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PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY STUDENTS WHILE
LEARNING ENGLISH SPEAKING
Jamilova Shahlo Fazliddin kizi English teacher of Kashkadarya Law College, shahlo.jamilova.92@mail.ru
Annotatsiya. Nutq samarali muloqot vositasi sifatida rivojlantirish va mustahkamlash uchun eng muhim ko'nikmalardan biridir. Nutq til o'rganishning eng qiyin jihatlaridan biridir. Ko'pgina til o'rganuvchilar o'z fikrlarini og'zaki ifoda etishda qiyinchiliklarga duch kelishadi. Odatda ular o'zlarini samarali ifoda etish uchun chet tilidan foydalanishda muammolarga duch kelishadi. Psixologik to'siqlarga duch kelgani yoki kerakli so'z va iboralarni topa olmagani uchun ular gapirishni to'xtatadilar. Ommaviy axborot vositalari va ommaviy kommunikatsiyalarning zamonaviy dunyosi og'zaki ingliz tilini yaxshi bilishni talab qiladi. Ushbu maqola til o'rganuvchilarning ingliz tilida so'zlash qobiliyatiga ta'sir qiluvchi omillarga e'tibor qaratish zarurligini aniqlashga qaratilgan. Ushbu sharh maqolasida nutq, nutqning ahamiyati, nutq qobiliyatining xususiyatlari, nutq muammolari va nutq qobiliyatiga ta'sir qiluvchi omillar bo'yicha bir qator tadqiqotlar ko'rib chiqiladi. Adabiyotlarni o'rganish natijalariga ko'ra, to'g'ri nutq ko'rsatmalari talabalar uchun ustuvor vazifa va ular ko'proq e'tibor talab qiladigan soha ekanligi aniqlandi. Ushbu tadqiqot o'qituvchilar va tadqiqotchilar uchun ingliz tilini o'qitish va o'rganish kontekstida til o'rganuvchilarning nutq ehtiyojlarini hisobga olish uchun foydali bo'lishi mumkin.
Аннотация. Разговорная речь является одним из наиболее важных навыков, которые необходимо развивать и укреплять как средство эффективного общения. Устная речь - один из самых сложных аспектов изучения языка. Многие изучающие язык испытывают трудности с устным выражением своих мыслей. У них обычно возникают проблемы с использованием иностранного языка для эффективного самовыражения. Они перестают говорить, потому что сталкиваются с психологическими препятствиями или потому, что не могут найти нужные слова и фразы. Современный мир средств массовой информации и массовой коммуникации требует хорошего владения разговорным английским языком. Целью данной статьи является определение необходимости сосредоточить внимание на факторах, влияющих на способность изучающих язык говорить по-английски. В этой обзорной статье рассматривается комплекс исследований речи, ее важности, характеристик речевых способностей, речевых проблем и факторов, влияющих на речевые способности. На основании обзора литературы было установлено, что правильное обучение разговорной речи является приоритетом для студентов и областью, где им требуется больше внимания. Это исследование может быть полезно преподавателям и исследователям для рассмотрения дискурсивных потребностей, изучающих язык в контексте преподавания и изучения английского языка.
Annotation. Speaking is one of the most important skills to develop and strengthen as a means of effective communication. Speaking is one of the most difficult aspects of language learning. Many language learners have difficulty expressing themselves verbally. They usually have problems using a foreign language to express themselves effectively. They stop talking because they face psychological obstacles or because they cannot find the right words and phrases. The modern world of mass media and mass communication requires a good command of spoken English. This paper aims to determine the need to focus on the factors that affect language learners' English-speaking ability. This review article reviews a body of research on speech, the importance of speech, characteristics of speaking ability, speech problems, and
factors affecting speaking ability. Based on the literature review, it was found that appropriate speaking instruction is a priority for students and an area where they need more attention. This study may be useful for teachers and researchers to consider the discourse needs of language learners in the context of English language teaching and learning.
Kalit so'zlar: nutq, ahamiyat, xususiyatlar, muammolar, omillar, diskurs.
Ключевые слова: речь, важность, характеристики, проблемы, факторы, дискурс.
Keywords: speaking, importance, characteristics, problems, factors, discourse.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, speaking is mainly related to the use of this language in communication. The frequency of language use determines the success of speaking skills. In other words, without practice, it will be difficult to speak English fluently. One of the languages that is English has become an important language of communication. It is used all over the world by people with different languages. People use it to communicate in many fields of activity like campus, business, sports, tourism, transportation, international relations. That's why learning English is so important. This is due to the highly competitive era of globalization. Students are expected to master four language skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing. One of the skills that are speaking skill. Skill seems intuitively the most important. (Richard and Renandya, 2002; 210)
Speaking is one of the central elements of communication. Communication is verbal, written and gestural. It should be recognized that the most used form of communication is oral speech. Communication is not good without speaking, and it is an important way for speakers to express themselves through language. It can be monologues, speeches, stories, short conversations or reading aloud. The teacher should prepare himself to make the students more active in the classroom. A teacher must know how to make students speak in class. To achieve this, the teacher should use one of the methods in the teaching process - the completion of the story. In addition, the teacher should give clear direction in each task and make students more concerned.
Definition of speaking
There are many definitions of the word "speaking" proposed by researchers in language learning. In Webster's New World Dictionary, speech is to speak, to communicate by speaking, to plead, and to speak (Nunan, 1995). According to Chaney (1998), discourse is the process of creating and sharing meaning through the use of verbal and non-verbal cues in various contexts. Brown (1994) and Burns and Joyce (1997) defined discourse as an interactive process of meaning-making that involves the production, reception and processing of information. Bygate (1987) defined speech as the production of auditory signals to elicit different verbal responses in listeners. It systematically combines sounds to form meaningful sentences. Eckard and Kearney (1981), Florez (1999), Howarth (2001) and Abd El Fattah Torky (2006) defined discourse as a two-way process involving the actual communication of ideas, information or feelings. This top-down view sees spoken texts as collaborations between two or more individuals in a shared time and shared context.
Problems in Speaking Performance
The ability to speak a second or foreign language is difficult for students because speaking a foreign language like English requires more than knowing grammar, but also using English in real contexts. Khairiye (2006) stated that speech is the choice of words and sentences according to the right social environment, audience, situation and topic. Becoming a fluent speaker requires a lot of knowledge about the language itself and how it is used in real life communication. Speech problems are some problems that cause a person to lose the ability to speak. According to Doris and Jessica (2007), language problems are indeed one of the important causes of poor academic performance.
These problems can prevent students from increasing and improving their speaking skills. The reasons why students have problems in their speech are their poor grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation. These problems are related to linguistic problems. Other problems that can be a barrier for students to become proficient in English are psychological problems. Xinghua (2007) states that psychological problems are often problems that interfere with your emotional and physical health, relationships, work productivity, or life adjustment, such as irritability, self-doubt, and fear of speaking up. These problems can affect students' speaking performance. Khan (2005) states in his study that some of his participants had psychological problems with their speech. It emphasizes that psychological problems also affect students' speaking skills.
Linguistics problems
Linguistics is the scientific study of language, including the study of language structure (grammar), words, and phonology. According to Spolsky & Hult (2008), linguistics generally includes detailed knowledge of vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. Linguistic problems are problems that impair students' speaking ability. There are some linguistic problems such as poor grammar, lack of vocabulary and pronunciation. Richards (2008) states that there are some common problems in learners' speaking. These problems are:
a. lack of vocabulary needed to speak
b. weak in grammar
c. bad pronunciation.
Vocabulary
Vocabulary is an individual word or a set of words which have specific meaning. Kamil and Hiebert (2005) state that generally, vocabulary is the knowledge of meanings of words. The words come in at least two forms; oral and print. Oral vocabulary mis the set of words for which we know the meanings when we speak or read orally. While print vocabulary consists of those words for which the meaning is known when we write or read silently.
The problems of vocabularies occur when someone is lack of vocabulary needed to talk and does not know how combine the vocabularies into a good sentence. Khan (2005) once again states that the numbers of students who learn English as a foreign language have difficulties to use word and expression to speak. In addition, Doris and Jessica (2007) also state that in the real communication, nobody paid much attention to the correct grammar expression, but emphasized the content and how to reply. Students are clearly know what they are going to say in the source language, but when they have to switch the language itself into the target language such as English, they often get confuse to combine and use the proper vocabularies needed.
Grammar
Grammar is the study of how sentences are structured and formatted, and learning proper grammar can be considered a bit of a chore when it's really worth the time and effort. If students do not know the rules of grammar, they will never be able to use English effectively.According to Celce-murcia (2001), grammar becomes more difficult because students do not learn structures at the same time. Even the students seem to have mastered certain structures; when a new form is introduced into the students' mutual language, there are frequent cases of backsliding. For example, a learner who has mastered the third singular in the present tense may overgeneralize the rule and apply it to the newly formed modal verb, resulting in errors such as "she can speak English". These mistakes can occur when students speak because they have not mastered English grammar.
Pronunciation
English has become a language that connects people all over the world. Second or foreign language learners are also expected to speak English as naturally as native speakers. According to Hinkel (2005: 491), the second language learner must learn the individual characteristics of
the sound of the new language. In addition, it is good for students to be able to speak naturally like a native speaker.According to Burns (2003), it is more important that the English speakers can achieve:
1. Intelligibility (the spekers produces sound patterns that are recognisable as English)
2. Comprehensibility (the listener is able to understand the meaning of what is said)
3. Interpretability (the listener is able to understand the purpose of what is said)
For example, a speaker might say It's hot today as Is ho day. This is unlikely to be intelligible because of innaccurate sounds, stress, and patterns. As a result, a listener would not find the speaker comprehensible, because the meaning is not available. Clear communication is essential in communication. The various features that make up the production of sounds in English are:
1. Supresegmental features (Burns, 2003) : linking, intonation, and word stress.
2. Segmental features : phonemes; consonant and vowel sounds.
Pronunciation is as important as any other aspects of foreign language learning like syntax or vocabulary. Correct pronunciation is very necessary to develop speaking skill. Pronunciation also has close connections to the other fields such as listening and even grammar. Once a person can pronounce correctly the endings of the words, for example, he can, at the same time give grammatical information. Psychological problems
Psychology is the science or discipline that studies the thought processes and behavior of humans and other animals as they interact with their environment. Psychological problems are often problems that interfere with emotional or physical health. These psychological problems can negatively affect the student's speaking ability. Lack of Self-Confidence
Over a quarter of a million people in this world have problems towards their confidence. Self-confidence is knowing that we have the capacity to something good and being positive thinking. According to Elliot (1998:29), concept of self-confidence relates to self-assuredness in one's personal judgement, ability, power, etc, sometimes manifested excessively. Good self-condfidence comes from a focus on the self (self-consciousness).
Lack of self-confidence can be made-up of several different aspect such as guilty feeling, shy turned inward, unrealistic expectations of perfection, false sense of humility, fear of change or making mistake, depression, etc. Depression can actually be a result of a lack of selfconfidence.
Here are some of the characteristics of lack self-confidence:
a. A major confidence crisis
b. A lack of faith in themselves to take on new challenges
c. Difficulty of being assertive
d. Fear of confrontation
e. An extremely low opinion on themselves
f. Difficulty in one area such as speaking in social group
g. Social phobia.
Lack of self-confidence may bring the students into a threat of believing that they are not going to be a good English speaker. This lack of self-confidence also becomes a great problem which affect students' speaking performance. It is difficult for the students to master English speaking if they are not confident with their own speaking ability.
REFERENCES
1. Richard & Renandya. (2002). Methodology In Language Teaching An Anthology of Current Practice. Cambridge: University Press.p.210.
2. Nunan, D. (1995). Language Teaching Methodology: A Textbook for Teachers. NY: Phoenix Ltd., p. 593Simpson, J.M. 2000. Practice Multiple Intelligences in EFL Class. TESOL Journal. Creative Classroom Practice. New York: Longman.
3. Hinkel, Eli. 2005. Handbook of Research in Secong Language Teaching and Learning. London: Seattle University.
4. Celce-murcia. 2001. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. United State of America: Heinle & Heinle.
5. Khan. 2005. Language in India. available at: www.languageinindia.com. Viewed on: 15th November 2014.
6. Richards, J.C. and W.A. Renandya. 2002. Methodology in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Xinghua. 2007. Psychological Problems of Middle-School Students in English
