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21группы в плоскости параметров ОПЖ - общая смертность.
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PROBLEMS OF AGING SOCIETY, INSTITUTIONAL AND FAMILY CARE FOR THE ELDERLY
Arsenyev Yu.
Professor, Doctor Technical Science, RANEPA, of Tula Branch
Davydova T.
PhD in Pedagogic Sciences, associate Professor, Tula State Pedagogical University
Abstract
The problems of aging society, institutional and family care for the elderly are studied. We discuss models and methods of servicing the elderly, strategies of behavior of center staff and family assistants, their advantages and disadvantages
Keywords: aging of society, institutional and family services for the elderly, models, techniques, strategies of behavior of parties, performance.
Introduction. Today, in the economically developed countries of the world, there are processes of increasing life expectancy and aging of the population. To solve this problem, the UN has proclaimed the concept of creating a "society for all ages". The problems of aging are caused by the leveling of family values, collective solidarity of States, threats to the survival and improvement of social security systems in certain countries of the world. The exclusion of older people from the productive life of society exacerbates the problems of social inequality among and within certain age groups and the growth of intergenerational conflicts. Let's explore the essence and specifics of old age in more detail.
Methodology. Required companions of human aging - feelings of weakness, ill health, malaise, and there is a lot of pain at the same time in different organs. Somatic manifestations of ill health are expressed in any form of physical discomfort (feelings of general weakness, smashedness, severity, discomfort). These unpleasant and painful sensations are natural and nor-
mal at a later age. The Soviet gerontologist I.V. Da-vydovsky (1966) introduced a distinction between senile illnesses and diseases. If the disease is a consequence of the adverse effects of extreme stimuli of internal and external environment, then senile ailments are illnesses of the age itself. The concept of soreness, or ill health, is often applied to conditions characterized by a relatively small intensity of painful feelings that an elderly person experiences during the entire period of aging. The response to these sensations is accompanied by a moderately reduced emotional background.
An elderly person "agrees" with aging, if for him or her the main problem of life becomes physical condition, limitation of physical abilities, painful experience of physical decline. The moment of realization of age-related changes in physical and psychological capabilities is a critical point in relation to an elderly person with society, an approaching or already approaching dependent position of a person. At the same time, older people are able to create a "convenient" reality for them. Thus, the Israeli gerontologist H. Hayes (1980) studied the Jewish subculture in the community where
interfamily ties are weakened due to the influence of modern society, which is alien to the elderly Jews who were in the same day center of London, offering an alternative reality to meet the needs of their clients of late age. These centers have now changed the way they work, but the results of the research are important for understanding the strategy of adaptation of older people to the state of decrepitude and infirmity.
The staff of the center did not talk about families and problems of the elderly, about what is happening outside the center, but only about internal events. Clients were not allowed to share their memories because it destroyed the sense of community in the centre. Death was ignored in this community (the dead were not remembered or spoken of). The violators of these rules were subjected to social pressure, up to and including a ban on visiting the centre. It was customary to attribute a great role to luck and occasion, rather than to human merit. In unforeseen situations, patients were told that the person could not do anything about it, and that was his fate. The center emphasized two points: the rhythmic and cyclic organization of life in the center, a certain flow and strict sequence: holidays, classes in circles, the emphasis on the need for mutual assistance to each other and joint participation in ongoing activities. This created a sense of timelessness and avoidance of sadness. This did not come from the staff's policy, but in response to the needs of clients, who eventually found themselves in an optimal and reliable world for them. H. Heyzan called his work "The Limbo People" (The Limbo People, 1980). Recall that Limbo is the first circle of A. Dante's hell, where "those who are between good and evil" are housed, as well as the Limbo of Catholic Hell, where the souls of the Old Testament righteous and the souls of infants who have died without baptism are found according to the Church doctrine. H. Heyzan meant his Limb - it's a condition of a man who has reached decrepitude and lives in an optimal environment for him. He showed what happens to old people if they are left to themselves, how they adapt to their state of infirmity and decrepitude. But the clients of this center are old Jews, who find it difficult to accept themselves in a different culture for them. Their own culture is organized in such a way that an elderly person has the right to expect that he or she will act as a patriarch, be respected, and since this did not happen, the elderly themselves created an environment in which there was respect for each other.
Another study of elderly people from the boarding school is related to the theory of environmental pressure and human needs conducted by E. Deichi and R. Ryan, well-known researchers of motivation issues. They identified three basic psychological needs: interaction, activity, community and communication with others; autonomy; competence and ability to influence the surrounding situation. These needs lead to the fact that people are oriented towards growth, social integration and the ability to integrate into the social system. But these studies have been carried out on younger people without taking into account the impact of aging processes. The further development of this theory has allowed to distinguish four levels of the need for autonomy: these are the following levels: the highest,
immanent or inherent when a person does something because he enjoys it; the set tasks (a person does not do it because he likes it, but because he thinks it will benefit him; the implementation of actions under pressure or influence of others; the lack of motivation (a person has no connection between what he does and his desire to do it, or he cannot understand why he does it).
Researchers O'Connor and Valleran, who have studied the lives of older people in boarding schools in Canada, linked the 4 levels of motivation of the need for autonomy to the motivation of older people. They found out what and how consciously they were doing in the context of their objectives, identifying 23 most important areas of older people's lives, 6 of which were equivalent to men and women: a) health; b) interpersonal relationships; c) religion; d) biological needs; e) current events; f) entertainment.
Through a block of questions for each sphere, they reflected the connection between the allocated levels of motivation of the need for autonomy and 4 variants of answers of the elderly: a) i enjoy it (the highest level of motivation); b) i expect that I will feel good (the level of tasks set); c) i do this because i am expected to do so (under pressure); d) i don't know or don't see what it will give me (lack of motivation).
The results of the analysis of the life of elderly people in the boarding schools, which differ in the level of autonomy granted, have shown: a) the transition from one's own home to another and the change in environment is detrimental to the independence and other rights of vulnerable older people; b) older people with self-determined motivation (first and second levels) are best adapted to the living conditions in residential homes; c) older people who love independence are easier to adapt to life in boarding schools, where independence and independent behavior are encouraged; d) for elderly people with the third and fourth levels of motivation it is better to live in boarding schools, where the rules of living and the procedure of actions and relations with the staff are clearly specified.
Studies by other scientists have shown: a) physical decline, weakness and intellectual weakness of older people lead to a background decrease in affective tone, reflecting the decline of physical and psychological energy; b) painfulness of mental aging is manifested in the known symptoms of mental disorders; dementia (senile dementia) is the condition for which people are least prepared by modern culture, but it is possible to have satisfaction and high quality of life even in such a condition; c) at a young age, the probability of dementia is low, but after 80 years of regression of mental functioning occurs exponentially: a) in 75-79 years old, they get dementia up to 6% of elderly people; b) in 80-84 years old, up to 11%; c) by 90 years old, up to 40%; d) in senile dementia, sometimes there is a "harmonious" decay of higher mental functions, slow and gradual depletion of intellectual functions, a consistent narrowing of thinking, creativity, shriveling and erasing of personal characteristics, which is a consequence of linearly increasing changes in the brain.
At the same time, the general and mental tone does not usually decrease, with a significant loss of past intellectual reserves, shrinking of the volume of thinking
processes, mental and motor activity remains at the same level, the need for daily employment, communication with others, friendly participation often remains. Memory impairment has an equal impact on past and present events. Personal changes are moderate and there is usually no gross violation of ethical norms. In general, dementia is a disease that affects not only mental capacity, but also the individual. It is sad and sometimes embarrassing for relatives: a sick person does not behave as before the disease, friendliness changes to rudeness, accuracy to sloppiness. Good care for dementia patients requires from a well-trained staff of "greater presence" - the highest level of involvement, empathy, flexibility, flexibility, correct response to emerging emotions of the patient: with his anxiety - to calm, hope, with anger or anxiety - to calm down, calmly react. It is important to accept the patient objectively dementia.
Admission to a residential home for an elderly person is a specially organized event on social assistance, which he or she accepts taking into account objective (difficulty in servicing himself or herself, fear of even greater physical weakness) and subjective (hardships of service, family conflicts, etc.) reasons. The main reasons for the admission of elderly people to the boarding school, as a critical moment of life, include: the state of health, requiring constant care, conflict situation in the family, the desire to maintain independence. All of these older people have been unable to adapt to the new living conditions that have chosen institutional care and guardianship as a new way of life. However, unforeseen situations, new people, unfamiliar environment, unclear social status - all this forces a person to adapt to many things and events, but also to respond to their internal changes, assessment of themselves, their capabilities, which are very painful and difficult, with the risk of various diseases and even death.
Information about these institutions plays an important role in the subsequent socio-psychological adaptation of older people in residential institutions. Up to 80% of elderly people had elementary and often distorted information; the idea of a residential home was identified with the hospital schedule, with daily doctor visits, constant daily supervision of the nursing staff; in times of crisis, after admission to the hospital, emotional stress, severe losses and grief, most elderly people did not plan to move to hospitals but accepted the decision to move; the transition to permanent social and health care is seen by older people as a failure to cope with their lives, becoming in their eyes those whose competence is not credible, and having to play a role attributed to this institution: to learn to adapt their behavior to the formal routine of daily life and to meet all expectations of hospital staff. A number of studies have shown that after 1 month's admission to residential homes, the number of elderly people with full mobility has decreased (from 39,% to 28,9%) and the number of people moving around (from 9,6% to 13,8%) only within their room has increased; dependence on the staff being cared for causes fear of "retaliation" for expressing dissatisfaction or complaint on the part of the elderly; it is very difficult for elderly people to decide to make a complaint if they do not have a choice, so
there is a tendency to give a high assessment of satisfaction in literally all aspects of the Therefore, it is important to increase information about residential homes and to encourage older persons to make their choices about lifestyle change voluntary and informed [5].
Elderly people today have no idea what awaits them after moving to a hospital without the possibility of comparing the quality of care in a number of residential homes; the belief that they are no longer entitled to move to a residential home, and their apparent passivity is due to a closed life in hospital. Progress in institutional care depends on the degree of freedom of older persons (residents of residential homes) to express their own opinions. If they are not dependent on caregivers, they are free to act without any consequences for their words, and their opinions are not inferior to those of those who decide for them. But then it is not clear whether the staff of residential institutions will trust and respect the people they serve if they express everything they feel and think about. This makes it possible to highlight psychological issues and problems in institutional care, as well as ways to address them. Ways of solving problems should be related to monitoring the quality of services and the participation of older people in their social services. The main principles are: activity with a focus on the positive qualities and competencies of older people rather than their disability and forms of discrimination due to age; adaptation with a focus on the ability of older people to cope with difficulties and create opportunities for them to do so; independence with the needs of older people so that they remain in control of their lives. Typical mistakes in the behavior of residential care staff that worsen the condition of older patients are: manipulation of lies instead of honestly reporting to patients about their illness; doing any work for older people because of their slowness instead of giving them the opportunity to do so themselves; treating older people as young children; constant reminder and accusation that they are unbearable; ignoring, cold treatment instead of adequate response.
P. Wood has provided a range of support for elderly people with dementia: stimulation and activity; occupational therapy; music; pets and fish; multi-sensory stimulation; work with memories; orientation in reality; confirmation therapy.
Beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, many Western countries began to make the transition from institutional care to home-based care. It has greatly eased the financial burden on the state, but has increased family responsibility towards older people. In recent years, Russia has also been using this form of social services for older people. However, opinions about the effectiveness of this form are mixed.
Research on family care and assistance to older people was first started in the USA and then in Europe (England, Denmark, Germany, France). On the one hand, the family, mostly female, cared for elderly relatives, but on the other hand, studies show that disability is more prevalent among those who have lived in families than among those who have lived in different residential homes, and the former have more resources and opportunities than the latter. Relatives were more likely
to provide home care, social and health care to older persons.
Taking care of an elderly relative is often a challenge for the family. It is associated with severe fatigue and strain and leads to stress. Specialized research is being conducted to identify aspects of changeable care and approaches to help families cope with their responsibilities more effectively and with less loss to the family. The importance and role of the government in providing assistance to the elderly is illustrated by the example of the United Kingdom, which passed the Community Assistance Act in 1990 with articles on assistance to persons with disabilities and pensioners in hospitals and in their private homes. Under the Act, the authorities are required to introduce a system of care management for older persons and to provide services only to older persons in need (an automatic right to social services for older persons is not entitled to, but only to, medical care). This law allowed for an increase in the number of organizations providing care for older people and ordered local authorities to buy services from private organizations. It was in 1990 that UK social policy shifted to the needs and requirements of older people, which led to the emergence of a large private sector to provide services to older people. The objectives of the law were to: move from institutional care to home care; coordinate services offered at home; pay more attention to the needs of relatives caring for older people; and organize an assessment and management system to improve standards.
Caregiving in the family often refers to the responsibility and activities of people who feel they are caring for an older member of their family, firstly, and are engaged in some regular caregiving activities, and secondly. It is often difficult to distinguish between normal family exchange (mutual exchange), assistance and care as an interaction in which one family member helps another on a regular basis to ensure his or her independent existence. The interaction includes a complex of tasks of instrumental (assistance in financial management, assistance with transportation, purchase, cleaning of the apartment) and personal (assistance in dressing, washing, bathing, toilet). This situation of family care should be separated from the family exchange of assistance or mutual support, mutual assistance. Also, couples often complement each other when managing, for example, a household. This everyday exchange can turn into "care" or "help" as you get older. The individual will call themselves "helpers" in different situations in response to changes in their lives. In all external, objective circumstances, family members can create an environment for the older person to be self-satisfied and satisfied, with moral participation as a determining factor. The family in the later stages of an older person's life is crucial.
However, the very fact that an elderly person is in the family often complicates the life and personal problems of relatives. Older persons are usually cared for by social workers and family members of older persons whose motivations do not coincide. The former are paid by the state for work with little prospect without any direct benefits and social status. The latter perform their moral duty, which does not have a monetary equivalent.
The motives for caring for and caring for older people in these groups are complex and ambiguous. Elderly care is becoming an increasingly scarce profession, and fewer and fewer young people are willing to help families with the ever-increasing number of caregivers, who in most cases are in the hands of dilettantes and require significant adjustments because of the possible negative consequences for older persons and their care-givers. There are families who bear the heavy cross of caring for relatives who have been in a state of complete disrepair for many years, and whose love and respect for them have been replaced by deep despair, especially in the face of housing and domestic problems and senile dementia. Relatives of such patients find clear signs of socio-psychological desaptation in the form of neurotization, conflict and progressive psychosomatic diseases. They themselves need the help of a psychologist or psychotherapist. With such a high need to relieve stress for family members living together with an elderly person, especially the sick and incompetent, it is almost impossible, as there are no methods of psychological support, and to improve support for both the elderly and their families is a priority.
In such families, there are two strategies of behavior explained by psychological differences: relatives insist on immediate hospitalization of the patient on the grounds of his or her dangerous behavior, impossibility to organize care or even his or her own tiredness (and the relationship between family members, even in the presence of medical staff, is characterized by conflict or hidden hostility, unwillingness to cooperate with doctors, lack of reliable pharmacotherapy);relatives in good relationships with each other and with the attending physician object to the hospitalization of the patient and wish to arrange treatment at home in all circumstances, using acceptable ways of using medication [610].
From the socio-psychological point of view, the way to optimize the conditions and solve the problems of aging includes training family members in ways to interact with older people, which provides psychother-apeutic function of the family in relation to the personality of the elderly person, prevention of cruelty, rehabilitation and compensation for the efforts of people caring for older people in need of outside help. The main challenges faced by caregivers include: lack of psychological knowledge about behavior, character and ways of communicating with older persons; the need to find suitable work close to home, on a flexible schedule, to stay at home when necessary to do heavy household chores with a high level of monotony and uniformity; the role of a caregiver, with new knowledge, skills and contacts with an incapacitated older person; and the narrowing of one's own crescendo. Family-based care for the seniors, many of whom have chronic illnesses or disabilities, is one of the most devastating stressful events in the family life cycle, linked to the mass of negative and undesirable consequences for the caregiver (testing of strong negative emotions with a long-term character, the degree of fatigue, exhaustion or the burden of the subjects). There are no separate stages of family care, which have many individual differences due to the degree of illness or disability and
personality traits. There is a known model of the stress process (L. Piarley and his staff), which allows to distinguish four factors: primary stressors (time, effort, energy), secondary stressors (family, work, conflicts), secondary intraphysical stress (self-esteem, loss of self), the results of care (health and wellbeing).This model shows how to reduce, or contain, stress and stress factors. An important role is played by the availability of resources: psychological (high self-esteem, coping strategies) or economic (high income, financial assistance). Assistants are less susceptible to stress if these resources are available, while those who use inadequate resources are more oppressed and suppressed. This also applies to the career of an assistant, understood as a process of development, training or socialization.
The main sources of stress are three factors: family conflict; job destruction; and destruction of leisure time or social activity. In a situation of providing family assistance, conflicts often arise between the assistant and other family members. There are three types of conflict: before the diagnosis is made because of a dispute over care giving; who and how much care is provided to the elderly; and how much care and treatment is provided to the elderly. There are four indicators of conflict between work and family care: the emotional health of an older person's family member; the number of tasks performed by the caregiver; the presence of children in the caregiver's home; and the coincidence of care and current work.
Additional socio-demographic variables (gender, marital status, income level, availability and type of work, flexibility of working hours) affecting the conflict between aid and work have been identified. In addition, the degree of disability of an elderly relative and the intensity of responsibilities for providing assistance to him/her also influence the degree of disability. In addition to employment and care for the elderly, the support person should have the opportunity for leisure time or some other social activity. Social and recreational activities are closely linked to social support, a multidimensional concept. Two types of social support are known: instrumental support (assistance in solving specific problems); emotional support (expression of positive feelings to the assistant by other people). A distinction is made between support provided by informal sources (family, friends, and volunteers) and the formal social welfare system [11-15].
Social support from family and friends reduces the impact of stress on the caregiver (wife, husband, daughter), who takes care of the elderly with dementia, and has a positive impact on their physical and mental health. However, the family may be a source of support or conflict. A coping strategy is a person's response to stress factors in order to avoid their damaging effects on their health. There are three types of such reactions (the first two are related to the assistant's low level of stress resistance, and the third to his or her high level of fatigue and exhaustion): coping, focusing on problemsolving (managing stress factors and the situations causing the problem for the assistant); cognitive coping strategy (efforts to manage the significance of the diffi-
cult stress situation, giving the assistant "learning experience"; emotionally focused coping (managing the symptoms of stress).
The training of assistants in these coping strategies is very useful for them, but the effectiveness of this training depends on the nature of stress. If stressors are difficult to change, cognitive strategies are more productive. Typically, stressors and coping strategies affect each other, and an ineffective coping strategy can exacerbate different problems. Family support is a dynamic process that is modified to take into account the nature of disability and unstable living conditions of older persons, the depletion of assistant resources and the intensity of various stressors. Any family support situation may have one or a number of common features: becoming an assistant; placing an older person in an institution; and severe loss (grief, death). Many assistants never resort to the second moment, or resort to it for some time, when the patient's behavior or subjective sense of overwhelming burden on the assistant deteriorates.
Assistants often use inadequate methods to manage stressors or do not know how to respond to them, especially in the case of upset behaviors and depressed moods of older persons. Typical confrontational and avoidant reactions to them only worsen the situation by providing training to assistants in the management of their behavior, and by teaching them to take control of their problems. These include: anxiety, anxiety, night incontinence, insomnia, depressive mood. The training allows you to learn how to make the right decisions in the light of changes in the environment, changes in the level of activity and correction of behavior of the elderly. The training helps assistants to understand what an older person cannot do on their own and why they need help, and to become more effective in interacting with an older relative. Placement of an elderly person in a residential home is a significant risk of complications, including a high mortality rate of elderly people during the first year after moving; a sharp decline in activity as a result of a change of residence; infringement of individual rights, the degree of independence when changing from one's home to another's unusual boarding school, a collective, etc. Most of the assistants remain involved in their role, helping to ensure the daily care of the elderly, they begin to interact with the staff of specialized institutions to "insure" the care of their relatives, learn how to interact effectively with them. In general, family-based care for older persons with chronic and often incurable illnesses poses a significant risk to the health and well-being of caregivers who meet the needs of older persons.
The analysis of the current situation implies expert assessment of the condition, degree of disability of the elderly, their needs from different points of view and criteria, assessment of the condition, needs and well-being of the assistants, family specific problems, clarity of medical diagnosis, use of various medical and auxiliary means, determination of primary and secondary stress factors. In the West, the stress process model is often used as a guide for assessment. The methods of working with assistants require flexible approaches,
consideration of individual differences, the need for information to improve the education of assistants, their legal and financial support, and the improvement of individual and family counseling and group support. For example, the United Kingdom passed the Assistants Act in 1995, allowing a caregiver or caregiver who has left his or her previous job to identify and address their needs as caregivers once the needs of the caregivers have been identified. According to the law, services are provided to both the caregiver (elderly or disabled) and caregiver (assistants). In addition, the law establishes the amount of financial assistance and benefits for assistants.
Legal and financial issues vary from country to country. For example, in the United States, where there are no state-run residential homes, older people must use their own personal funds to support themselves. The following typical situations are identified when analyzing requests for psychological counseling in relation to elderly relatives. The main locus of complaints is serious changes in the nature of patients: irritability, intolerance, frequent complaints of lack of attention from others, etc. However, it turned out that at this time the patient was literally "strangled" with care, thereby reminding him of the disease and depriving him of the opportunity to adapt normally and independently to the new situation.
Then came the period of cooling to the patient. Thus, excessive care and guardianship, "diligent" behavior of relatives are provoking factors, which in the end lead only to deterioration of the mental state of the patient. One way out is the K relationship model. Rogers, when family members are oriented towards trust in the patient, believes that he is a person capable of adapting to a difficult situation. Evidence of faith in the patient is the healthiest attitude to him, without any discounts, the assignment of feasible cases and family responsibilities, and a reference point for his independent service himself. A consultant psychologist should provide significant assistance to the family, discussing the effect of these principles with family members. The duration of the counseling can be short- and long-term, depending on the complexity of the situation and the disability of the elderly. Typically, there are 5-10 meetings where facilitators receive new information, try to discuss new approaches and strategies, and receive additional support. Long-term counseling usually addresses interpersonal aspects of family care. In general, family counseling is aimed at reducing family conflict and increasing instrumental and emotional support. It is best carried out in the home of a support person or other family members who express a willingness to cooperate. During the counseling process, all aspects of family support and the activities of the support person are analyzed, knowledge of the specifics of the illness and possible alternatives to the behavior of the elderly relative is tested and, once the situation has been assessed, the relatives and support persons should be asked what kind of support they need. In order to make family counseling successful and a kind of therapy, it is necessary to avoid long term disagreements with family members, to focus on the solution of assistance to the patient's assistant, not to try to equalize the efforts of all
family members. Each type of care can be useful in a family situation. As a result, it should be decided who will do what and when [11-15].
Group support is particularly popular in the United States for family assistants, especially for caregivers with dementia. Most often, the groups discuss the problems and feelings of the careers and mobilize therapeutic potential in group interaction. The more helpers are involved in the dialogue, the better for their well-being and situation resolution. Due to the demographic ageing of the population, more and more people need help. Family members have a well-defined need to support their elderly relatives, a duty and a moral duty that does not depend on prescribed rules.
Women's employment at work, high divorce rates, new marriages, and stagnating economic conditions reduce the family's resources to care for the older generation. Family care for the elderly is a significant problem of the family and society. Therefore, all approaches can be useful to help older persons achieve the best results for older persons without placing a special burden on caregivers.
Changes in modern society are closely related to many aspects of family and community life. A sufficiently high share of older people in the total population makes significant adjustments to the already established systems of ensuring the quality of life. This requires targeted adaptation of social systems, scientifically sound and methodologically sound approaches to the development of socio-psychological assistance to older people and those associated with them, including family members and the entire Russian society. The need to provide professional assistance to older people gives these activities new and relevant dimensions. Ageing is a natural process inherent in any person's life. Therefore, it is necessary to reconsider the concept of elderly people as needy, unproductive and unhappy people. Studies of socio-psychological problems allow us to identify theoretical prospects for the study of the processes of personal aging and the functioning of seniors.
Conclusion. Separation of elderly people into a special group is conditional from the point of view of the social psychology of aging, as many elderly people do not identify themselves with this age group. The contribution of older people is valuable to society and should be recognized. The potentially negative consequences of this process can and should be mitigated both by sound government policies aimed at reducing incentives for early retirement, retraining and support for older people and by the science of answering the most complex questions of social psychology of ageing. It is important to find out what organizational, managerial and practical measures need to be taken to make applied research possible and effective. The social psychology of ageing is one of the most important philosophical, social and psychological sciences, an integral part of professional training and competence of a specialist who focuses not only on work with older people, but also with any age group of the population, as the problems of old age are closely related to the interests of all groups and strata of society. Practical and or-
ganizational application of its most important recommendations will make it possible to optimize trends in the development of society, the family and the individual, to implement the concept of "positive aging", to give a new quality to social relations and professional assistance to older people.
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HISTORICAL PARALLELS IN THE THEORY OF CLASSES (T. WEBLEN, F. ENGELS)
Bazarbaev M.
Senior lecturer, department of economics and international business, KarSU academician E.A. Buketova
Bazarbaeva L.
Doctoral student, International university of Kyrgyzstan ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ ПАРАЛЛЕЛИ В ТЕОРИИ КЛАССОВ (Т. ВЕБЛЕН, Ф. ЭНГЕЛЬС)
Базарбаев М.К.
Старший преподаватель, кафедра «Экономика и международный бизнес», КарГУ им. академика
Е.А. Букетова Базарбаева Л.М.
докторант, Международный университет Кыргызстана
Abstract
The article considers the approaches of F. The problem of the class division in society. An attempt was made to compare these two theories, to determine the commonalities and to identify differences. The behavior of individual classes is described in detail, and their causes are identified. At the end of the article, the main positions of class theory are applied to real practice.
Аннотация
В статье рассматриваются подходы Ф. Энгельса и Т. Веблена к выделению классов в обществе. Проявилась попытка сравнить эти две теории, определить общее и выявить различия. Подробно описаны особенности поведения отдельных классов, выявлены их причины. В конце статьи приложены основные позиции теории классов к реальной практике.
Keywords: F. Engels, T. Veblen, leisure class, savagery, barbarism, civilization, conspicuous waste, property, class, conspicuous parasitic consumption.
Ключевые слова: Ф. Энгельс, Т. Веблен, праздный класс, дикость, варварство, цивилизация, демонстративная расточительность, собственность, класс, демонстративно-паразитарное потребление.
В 1884 году опубликована известная среди обществоведов работа Ф. Энгельса «Происхождение семьи, частной собственности и государства».
1899 год - вышла в свет книга Т. Веблена «Теория праздного класса», ставшая мгновенно бестселлером.
Более ста лет назад Ф. Кенэ издал свою «Экономическую таблицу» (1766), где впервые показал зависимость строения общества в соответствии
участию групп, слоев, классов в воспроизводственном процессе. Он в рамках данного подхода выделял в структуре общества три класса:
- класс «собственников» (короли и другие землевладельцы), которые ничего не производят, но существуют за счет ренты от производственного класса;
- класс «производительный» (фермеры и все другие, кто обрабатывает землю);
