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2
Allaberganov O.A.
Ma'mun university lecturer UOC 902.2 (575.171). https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8596-0926
PROBLEMS AND CONFLICTS IN THE PENSION PROVISION OF RURAL RESIDENTS OF THE UZBEK SSR IN 1945-1991 (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE KHOREZM REGION)
Abstract. In this article, the author describes the pension provision of the rural population in Uzbekistan during the Soviet period, as well as the problems and conflicts that arose in this area on the example of the Khorezm region. Also, it analyzes the achievements and shortcomings of pension provision in the studied region in the 40s-90s of the 20th century, caused by changes in the socio-economic life of the population.
Key words: Uzbekistan SSR, Khorezm, national economy, pension provision, law, rural areas, collective farm, public assistance funds, problems and conflicts, complaints and applications, communication departments.
INTRODUCTION
It is known that in the period from the mid-40s to the beginning of the 90s of the 20th century, the socio-economic standard of living of rural residents in the Khorezm region of the Uzbek SSR was directly related to pension provision, because the number of able-bodied population decreased sharply due to the situation caused by the war in the region. , the number of war-disabled people and the number of family members of those who died in the war increased, as a result, the work of rebuilding agriculture after the war fell mainly on women, the elderly and teenagers. During this period, i.e. between 1945 and 1991, there was an increase in the need of the population for pension provision in villages, but there were many problems in the appointment and delivery of pensions to the population, as well as the fact that the population was unaware of the laws, decisions and decrees related to pension provision.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The problems and conflicts in the pension provision of the rural population of the Uzbek SSR in 1945-1991 have been studied very little as a separate subject in the case of the Khorezm region under consideration. "History of the Uzbek SSR"[1] of the Soviet era, works and researches created during the years of independence, including M. Matniyozov's "History of Khorazm" [2], "Social and political activities of the leadership of the Uzbek SSR" published under the editorship of Q. Rajabov 1945-1983 years)" [3], authored by A. Mannopov, S. Mirzaahmedova, in the books entitled "75 years of kindness" [4] in the 40s-90s of the 20th century, problems and conflicts in the pension provision of rural residents
of Khorezm region partially stated. Also, the materials of Khorazm region state archive 170-fund and "Khorazm Haqikatii" newspaper, "Uzbekistan sotsial taminoto" magazine for the period under study served as the source basis of the research. In 1945-1991, the study of existing sources related to the problems and conflicts in the pension provision of rural residents of the Uzbek SSR, especially in the Khorezm region, including the synchronic method, comparative historical method, and structural analysis, were used in the process of substantiating this article [5].
NATIJALAR (РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ / RESULTS)
In the first years after the war, the Soviet government did not take measures to improve the social life of the rural population, including pension provision, but focused on improving the material and technical base of the regional agriculture, raising the production of raw cotton to a higher level.
In the Uzbek SSR, the formation of pension insurance, a form of social assistance, which is the basis of social protection of rural residents, especially the elderly, blind, war and labor disabled, can be divided into three stages.
- The first stage is the period from 1918 to 1956
- The second stage is the period from 1956 to 1990
- The third stage is the period after 1990.
The first stage covers the period from 1918 to 1956. In 1918, the People's Commissariat of Social Security was established. On January 5, 1928, by the decision of the Labor Commissariat of the USSR, the first pensions were introduced for workers of the textile industry. The retirement age is set at 60 for men and 55 for women. The minimum length of service has been set at 25 years for men and women. In 1949, the work of directing the pension system was transferred to the Ministry of Social Security [6]. During this period, types of pensions were established not only for those injured at work or disabled due to occupational disease, but also for old age and long service. At the same time, at this stage, the determination of the retirement age of the population based on their gender also began from this period. But the peculiarity of this period was that there was no single system of pension provision, pensions were assigned by sectors. During the Second World War, military servicemen and their family members were taken under state protection, pensions were granted to them, and the first decrees were passed to encourage mothers with children. In the period from 1945 to 1956, pension provision was not paid much attention. Distrust of the population towards the social security bodies has increased. During 1952, as a result of inspections conducted by Khorezm regional social welfare department, a number of deficiencies were identified in social welfare departments of Khiva, Urganch, Hazorasp and Khanka districts. In addition, a number of serious shortcomings have been noticed in the above districts, the number of complaints and applications for social welfare has increased from the population, and the sad aspect is that the authorities did not take into account at all, let alone consider the complaints and applications, and did not register them on time. 'didn't do it. [7]
The second stage is characterized by the period from 1956 to 1990 - on July 14, 1956, the unified law "On State Pensions" appeared for the first time. This law consists of 61 articles, and in Article 1 of the Law, "The following have the right to receive a state pension: employees, military personnel, students of higher and secondary special educational institutions, educational institutions, schools and educational institutions of personnel training, other citizens, provided that they in case of becoming disabled in connection with the performance of state and public works, the family members of the citizens specified in this article are separated from their breadwinners, pension is granted" [8].
With this law, the range of pensioners was expanded, and a uniform procedure was established for all branches. However, the sad part is that this law did not provide for the pension of employees (members of the collective economy) employed in agriculture. This issue was solved at the level of local capacity by creating collective farms in villages [9]. And finally, in accordance with the decision of the Council of Ministers of the Uzbek SSR No. 448 of June 23, 1959, "On providing pensions to female and male collective farmers", work on providing pensions to collective farmers in 16 collective farms in Khorezm region was started. is broken. A total of 2,510 collective farmers were given pensions. At the same time, mutual aid funds were established in 16 collective farms, the number of members of which was 3,541 [10]. The sad aspect is that the collective farmers in many villages in Koshkopir, Shavot, Khiva, Yangariq, Hazorasp, Urganch districts, according to the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the Uzbek SSR dated June 23, 1959 No. on" was not introduced with the decision. As a result, the common people remained unaware of the legislation on pension provision and many collective farmers were left without pension [11].
According to the decision of the administrative apparatus of the UZSSR dated March 20, 1961, collective farm councils for pension payment were established in 3 districts of Khorezm region - Hazorasp, Shavot and Koshkopir. State bank current accounts have been opened in agricultural associations approved by the decision of the district executive committee. The inter-kolkhoz council of Hazorasp district paid pensions to 2080 pensioners and for 9 months 94527 rubles were paid to pensioners, and the inter-kolkhoz councils of Shavot paid 67770 soums to 1108 pensioners. In Hazorasp and Shavot districts, the payment of pensions to collective farmers is very well established, the inter-collective council pensions and retired collective farmers are paid monthly with the delivery of pensions to their homes through communication companies [12].
There are 20,915 collective farmers who have the right to receive pensions in the region, of which only 14,462 members of the collective farms were assigned and paid pensions, and 6,453 members of the collective farms were not given pensions due to the fault of the chairmen of the collective farm management. As a result, actions caused discontent among collective farm pensioners [13]. The main problem is that collective farms do not provide fair pensions to collective farmers. As an example, 32 out of 429 collective farmers who needed to be pensioned in the
"Kirov" collective farm in Gurlan district were given pensions. 30 out of 424 collective farmers who needed to be pensioned in "Moskva" collective farm were given pensions. Such situations caused complaints and protests among the people [14].
On July 15, 1964, at the session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Law "On Pensions and Allowances for Members of Collective Farms" was adopted. According to this law, a new procedure for paying pensions and allowances was introduced, and the amount of pensions was increased. In 1964, regional collective farms paid 1,850,000 soums of pensions to 21,000 elderly collective farmers, and in 1965, according to the new law, 5,658,000 soums of pensions and allowances were paid to 36,000 collective farmers[15].
On December 31, 1964, particularly large changes took place in the field of pension provision. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the Decree "On increasing the minimum amount of pensions received by invalids of the I and II groups and families separated from their breadwinners". The law adopted at the fourth session of the USSR Supreme Soviet of the VII convocation, that is, the law on the pension provision of collective farmers, entered into force on January 1, 1965. According to this law, more than 380,000 rural workers began to receive pensions. The expenses for these purposes amounted to 277 million soums in 1965 alone. The law on the provision of state pensions for collective farmers was a new milestone in the development of the Soviet pension system[16].
The Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 3, 1971 "On measures to further improve the pension provision of collective farmers" was adopted, and the rural workers accepted this decree in a cheerful spirit. With the entry into force of the decree, the pension of 600,000 collective farmers in the Republic increased by 80%[17]. Also, the adoption of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 3, 1971 "On increasing the minimum amount of old-age pension for workers and servants" made it possible to increase the amount of pensions for collective farm pensioners. The annual pension for one collective farmer reached 296 soums. However, as in the Republic, in some districts of the Khorezm region, laxity was allowed in the process of assigning pensions. In particular, because the employees of the social security department of Gurlan district were not familiar with the laws on the appointment of pensions, it was the reason that the pensions of collective farmers in some collective farms were not appointed on time[18].
The transition of the country's economy to the order of market relations necessitated a review and deeper reform of the pension provision sector. In this regard, on May 15, 1990, the law "On Social Security of Citizens in the USSR" was adopted, and this process started the third stage of pension reform. Article 131 of this law defines the conditions and norms of pension provision for workers, collective farm members and other categories of workers. At this stage, new systems such as a pension fund, insurance, social pensions, and income indexation appeared and began to be implemented[19].
MUHOKAMA (ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ / DISCUSSION)
Between 1945 and 1991, despite the number of laws and regulatory documents adopted in the field of pension provision in the villages of Khorezm region, the material condition of ordinary working people did not improve. The implemented reforms are expressed only in lofty, dry and false figures. Although the adopted normative legal documents on pension provision stipulate equality for all, this law was not reflected in practical life. The saddest thing is that between 1945 and 1991, in the villages of Khorezm region, despite the adoption of several laws and decisions on pension provision of the government, there were cases of violations of the law and protests regarding pension provision. The sad aspect is that in 1956-1957, during the inspection carried out by the regional social security department, the branches and communication offices of Khanka district and Mangit district, Kalinin communication agency illegally withheld 2-3 rubles during the delivery of pensions to pensioners' homes. cases have been identified[20]. In addition, based on the decision of the management apparatus of the UZSSR dated March 20, 1961, there were cases of opposition from the chairmen, who were considered local leaders, in the implementation of the activities of inter-kolkhoz pension assignment commissions and the assignment of pensions to collective farmers. As a result, there were protests in a number of districts and villages of Khorezm region regarding the appointment of pension[21].
Such problems exist in many district villages of Khorezm region, and the most regrettable is that in 1963, as a result of the inspection conducted by the Regional Control Committee, there were cases of embezzlement of pension funds during the delivery of pensions to the owners. For example, the head of the communications department of Yangariq district embezzled 161 soums of pension funds for his personal interests. Due to the fault of the Social Security Department and communication staff, the pension money was not delivered to the owners.[22] As of January 1, 1965, according to the new law on pensions, there were confusions in the registration of pension documents and the appointment of pensions in the Kuybyshev collective farm, Lenin collective farm, Pravda and Kommunizm collective farms in the Gurlan district. As a result of re-inspections, it was found that 231 pensioners receive 12 soums for their pension, and in fact, it was known that these pensioners should receive an average of 45 soums[23].
There are also differences in the retirement age in the cities and villages of the region, and until 1967 collective farmers were retired 5 years later than city workers. According to the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted in September 1967, both collective farmers and workers-servants had the opportunity to retire at the same age. Thus, men at the age of 60 and women at the age of 55 had the opportunity to receive a collective farm pension[24].
XULOSA (ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ / CONCLUSIONS) To sum up, in the 40s and 90s of the 20th century, although the Soviet state implemented a number of social measures to improve the social condition of rural workers, elements of stagnation and poverty remained in the social life of the
villages of the Uzbek SSR. As in other allied republics, provision of pensions to the citizens of the Uzbekistan SSR, including the Khorezm region, was, of course, one of the priorities of the state policy. The importance of this direction is confirmed by the data on the expenses allocated for pension provision in the USSR. During this period, in the villages of Khorezm region, there are also serious deficiencies in the work related to pension provision, including cases of delay in the provision of pensions to collective farmers, and cases of non-delivery of pension money on time. The list of pensioners in collective farms was not formed on time, and the formalization of their documents was delayed. In 1990-1991, the transition of the country's economy to the order of market relations required a review of the pension provision sector and a deeper reform.
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