PRO-VERBS AND PRO-SENTENCES IN MODERN MONGOLIAN Текст научной статьи по специальности «Языкознание и литературоведение»

A UNIVERSUM:

№ 9 (123)_филология и искусствоведение_сентябрь, 2024 г.

LANGUAGES OF THE PEOPLE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES OF EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, NATIVES OF AMERICA AND AUSTRALIA (WITH INSTRUCTIONS OF CONCRETE LANGUAGE OR A LANGUAGE FAMILY)

DOI - 10.32743/UniPhil.2024.123.9.18220

PRO-VERBS AND PRO-SENTENCES IN MODERN MONGOLIAN

Enkhjargal Dagvasumberel

Ph.D, Associate professor National University of Mongolia, School of Arts and Sciences Division of Humanities, Department of European Studies,

Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar E-mail: enjee2011@num.edu.mn

"PRO-VERB" И "PRO-SENTENCE" СОВРЕМЕННОГО МОНГОЛЬСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

Дагвасумбэрэл Энхжаргал

Ph.D, доцент,

Монгольский Государственный университет, Факультет искусств и наук Отделение гуманитарных наук, Кафедра европейских исследований, Монголия, г. Улан-Батор

ABSTRACT

The article considers pro-verbs and pro-sentences of the modern Mongolian language. Many scientists have devoted their research to studying the pronouns of the modern Mongolian language at the sentence level. Pro-forms were not studied enough at the sentence and discourse levels. In the first part, the pro-verbs in sentences of the modern Mongolian language are explained. We argue that positive and negative modal particles in modern Mongolian could be used as proverbs. In the second part, we consider that modern Mongolian particles, nouns, verbs, and adverbs could be utilized as pro-sentences at the discourse level. All examples were taken from modern Mongolian literature and dramas. Finally, the conclusion is made.

АННОТАЦИЯ

В данной статье рассматриваются "pro-verb" и "pro-sentence" современного монгольского языка. Исследования многих учёных были посвящены изучению местоимения современного монгольского языка на уровне предложения. Про-формы недостаточно были изучены на уровне предложения и дискурса. В первой части объясняется "pro-verb" современного монгольского языка в предложениях. Мы утверждаем, что положительные и отрицательные модальные частицы современного монгольского языка могут использоваться в качестве "pro-verb" в предложениях. Во второй части обсуждается "pro-sentence" в современном монгольском языке. Мы считаем, что частицы, существительные, глаголы, наречия современного монгольского языка могут использоваться в качестве "pro-sentence" на уровне дискурса. Все примеры были взяты из современной монгольской художественной литературы и драм. В заключение делается вывод.

Keywords: modal particle, pro-verb, pro-sentence, noun, verb, adverb.

Ключевые слова: модальная частица, pro-verb, pro-sentence, существительное, глагол, наречие.

Introduction

The present paper aims to describe the types of proverbs and pro-sentences in modern Mongolian. Pro-forms were defined by scholars Halliday M. [8], Schachter P. [16], Deborah S. [6], Bernini G. a Ramat P. [9], Schachter P. and Shopen T. [16], Tallerman M. [19] and many others. The term pro-form is a cover term for several closed classes of words which, under certain circumstances, are used as substitutes for words

belonging to open courses, or for larger constituents. There are many pro-forms, namely: pronouns, prosentences, pro-clauses, pro-verbs, pro-adjectives, proadverbs, and interrogative pro-forms in general linguistics. Pro-verbs, pro-adjectives, and pro-adverbs are words that substitute for verbs (or verb phrases), adjectives (or adjective phrases), and adverbs (or adverb phrases) respectively.

Библиографическое описание: Dagvasumberel E. PRO-VERBS AND PRO-SENTENCES IN MODERN MONGOLIAN // Universum: филология и искусствоведение : электрон. научн. журн. 2024. 9(123). URL:

https://7universum.com/ru/philology/archive/item/18220

Research method. The present study adopted a library research method and utilized a qualitative method for data collection.

1. PRO-VERBS IN MODERN MONGOLIAN

Pro-verbs are discussed by Schachter [17] that the italicized words of sentences like (1) should be identified as pro-predicates:

(1) Jack fell down, but Jill didn't

Jill isn't crying, but Jack is

M. Halliday [8, p.125] studied English pro-verbs and argued that "The only members of the class of 'proverb' are do and happen. These stand for any unidentified or unspecified process, do for actions, and happen for events (or for actions encoded receptively in some kind of passive form)".

According to our research, modern Mongolian has rich pro-verbs. For example, modal particles such as yum, mon, suu, bilee, alga, uguj, and bis could be used as pro-verbs in sentences. Modern Mongolian has an SOV sentence structure. We consider that positive and negative modal particles in modern Mongolian could substitute for verbs in sentences and the sentences have a "SO+particle" structure.

1.1. Positive modal particles as pro-verbs in modern Mongolian

Modal particle "mm" (yum)

The word "yum" was defined as a "complement particle" [18, p.143,158], a copular particle [4, p.36], a particle with the meaning of becoming a perfect article, materializing a feature, or indicating a certain probability of truth [3, p. 153], a confirmative modal word [2, p. 93; 20, p. 37] and a modal particle [10, p. 337]. According to previous studies the particle "yum" is used after verbs in sentences and expresses confirmative meaning. We argue that "yum" could be used instead of sentence verbs.

"SO+yum" structure ("yum" as a pro-verb)

We argue that "yum" could be used instead of the verb "be" (bolox) and it could be a pro-verb in a sentence. For example,

(2) Mongolian. Ene unen ug yum. Literally. This word true MOD.PRTCL English. That is the truth! [10, p. 337]

Modal Particle "mon"

The particle "mon" was defined by scholars as a complement particle [18, p. 143, 158], a modal word [22, p. 140, 2, p. 75], a modal particle [10, p. 338], and so on. According to our research, the particle "mon" is used instead of a verb (baix, bolox) and means confirmation. The example was taken from Kullmann R. & Tserenpil D. [10, p. 338].

SO+ mon (as a pro-verb)

(3) Mongolian. Ene minij nom mon. Literally. This my book MOD.PRTCL English. This is my book!

S

NP VP

Dei NP MOD.PRTCL

1 A I

Ene minij nom mon.

Modal particle "suu"

Scholars studied the features of the meaning of the word "suu". They defined this particle as a confirmative particle [11, p. 111], a sentence particle [18, p. 125], a modal particle [21, p. 170), a modal particle [10, p. 335], an adherent [5, p. 30] and so on. We count that the modal particle "suu" (myy) could be used as a confirmative particle and pro-verb in sentences. For example,

SOV+ suu (as a particle)

(4) Mongolian. Ter mongol xel meddeg suu.

Literally. He Mongolian language knowPRES:3

PRTCL

English. He knows Mongolian, I know. [10, p. 335]

SO+ suu (as a pro-verb)

(5) Mongolian. Maanag er suu.

Literally. Stupid man PRTCL

English. He is a stupid man, I know. [28, p.189)

S

A N MOD.PRTCL

Maanag er suu. (pro-verb)

In this case, we suggest that suu is used instead of verbs 6aux (be) and 6omx (become) in sentences. However, the verbs can not express the whole sentence's meaning. Although it seems like a pro-verb, we can not explain the sentence's meaning at the sentential level, so we suggest that suu is formally used as a pro-verb. Still, it semantically expresses confirmative meaning at the discourse level. In other words, the modal particle suu in modern Mongolian formally could substitute for verbs, semantically it substitutes for sentences.

(6) Mongolian. Ene minij nom. Literally. This my book English. This is my book.

If we use suu, this will be

(7) Mongolian. Ene minij nom suu. Literally. This my book MOD.PRTCL English. This is my book, you know!

In this case, suu has a confirmative meaning and is used as a pro-sentence.

№ 9(123)

Modal Particle "bilee" as a pro-verb

'Bilee' is defined by scholars as a defective verb [12, p.353, 18, p.141), a copular particle [4, p.36], a modal particle [10, p. 338] and a confirmative modal word [2, p. 93]. We argue that the particle "bilee" could be used instead of the verb in a sentence structure. SO+bilee (bilee as a pro-verb) (8) Mongolian. Tûûnij exner ix uxaantaj xûn bilee. Literally. His wife is a knowledgeable person MOD.PRTCPL

English. Oh, yes, his wife is a very intelligent

person.

S

VP

\ NP MOD.PRTCL

Li A

Tiiunij exner ix uxaantaj xun bilee. (pro-verb)

1.2. Negative modal particles as pro-verbs in modern Mongolian

Negative modal particles as negative pro-verbs in modern Mongolian were considered by Enkhjargal D. [7, p. 87-93] in an article, titled "Sentential negative markers as pro-forms of negative sentences in modern Mongolian". We suggest that "alga", "bis", and "uguj could be pro-verbs, which are used instead of verbs in negative sentences.

Negative modal particle "alga" as a negative pro-verb

John Street [18, p.63] named "alga" as a copular particle and determined its meaning. In his opinion "alga" means 'is/was not there/here' or there is/was no.

SO+Neg= SO+alga

We consider that "alga" could be used instead of the verb "bajxguj" (doesn't exist, is not). In this case "alga" could be used in sentences of the type: SO+Neg=SO+alga; alga=is not

(9) Mongolian. Bags angid alga.

Literally. Teacher classroom: LOC. NEG.

English. The teacher is not in the classroom.

Negative modal particle 'bis' as a negative pro-verb

"Bis" could be used instead of verbs and it negates sentences. bis=is not. It has the type SO+pro-verb"= SO +bis. For example,

(10) Mongolian. Bi bags bis, oyutan bajna. Literally. I teacher NEG, student be: PRES:1SG English. 'I am not a teacher, I am a student.

Negative modal particle 'uguj' as a negative pro-verb

We suggest that "uguj" could be used instead of verbs. SO+Neg=SO + uguj (uguj=is not, doesn't exist) The example was taken from Enkhjargal D. [7, p. 90]

сентябрь, 2024 г.

(11) Mongolian. Conos ug Xumka ugend uguj.

Literally. Chonos word Humka word Neg.

English. 'There is no Chonos word in Humka

vocabulary.'

2. PRO-SENTENCES IN MODERN MONGOLIAN

Pro-sentences are words like English yes and no, which are used in answering questions, and which are understood as equivalent to affirmative and negative sentences respectively. [16, p.24]. For example, in responding to "Is it raining?", "Yes" is equivalent to "It's raining" and "No" is to "It isn't raining".

In some languages, the words used as pro-sentences meaning 'yes' or 'no' can be used as pro-clauses. Giuliano Bernini & Paola Ramat [9, p. 89] consider that the expressions 'yes', and 'no' are also called prosentences, in that they represent an entire sentence with the same propositional content as the utterance in the preceding context. In their opinion 'No' represents a whole sentence. For example:

English. A.Have you seen John? - B. No (=I haven't seen John)

Italian. A. Hai visto Giovanni- B. No (=Non ho visto Giovanni)

The languages of Europe that make use of prosentences are in the majority and are precisely the following: Basque; Breton; Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, French, Provençal, Italian, Rhaeto-Romansh, Friulian, Rumanian; German, Dutch, Frisian, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, English; Albanian; Modern Greek; Latvian, Lithuanian; Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Czech, Slovak, Polish, Belorussian, Ukrainian, Russian; Hungarian; Maltese. [9, p. 91]. For example:

Spanish. Has Visto a Juan? — No.

Basque. Ikus-i du^u Jon? -E%.

See-PFP AUX John? NEG

Czech. Videl jsi Jana? -Ne.

Saw: 2SG John-Acc. NEG

Hungarian. Lâttad John-t? -Nem.

Saw: 2SG John-Acc. NEG

Russian. Ты видел Ивана? -Нет. and so on.

Mongolist Luvsanvandan Sh. [11, 172-173] argued that the words "tijm, tegne, uguj, bis " (yes, no) in modern Mongolian can be used instead of sentences. He named the following sentences as sentence words.

(12) Q: Mongolian. Ta ônôô oroj manajd ocix uu?

Literally. You today evening our home: DAT

come: FUT?

English. "Will you come to us this evening?"

A: Mongolian. - Tegnee. (Bi ônôô oroj tanajd ocno.)

Literally. -Yes. (I today evening your home: DAT come: FUT)

English. -Yes. (I will come to you this evening)

(13) Q: - Ta ônôô oroj manajd ocix uu?

You today evening our home: DAT come: FUT?

"Will you come to us this evening?"

A: -No. (Bi ônôô oroj tanajd ocixguj.)

-No. (I today evening your home: DAT come:FUT: Neg)

-No. (I will not come to you this evening.)

Mongolists [20, p. 264;1, p. 278] defined the answers "Yes" and "No" as an improper interjectional sentence. Because the main characteristic of dialect words-sentences is manifested at the level of speech and in the scope of the message, it may have aspects unique to the nation and the social group that speaks the language and may have many versions. In other words, there are dialect words-sentences that only Mongolians speak.

Ochra Utash [14, p.97] examines Halimag language sentences and sentences of single words or inseparable compounds, such as Xudal. (Lie). Uguj. (No). Tijm. (Yes). Tijm bis. (Not so). Xeregtej (Needed). Xeregtej bis. (Not necessary). Doloon uul. (Seven Mountains). Duraaraa bol. (At will). Conyn amand orson sagaj. (An ankle in the wolfs mouth). Cuu! (Chuck!), Hoz (Go!), Haj (Go!), (Greetings from warm heart!), Bajartaj (Bye!) states that such sentences mean affirming, denying, questioning, warning, doubting, wondering, and expressing feelings.

Tumurtogoo D. and others [20, p. 264] called words such as Za (Ok), uguj (No), mon (be), bis (not), Tijm (yes), Zujtej (right), Xudlaa (false), Zov (right), Buruu (wrong), Neeree (really), Magadguj (maybe), Bolzosguj (perhaps), asguj (quite good) as particle-sentences.

2.1. Modal particles as pro-sentences

Enkhjargal D. [7, p. 91] suggests that the answers representing sentences in the context could be prosentences. The answer "Yes" represents whole sentences in these sentences at the discourse level. We consider that the modal particles Tijm (Yes), Magadguj (Maybe), Zugeer (Ok), Xeregguj (Don't need), Mon (confirm that) could substitute for sentences at the discourse level. For example,

(14). Q. Mongolian. Ci gerijnxee xoolyg xijdeg yum uu?

Literally. You home meal do Mod.PRTCL?

English. Do you cook for your family?

A. Mongolian. -Tijm. (=Yes, I cook for my family. )

Literally. Yes.

English. Yes. = I cook for my family. [23, p.80 ]

(15). Q. Mongolian. Tegvel xuleesen huntej biz dee.

Literally. Then wait PAST person: COM

MOD.PRTCL

English. Then there is someone waiting, right?

A. Mongolian. Magadguj.

Literally. Maybe.

English. Maybe. [ 27, p.185]

(16). Q. Mongolian. Evguj yum xelsen baijval uuclaaraj.

Literally. Uncomfortable things say:PAST be: DET.SUFFIX sorry.

English. I'm sorry if I said something uncomfortable.

A. Mongolian. Zugeer.

Literally. Ok.

English. It's fine. [27, p. 232]

(17). Q. Mongolian. Bi tsaas ni battaj, barimttaj yum zondoo sonsson.

Literally. I also MOD. solid, factual thing many heard: PAST

English. I also heard a lot of solid and factual

things.

A. Mongolian. Xeregguj. Literally. Needless. English. I don't need it. [31, p.24]

(18). Q. Mongolian. Dorlig doktorijnx gedeg ajl mon uu?

Literally. Dorlig doktor: GEN.POSS. call:PRES family be PRTCL?

English. Is Dorlig the doctor's family? A. Mongolian. Mon. Mon. Literally. Yes. Yes. English. I confirm. [31, p. 29]

2.2. Nouns as pro-sentences

In this part, we consider that nouns could be used as pro-sentences at the discourse level. In the following dialogues, nouns are used as answers and the answers represent the whole sentence. For example,

(19). Q: Mongolian. Chi tegwelyunaas ix aidag ve? ... Literally. You then what: ABL much afraid? English. What are you afraid of?

A: Mongolian. -Xulganaas (=Bi xulganaas aidag.) Literally. MouseABL

English. Of mouse. (I am afraid of a mouse.) [23, p.82]

In this dialogue, the noun formed by the ablative case "xulganaas" represents the sentence "I am afraid of mice".

(20). Q: Mongolian. Ciyagaad oroitoo ve? Literally. You why late?

English. Why are you late? A: Mongolian. Aziltaj. (I have a work) Literally. Work COM English. I have work. [27, p. 236] "Aziltaj" is a noun, which is formed by comitative case and the noun represents a sentence "I have work,

(21). Q: Mongolian. Tegvel camd hijz chaddaggui xool gej baina uu?

Literally. So that you DAT do DET.SUF can: PRES.NEG meal that be PRES?

English. So is there any food you can't cook? A: Mongolian. Tsuivan. (I can't cook tsuivan) Literally. Tsuivan. English. Tsuivan. [23, p. 80]

(22). Q: Mongolian. Udax uu gej Elma asuuv. Literally. Stay long QUES that Elma ask: PAST. Elma asked if he would stay a long time.

A: Mongolian. Gurvan sar. Literally. 3 month English. Three months. [29, p. 179]

2.3.Verbs as pro-sentences

We suggest modern Mongolian verbs could be used as pro-sentences at the discourse level. For example,

(23) Q. Mongolian. Ci neg udaa xool xijz baixyg ni harsan uu?

Literally. You one time meal do: PRES see

PAST?

English. Did you see that he was cooking? A. Mongolian. Xaraaguj. Literally. See NEG. English. Did not see. [27, p.234]

№ 9(123)

(24). Q. Mongolian. Emee maani nadtaj uulzsanaa ogt sanaxguj gez йй?

Literally. Grandmother my iCOM. See: PAST never remember: NEG.PRTCL

English. Will my grandmother not remember meeting me at all?

А. Mongolian. -Sanaxguj ee. Literally. Remember: NEG English. She will not remember. (32, p.94)

(25). Q. Mongolian. Camd egc bajdagggUjyum uu? Literally. YouDAT sister bePRES.NEG

MOD.PRTCL?

English. Don't you have a sister? A. Mongolian. BaixgUj. Literally. beNEG English. I don't have. [23, p.79]

(26). Q. Mongolian. Oor ci yu xijdeg ve gertee? Literally. Else you what doPRES QUEST

home at?

English. What else do you do at home? A. Mongolian. Xool xijne. Literally. Meal do: PRES English. I cook. [23, p.80]

(27) Q. Mongolian. Ci baaz deerees irev йй? Literally. You camp: ABL come: PAST. PRTCL? English. Did you come from the camp?

A. Mongolian. Teglee.

Literally. Yes. Do: PAST. English. Yes. I did. [26, p.515]

(28) Q. Mongolian. Ci ogloo dajraad irne йй? Literally. You morning come over PRTCL? English. Will you come over in the morning?

A. Mongolian. Tegeye l dee.

Literally. Yes. MOD.PRTCL English. Yes. Of course. [24, p. 97]

(29). Q. Mongolian. Tuvaanij хйтйй&' Dasdorz ovoog bariadyavcixsan uu gez Sondorijg asuuxad:

Literally. Tuvaan:GEN person:NOM:PL Dashdorj grandpa:ACC take:PAST PRTCL that Sondor: ACC ask:DET:DAT

English. When Sondor asked if the people of Tuvaan had taken Grandpa Dashdorj away. A. Mongolian. Tegseen. Literally. Did. English. Yes. [32, p.234 ]

сентябрь, 2024 г.

2.4. Adverbs as pro-sentences

We also consider that modern Mongolian adverbs could be used as pro-sentences at the discourse level. For example,

(30). Q. Mongolian. Tegvel camajg xaaya zagnadag uu?

Literally. Then you: ACC sometimes scold: PRES3PRTCL?

English. So do you get scolded sometimes?

A. Mongolian. Xaaya, zarimdaa.

Literally. Sometimes, occasionally.

English. Sometimes, occasionally. [23, p.81]

(31) Q. Mongolian. Ger baraagaa xйleegeed avcixsan biz dee?

Literally. Yurt goods receive: PAST Mod.PRTCL?

English. You received your yurt and goods, right?

A. Mongolian. Zin tan. (ready.)

Literally. Exactly.

English. Ready. [26, p.515]

(33). Q. Mongolian. Sajn bajna uu xuUx ee?

Literally. Good be: PRES PRTCL child PRTCL?

English. How are you, son?

A. Mongolian. Sajn.

Literally. Well.

English. Well. [25, p.23]

(34) Q. Mongolian. Xaana ni tsoxiv?

Literally. Where MODIF. hit: PAST?

English. Where did it hit?

A. Mongolian. Deerees ni.

Literally. Above: ABL MODIF.

English. From above. [30, p. 35]

Conclusion

This article discusses pro-verbs at the sentence level and pro-sentences at the discourse level in modern Mongolian. Examples of modern Mongolian language are taken from modern Mongolian literature. The following results were found.

• According to our research positive modal particles of modern Mongolian which have confirmative meanings 'yum', 'mon', 'sM', 'bilee' could be used as pro-verbs at the sentence level.

• Also negative modal particles 'alga', 'bis', 'uguj' substitute for negative verbs and could represent verbs at the sentence level.

• We suggest that modern Mongolian modal particles, nouns, verbs, and adverbs could be used as pro-sentences at the discourse level.

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