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3PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INSURANCE WARNING
Abstract
The paper examines the nature and legal basis of the implementation of preventive function of insurance and analyze the activity of the Russian Union of Motor Traffic Police and Russia to reduce the number of accidents and the prevention of accidents on the roads, as well as the main problems in the implementation of these social projects in Russia.
Keywords
insurance, preventive function of insurance, Russian Union of Auto Insurers, Traffic Police of Russia, social campaign
AUTHOR
Oksana Suslyakova
PhD, Associate Professor Financial University under the Government of Russian Federation
Kaluga, Russia finans- [email protected]
Insurance, as the commercial activity for the protection of property interests of individuals and legal entities, has a number of functions that are usually in the scientific literature include risks, saving, warning and control. Least illuminated in the writings of specialists at the moment, according to the author of this paper, is a warning function, which will be devoted to the material presented below. Warning, or in other words preventive function of insurance is that insurance companies may use temporarily free insurance funds to conduct a broad system of preventive measures aimed at preventing the occurrence of possible losses policyholders. This function involves a wide range of measures, including the financing of measures to prevent or reduce the negative consequences of accidents or natural disasters of different nature (Kosarenko, 2010).
As practice shows, the reserves are formed on preventive measures such as insurance accident insurance, health insurance, property insurance natural and legal persons, liability insurance. It is in these areas of insurance coverage possible preventive measures aimed at reducing the probability of occurrence of the insured event and expenses that the insurer will incur to finance such activities, as a result will be less than the possible benefits that will have to make the insurance company in the settlement of insurance claims under the contracts.
It should be noted that the order of formation of insurers provision of preventive measures for voluntary insurance until 2005 regulated by Rosstrakhnadzor Letter from 18.01.1995 N 15 / 1-1r (ed. By 02.08.1996) "On the order of formation and use of preventive measures to reserve voluntary insurance "(repealed in connection with the publication of letters from the Ministry of Finance 23.11.2005 N 05-04-07 / 01) and its own regulations on the formation and use of the provision of preventive measures, agreed with the supervisory authority.
According to the letter, the provision of preventive measures is formed by contributions from the insurance gross premiums received on insurance contracts in the reporting period. At the same time Provision of preventive measures received from insurance gross premiums on insurance contracts are made in accordance with the
percentage specified in the structure of insurance rates, which is determined individually by type of insurance, but not more than 15%.
Means of the prov'sion of preventive measures can be used exclusively for the prevention of loss occurrence and reduce the damage caused by his offense. So, at the expense of reserve preventive measures insurers may finance the following areas:
- Construction (including design) and reconstruction of fire stations, fire test laboratories and polygons;
- Construction and reconstruction of diagnostic stations Traffic Police of Russia to verify the technical condition of vehicles, platforms, sites and points of technical control, traffic police stations;
- The purchase and repair of communication, equipment, inventory for the prevention of road - traffic accidents over the volume to be funded in the prescribed manner;
- Construction and reconstruction of stations to combat animal diseases, veterinary clinics, buildings, border control veterinary points;
- Purchase and repair Overuse is to be funded in the prescribed manner, vehicles (fire, veterinary, ambulances, etc.);
- Construction and reconstruction of plant protection stations, laboratories, biological control of pests and diseases of crops;
- Carrying out flood and mudflow events;
- Carrying out measures to improve the fire alarm;
- Carrying out measures to improve treatment facilities equipment, filters for enterprises with harmful emissions and other environmental objects;
- Improvement of material - technical base of oil and gas;
- Preventive and sanitary - hygienic measures to protect public health and reduce injuries (baseline medical examination, vaccination);
- Research in the field of improvement of medical equipment and the development of new drugs;
- The payment of expenses for hiring transport (land, air, water) used to organize activities to extinguish fires and so on.
Financing preventive measures is conducted based on the actual availability of funds for preventive measures and on the basis of a contract concluded with the legal or natural persons engaged in these activities.
In order to maintain these provisions means the supervisory authority constrain the investment of temporarily idle funds provision of preventive measures in government securities and bank deposits (deposits) (Suslyakova, 2013).
In addition, the letter Rosstrakhnadzor N 02-04-09 / 2-10 and the Ministry of Transport N DAT-17/16 dated 17.01.1995 approved the Regulations on the procedure of formation and use of the reserve of preventive measures for compulsory personal insurance of passengers transported by road in the long-distance message.
According to the normative document, the use of the provision of preventive measures for this type of insurance made by the insurer in accordance with the financing plan of measures to ensure safety of the transport of passengers transported by road in intercity, which include:
- Arrangement of the landside areas;
- Monitoring the technical condition of buses;
- Monitoring the health of drivers coaches, conducting medical and recreational activities;
- The development of information and conference on intercity routes;
- Conducting internal investigations of traffic accidents involving coaches, analysis of the causes of these accidents and the development of measures to address them;
- The organization and equipment of educational centers for drivers of passenger transport, children's and youth driving schools, career centers;
- Competitions of professional skills of drivers of passenger transport, as well as a set of measures to promote and publicize trouble-free working methods;
- Carrying out propaganda among the population (including in schools and kindergartens) through the mainstream media issues of road safety, rules and standards of behavior on the roads and streets, public policy to ensure safety;
- Exhibitions, shows, competitions among cities and regions of Russia on road safety;
- Production and dissemination of visual propaganda materials (posters, video and audio et al.), and especially for childhood, professional development of managers and specialists employed directly road safety in economic structures and regional transport authorities and formations;
- The creation and replication of advanced, modern techniques, technology and design proposals, methodological and regulatory materials aimed at reducing accidents on intercity buses (Suslyakova, 2013).
On 1 January 2013 a mandatory private insurance of passengers has been canceled due to the entry into force of the Federal Law of 14.06.2012 N 67-FZ (in SEQ. Ed.) "On compulsory insurance of civil liability of the carrier for damage to life, health, property passengers and the procedure for reimbursement of the harm caused to passengers underground ", where not provided Provision of preventive measures.
Thus, at present there is no general guidelines on the provision and use of these reserves in insurance companies not. Insurers in this matter can only rely on the thesis developed in this insurance company, after agreeing with his body with supervisory functions over the activities of the insurance market (since September 2013, these functions are assigned to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation).
It should be noted that significant work on the modern Russian insurance market for the Prevention of insured accidents and reduce potential losses policyholders carries Russian Association of Motor Insurers (RSA), which annually carries out projects on road safety. The importance of the activities of the PCA by the fact that only for the year 2012 on the roads of Russia 27 991 people were killed, for the 2013 - 27 025 people, for the 2014 - 26 963 people (The official website of the public...). The numbers, of course, disappointing, but is a clear tendency to reduce the number of deaths on the road.
Russian Association of Motor - a non-profit organization that carries out compulsory civil liability insurance of vehicle owners. Union established on 8 August 2002 by the 48 largest insurance companies in the country, has a state registration of 14 October 2002 and the trade union is the first in the insurance market, the status of which is fixed by law. At present, the SAR includes about 100 insurance companies. As mentioned above, the Union is an organizer of campaigns to improve traffic management and is actively involved in promoting the security of not only drivers but also passengers. Regular partners of SAR in such projects are Traffic Police of Russia and a center of expertise "Driving without danger."
The first large-scale campaign against dangerous traffic violations (low driving culture, unfastened the belt, speeding, etc.) On the roads of Russia was held in 2008 under the title "Driving without danger." The project has taken 5 teledram (broadcast on federal television channels and more than 200 have received thousands of hits on YouTube), conducted promotions for drivers on the roads (attended by more than 120 thousand. Pers.), Developed ambient communication in one of the largest hypermarkets Moscow and merged all the shares of the company's website www.bezdtp.ru. As a result, according to experts, the number of fatalities on the roads of Russia in 2008 decreased by 10%. The problem of traffic safety has received great public interest, Russia won the right to
organize under the auspices of the United Nations First Global Ministerial Conference on Road Safety (The official website of the public...).
From November 2009 to January 2010 Traffic Police of Russia with the direct participation of SAR campaigned "drunk - not anymore! Break it ", aimed at reducing the number of road accidents made because of drunk drivers. To prevent such situations was used outdoor advertising and commercials on popular car radio. As a result, the number of deaths caused by drunk drivers decreased by 28% in December 2009 and by 48% in January 2010 compared to the same period last year (The official website of the public.).
For 2010-2014, carried out a large number of similar projects, among which are the following:
- Campaign "Last counter", aimed at warning drivers about the dangers in the oncoming lane. The campaign was carried out special raids, information campaigns and a series of social radio commercials featuring Champions Paralympic Games. The highlight of the campaign was specially filmed public service announcement for the first time in Russia in the format of 3D, which is available on the website OOO «Zavod» (The official website of the public.).
- Campaign "School Road Safety" was launched in the summer of 2010, when the places children's activities began to travel the special bus simulator to train teenagers to the rules of safe behavior on roads and transport.
During the autumn of 2010 in the junior classes of Russian schools they gave a special lesson on the basic rules of safe behavior on the road that were "animated" by cartoon characters "Smeshariki". Moreover, the campaign was officially recognized as part of the school curriculum.
Project focused on the more than 130 messages in the media. To promote the campaign were involved in a variety of communication channels, outdoor advertising, television advertising, special promotions.
- Campaign "Lit up! Be visible on the road" that seeks to make road users more visible on the road in the dark, began December 1, 2010.
This project is actively supported by representatives of culture and show business in Russia. Fashion designer Masha Tsigal developed stylish reflective wristbands that will be noticeable on the road and in life, and Dj Leonid Rudenko especially for the project wrote a remix of his track superfashionable Everybody. Partner of campaign made channel MTV, several esters popular programs "trendy" and "Stereo Morning" were devoted to the start of the project "lit up". The official website of the project www.bezdtp.ru declared all-Russian contest, where participants were asked to take a photo or video with reflective elements and thus "Lit up" (The official website of the public.).
- Campaign "passenger rights" directed to the driver who has to remember that he is responsible for the safety of his passengers and the passenger, who must wear seat and, if necessary, make comments to driver who violates the rules of the road, was conducted in 2011. The project filmed public service announcements 8 audio clips played on radio stations radio, NEWS FM, Humor FM, ENERGY, VVC celebrated "passenger rights".
- Campaign "No hurry", launched in 2012, aims to prevent one of the major problems of modern traffic - speeding, which resulted in a year are killed or maimed thousands of people. According to statistics, nearly a third of all accidents occur due to speeding or failure to comply with speed limits.
The project launched three clips on the radio station radio, as well as filmed almanac "no hurry", which tells about the benefits of living on the allowed speed, after seeing that everyone thinks that "Life is worth it to reduce the speed."
Kinoalmanah represents five novels - unhurried stories about meaninglessness and deadly danger of speeding - "End of duty", "Fur Elise", "Safe the tunnel", "Solarium", "Be
quiet, Mom." Directors of almanac "no hurry" were Fyodor Bondarchuk, Peter Buslov, Vladimir Kott, Alexander Lungin, Sergey Osip'yan, Boris Khlebnikov.
The campaign has received wide publicity. According to the results of the campaign more than 700 publications were published, the project received wide coverage in social networks (Twitter, Vkontakte, Facebook, Livejournal). Moreover, almost 40% of Russians have changed their attitude to compliance with speed limits and speed to the correct choice (The official website of the public...).
- Campaign "Pedestrian crossing on!" Covering the period from October to December 2012, aims to persuade pedestrians that it is very important to cross the road only at authorized places and at a pedestrian crossing and ignoring the rules may lead to serious consequences. According to statistics, pedestrians remain one of the most vulnerable road users, it is on their annual accounts for one third of all road accidents.
The central element of this campaign was the social video "Pedestrian crossing on!", the title role in which played the famous Russian film and theater actor Yegor Beroev who embodies disciplined pedestrians, for whom you want to follow. In addition, the project held a photo contest "Living sign," which was attended by more than 1,200 people.
In some cities (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Sochi, Kursk, Penza, Stavropol, Belgorod) underwent large-scale events on road safety and included all sorts of competitions, quizzes, games, as a result of which the winners could win keychains, bags, bags for laptops, icons, vests with the symbols of the action and reflective elements (The official website of the public.).
- Campaign "Car Seat - Children" was held 2 times in November and December 2011 and September - December 2012. The purpose of the campaign - to explain to parents that the seat - a necessary thing in the trip with the child and the safest way to protect it from possible negative consequences of road traffic accidents.
According to official statistics payments CTP insurers for the deaths of children in an accident do not exceed 10 mln. Rubles per year. Their share in the total amount of payments on the CTP for damage to life and health of victims is not more than 4% (Suslyakova, 2013).
Since 2007, according to the traffic regulations of the Russian Federation, the use of child restraints (SLA) when traveling with children under 12 years is obligatory. Penalty for failure to SLA - 500 rubles. However, according to Russian Center for Public Opinion Research, in our country, 51% of parents of children under 12 years of age have the car seat, and always use them - only 23%.
Following the first action, according to statistics from the traffic police, thanks to the use of child car seats child mortality in an accident in the first half of 2012 decreased by 6.3%. In general, during the first half of 2012 there were 9.1 thousand of accidents involving children, killed about 200 children passengers (The official website of the Interior.). However, since the beginning of the second half of 2012 indicators of child passenger injury worsened and surpassed last year's 3.6%. However, according to Russian Center for Public Opinion Research, the number of people who do not have and do not plan to purchase special equipment for transportation of children increased significantly (from 39% to 70% in Russia as a whole and from 38% to 71% in Moscow) (The official website of the public.). Because of this, the organizers decided to return to the promotion of car seats. Partners in the implementation of the organizers of the campaign were "Auto Radio" channel "Auto Plus", free classified ads portal for the sale of passenger cars «Auto.dmir.ru», magazine "Cars," Information Security Center of child passengers' Avtodeti "company production of child car seats «RECARO».
SAR has spent 183 million Rubles to develop the concept of a new campaign, a study to determine the relationship of drivers to the problem of child safety, passengers, creating promotional materials (in particular, the adaptation of commercials, used a similar campaign in 2011).
This action has been widely discussed in the media, many cities have been large-scale activities to promote the use of car seats "Once in Kreslandii", on the project website www.bezdtp.ru held a photo contest "My child in the car seat" and launched a thematic fun game for kids and their parents (The official website of the public...).
In 2013, the active work of the SAR and the traffic police in the prevention of accidents on the road continued. LLC «Zavod» implemented two large-scale campaign, "Buckle up!" And "Slow down!". Organizers partners in these actions were "Auto Radio" channel "Auto Plus", free classified ads portal for the sale of passenger cars «Auto.dmir.ru», Journal of "Cars", information and social network Auto.mail.ru weekly "Arguments and facts".
The main objective of the campaign "Buckle up!", Held in April-June 2013 - to explain the traffic participants that seat belts are mandatory for drivers and all passengers cabin, including sitting on the rear seats.
The purpose of the campaign - to reduce the number of road fatalities among drivers and passengers, including children passengers due to non-use of seat belts or improper use of child car seats for fixing.
According to a survey of traffic police, only half of Russian citizens are fastened at all times. Although, according to statistics, seat belts reduce the risk of death in frontal crashes by 2.5 times, and rollover - 5 times (The official website of the public...).
At this time, traffic police invented a new way to persuade motorists to wear seat belts: now with the police to explain the need for drivers to use seat belts will be fantastic characters and Russian nesting doll, which was chosen symbol of safety. To dispel the drivers' myths and misconceptions related to ineffective use of seat belts, released a satirical pamphlet "Myths and legends of the seat belts", where the main characters: Pinocchio, The Gingerbread Man, Little Red Riding Hood and many others - on a personal example shows that it is important to wear a seat behind the wheel. In addition to the fairy tale characters in the promotion of safety belts took actors, TV personalities, representatives of show business and even well-known Russian strongman heavyweight Vyacheslav Maksyuta, easily severed two warmer, but has failed to break the seat belt (Suslyakova, 2013).
In addition, the campaign held three contests: "Paint matryoshka", "On Matryoshka!" and "Matreshkin contract". In many cities of Russia: Vladimir, Novgorod, Vologda, Saratov, Arkhangelsk, Volgograd, Petrozavodsk, Kaluga, Pskov, Moscow - were conducted unique activities, including competitions, quizzes, games, participate in the gym and a lot of gifts and prizes with the symbol of the stock.
In November 2013 was launched the campaign "Slow down!", which lasted until May 2014 and was aimed at to reduce the number of citizens, which knocked at pedestrian crossings. Now, according to experts, insurers pay for such insurance claims of about 500 million rubles per year. According to traffic police, in 2012 at pedestrian crossings drivers knocked down 17,808 people, 1,156 of them were killed (The official website of the Interior...).
The main goal of this program, according to the organizers - to inform drivers that "an essential condition safe passage zone crosswalk on the driver side is to reduce speed when approaching the pedestrian crossing area, sufficient for a complete stop at a safe distance from the pedestrian in case of need."
To solve these problems by using a broadcast on national television and radio commercials, as well as the placement of advertising material on the Internet.
The cost of the semi-annual advertising campaign funded by the PCA, - 298 mln. Rubles, that is ambiguous enough to perceive the public. Thus, representatives of insurance companies generally positive assessment of the activity of the SAR in the promotion of road safety, noting that it was necessary to bring to society the cost of the measures and the result of each such campaign. And the head of "Blue buckets" Peter
Shkumatov believes that PCA such social projects simply duplicates the functions of traffic police, and it is likely that dedicated, very large funds will be used for purposes other than stated in the SAR. "Union of pedestrians" also believes that the amount allocated for this campaign is too much and these funds could be equipped with 1,000 additional lighting of pedestrian crossings, "speed bumps" and "islands of security". These funds could be spent on the purchase of 4.5 million. Reflectors for distribution to pupils, teachers and parents, i.e., spend much more effective ("The Union of pedestrians"...).
In early 2015 SAR and Traffic police have launched a new large-scale social campaign "The outlook security", its purpose - to inform road users that it is necessary to choose an adequate manner of behavior already at the first sign of bad weather: reduce speed and increase the distance to be extremely careful while driving. The cause of this project was the fact that a sharp increase in the number of accidents on the roads with the onset of inclement weather - rain, snow, fog, ice, and so forth.
According to official statistics of traffic police, about one-third of road accidents in the country occur in bad weather. But the main cause of such accidents is not suddenly fallen snow or rain caught unawares, and ignorance of drivers and pedestrians on the impact of inclement weather on road safety. As a consequence, a significant number of drivers choosing inappropriate weather driving style, and pedestrians do not take additional measures for their own safety.
According to a joint study of the Russian Center for Public Opinion Research and a center of expertise "Movement without danger", up to 70% of drivers know that the weather conditions, according to SDA, impose restrictions on vehicle speed. However, observe speed limits, most drivers will only be in very bad weather, and measures such as the use of fog lamps or reducing the number of change-drivers is rarely used.
Pedestrian safety also depends on the visibility on the road, but most do not attach any importance to this. About 80% of pedestrians in fog behave as in clear weather. Increased alertness and caution is only 9% of respondents, and to the use of retroreflective elements have resorted less than 5% (The official website of the Interior.).
In this project, filmed a popular science film "Invisible Threat", launched 5 audio clips. In some regions of schools conducted large-scale educational activities, to explain in an accessible way drivers and pedestrians to traffic in bad weather: how changes in air temperature and precipitation affect the condition of the road surface, tire grip, braking distance of a car on ice, while fog, poor visibility etc. (The official website of the public.).
In addition, from February to April 2015 at http: //www.zavod.rf held 3 creative contest: "Lords of the weather" (for children), "Focus on the forecast" and "Fumbled the ball."
Summarizing all the above, it should be noted that the warning function insurance plays a very important role in maintaining social and economic stability in society by financing insurance organizations of measures aimed at reducing the likelihood of insurance claims and damage reduction policyholders when they occur. And currently there are no common guidelines for the formation and use of reserves of preventive measures in insurance organizations. Insurers in this matter can only rely on the developed thesis of the insurance company, after agreeing it with the supervisory authority.
At the current insurance market leading role in the prevention of occurrence of insurance claims and reduce potential losses policyholders carries Russian Association of Motor, which together with the Inspectorate and Russian public organization "Movement without danger" annually carries out projects on road safety. However, if the public would have been acquainted with the results of these social campaigns (in the first place, the number of lives saved), confirming the effectiveness spent for this purpose funds, this area of work SAR much better would be perceived by all subjects of the insurance market and the public.
REFERENCES
1. Kosarenko, N.N. (2010), Legal provision of public interest in the insurance industry: monograph, Wolters Kluwer, Moscow, 320 P.
2. Suslyakova, O.N. (2013), "The place and role of the Russian Union of Auto Insurers in the implementation of preventive security functions", Economy and Society: Problems and Prospects of modernization in Russia": monograph, Ed. Bondarenko V.V., Dresvyannikova V.A., Loseva O.V., Publishing House of the University, 652 P.
3. "The Union of pedestrians" opposed the advertising campaign SAR, available at: http://www.asn-news.ru/news/44055?from_daily#ixzz2llI6P06j.
4. The official website of the Interior Ministry traffic police, available at: https://www.gibdd.ru.
5. The official website of the public organization "Movement without danger», available at: http: / /www.bezdtp. ru.
FORMATION OF STUDENTS' MATHEMATICAL COMPETENCE AT HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Abstract
The paper deals with the approaches of formation of students' mathematical competence in both mathematical and nonmathematical directions of training.
Keywords
competence, mathematical competence, technology of "advanced" lecture, active methods of training, intuition, formal logic
AUTHORS
Tatyana Vasilyeva
PhD in Engineering, Associate Professor Department of Applied Mathematics, Mechanics, Management and Software Far Eastern Federal University Vladivostok, Russia [email protected]
Irina Eliseenko
PhD in Physics and Mathematics, Associate Professor, Department of Algebra, Geometry and Analysis Far Eastern Federal University Vladivostok, Russia [email protected]
Nowadays the competence-based approach is considered as the fundamental approach for updating the content of education. It assumes the change of an educational paradigm from broadcasting knowledge to creation conditions for students mastering the complex of competences, determining intellectual and labor potential. The competence-based approach does not exclude the academic approach, but it deepens and supplements it. It assumes orientation to formation of both professional knowledge and skills and development of universal abilities of students, their readiness for professional activity. In the competence-based approach subordination of knowledge to abilities takes place, the emphasis is placed on a practical side of a question.
There are three levels of competences (Ermakov, 2011):
1) key, common cultural competences. They are beyond actual education and have meta-subject contents and welfare value;
2) general-education competences (at the level of the higher school they are called professional). They belong to all subjects and educational areas;
