can only be successful if there is an appropriate infrastructure that ensures a productive dialogue between researchers. The official scientific institutions of the Soviet Union rather dragged out the dialogue for several reasons.
The position of Russian mathematics in the described period was by no means simple. Ties with the international scientific community remained extremely weak due to restrictions on foreign travel
and a shortage of foreign literature. Interaction between scientists within the country was constrained by the closed status of many scientific institutions. Education even in leading universities was often conducted according to outdated programs, new courses were introduced slowly and with great difficulty due to bureaucratic delays, attempts to organize additional classes with the participation of invited specialists from other educational institutions also often met with resistance from the administration. . Informal contacts between teachers and students were not encouraged. Access to large universities was artificially restricted for various categories of "unreliable" applicants, including those suspected of political dissent; if the representatives of these groups managed to get a mathematical education, they usually faced difficulties in getting a job in academic institutions and were often forced to work outside their specialty, continuing to study mathematics in their spare time. "The conditions under which Soviet mathematics developed in the 1950s-1980s," noted S. Gerovich, "looked more like a sure path to disaster than a golden age." Ignoring this opinion, Gerovich himself freely received an official education and worked in his specialty both in the USSR and in Russia. So, in 1985 he graduated from the Faculty of Automation and Computer Engineering of the Moscow Institute of Petrochemical and Gas Industry named after I. M Gubkin with a degree in Applied Mathematics In 1991, at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, he defended his dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Philosophical Sciences on the topic.
In connection with the collapse of the USSR, all mathematicians, who made up a significant part of the scientists of the Soviet mathematical community (SMC), joined the World Council, opening up a lot of new vectors of development for Western scientists and mathematicians. World. who studied Soviet mathematicians. However, now we have to state that the MMC, inherited by Russia, is in a huge stagnation, which does not allow to complete the stages of development. According to the studies of N. Nikolsky, there are several processes that confirm this destruction [2]:
I. A quick, catastrophic outcome of the most productive generations of SMS abroad, accompanied by two unpleasant consequences (points 2 and 3).
II. The destruction of the system of "mathematical schools" that has been developing for decades in the CIS (the absence of a generation of 3040-year-olds practically excludes "schools").
III. The depletion of mathematical publications in domestic journals - the orientation towards the West - forces one to publish in Western mathematical publications; the portfolios of many
The Newman In Foreign Policy № 69 (113) Vol. 6, ноябрь - декабрь 2022 г.
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respected Soviet journals are empty... It is unprofitable for publishing houses that are switching to a market model to publish mathematics. And the productivity of mathematicians in the CIS is falling due to the presence of social and economic problems in the newly formed states.
These three main problems form a number of other problems, such as the growing instability of academic values in the CIS (deadlock in negotiations to introduce a grant system similar to the US); a decrease in public interest in higher education and the absence of an abundance of talented students who annually renew society; the problem of the functioning of public materialistic institutions due to economic and political tensions.
However, modern Russia, having formed a stable political and economic system, is trying to integrate as much as possible into the Western scientific community for the exchange and development of mathematical sciences, forming international development groups and providing places for foreign students to study at universities. Due to the mass outflow of scientists and talented mathematicians after the collapse of the USSR, Russia is striving to restore the shortage of personnel and minds that it once lost. In this regard, in 2013, the development of mathematical education in the Russian Federation was established, which provides: 1. Preschool and primary general education; 2. Basic general and secondary general education; 3. Vocational education; 4. Additional vocational education, training of scientific and pedagogical workers of educational institutions of higher education and scientific workers of scientific organizations, mathematical science; 5. Mathematical education and popularization of mathematics, additional education. These methods include the modernization of the content of mathematical education curricula at all levels, ensuring the availability of publicly available information resources necessary for the implementation of mathematical education curricula, including in electronic format, tools for the activities of students and teachers, the use of modern technologies of the educational process, support for leaders of mathematical education (organizations and individual teachers and scientists, as well as structures forming around leaders), identification of new active leaders, popularization of mathematical knowledge and mathematical education.
Looking to this background, the situation in Russia during the Soviet Union, in the context of the formation of the education system and the approach to the study of mathematics, the USSR had a strong basis in the person of Lobachevsky, Alexandrov, Anosov, and others, who made a huge contribution to the development of Soviet mathematics. However, the political isolation of the
state could not provide researchers with freedom of choice and exchange of experience between other states, which stopped the process for several decades. Immediately after the opening of the borders, modern Russia faced the problem of a shortage of human resources, which determined its education policy for the coming decades.
References:
1. S. Gerovitch 'Mathematical Machines' of the Cold War: Soviet computing, American Cybernetics and Ideological Disputed in the Early 1950s / Social Studies of Science 31/2 (April 2001) p.253-287
2. N. Nikolskiy 'Soviet Mathematics': dissolution or integration? / Priroda, 1993, №1 (299), January, 3-12, №2 (300), February, p.56-66
PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONALIZATION OF MATHEMATICAL RESEARCH IN THE XX CENTURY ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE USSR
Abramovich Mariia Mikhailovna
Student of Alliance University, Bangalore, India Scientific advisor: Dr. Ravi Chakraborty Director of Communication for Liberal Arts, Department of Language & Literature, Alliance University, Bangalore, India
Abstract: After the destruction of the USSR, which occurred under the influence of internal factors and external forces, the result was a geopolitical catastrophe, as a result of which the new post-Soviet states faced both economic, political and sociocultural difficulties, as well as a crisis in the science system. This article attempts to discuss the reasons for the delay in the development of the internationalization of mathematical science in the USSR and defines the processes of internationalization of mathematical research in the post-Soviet space that occur after the collapse of the USSR.
Key words: mathematics, USSR, research, Russia, internationalization of research.
Рукопись поступила: 1 ноября 2022 г. Submitted: 1 November 2022
