Научная статья на тему 'Природоохранный статус и трансграничный оборот балобана в Монголии'

Природоохранный статус и трансграничный оборот балобана в Монголии Текст научной статьи по специальности «Биологические науки»

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Ключевые слова
ХИЩНЫЕ ПТИЦЫ / ПЕРНАТЫЕ ХИЩНИКИ / БАЛОБАН / FALCO CHERRUG / BIRDS OF PREY / RAPTORS / SAKER FALCON

Аннотация научной статьи по биологическим наукам, автор научной работы — Сухчулуун

The Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) is a typical breeding species of Mongolia. Interest to the numbers of Saker Falcons in Mongolia was shown long. Kozlova (1930) mentioned about high numbers of Sakers in Southern and South-Western Khangai. Sushkin (1938) stated that the Sakers are not un-common birds in Western Mongolia. Mongolian ornithologists started to pay special attention to the numbers of Sakers in Mongolia since 1960-s. D. Erdendagva carried out a preliminary survey of Sakers in Southern Khangai in summer 1963. According to his data on 160 km route where he recorded 2 falcons on 1 km of route. In 1965 in Eastern Khangai, where Shagdarsuren et al. (2001) recorded 10 falcons along 30 km of survey route. If compared to the previous data, the numbers were lower here. They also repeated the counts in Arvaikeer in South-Eastern Khangai, where the numbers were higher as on one km of route they counted 1 falcon. According to Ellis & Tsengeg (1997) data in the breeding season in the Altai Mountain they saw 2 individuals per 30 km of survey route, in Khangai 6 individuals per 30 km of route, and Mongolian-Daurian steppes 2 individuals per 30 km of survey route. However in August along trunk road Ulaanbaatar Bayankhongor along 600 km route the authors counted 320 falcons or 16 individuals per 30 km of route. In 1998-2000 within an agreement between the Ministry of Nature and Environment, Mongolia and the National Avian Research Center, ERWDA, UAE a project aiming on counting the numbers of Saker Falcons has been carried out (Potapov et al., 1999a, b; Shijirmaa et al. 1999). Field teams have made repeated surveys of Saker Falcons in 5 study areas. The total area by the study areas is 16,947.5 km2, which is 1.1 % of all territory of Mongolia. The average breeding density of Sakers in control territories increased from 2.7 pairs per 1000 km2 in 1998 to 2.83 pairs per 1000 km2 in 1999, and then decreased to 2.1 pairs per 1000 km2 in 2000. Two control areas checked in 2000 had an decrease of the breeding density (from 8 to 7 breeding pairs and from 16 to 11) and decreased production rate (from 6.1 young from 1000 km2 in 1998 to 9.4 young from 1000km2 in 1999 and 5.8 young from 1000km2 in 2000). Estimate the population size of Sakers in Mongolia went up from 2823 pairs in 1998 to 2961 pairs in 1999 and down to 2220 pairs in 2000. The Sakers in Mongolia produced 6382 young in 1998, 9834 young in 1999 and 4450 in 2000. Following data of counts in 2002, about 6050 Sakers had already inhabited the all territory of Mongolia. And a total of 1000-1200 pairs were estimated to breed in Mongolia in 2003 (Fox et al., 2003). After 90-s the first legal and illegal groups of trappers were created in Mongolia. Legal groups of trappers received from the government the sanction to withdrawal sakers from the nature. Near 1000 Sakers were exported to Gulf States with legal permissions since 1993 to 2002, and the same number (or even probably more), was exported illegally. Only Saudi Arabia and Kuwait imported from Mongolia about 700 Sakers for that period. The permission to catch and export 300 Sakers at the price of 4600 $ for the bird was given out in 2002. The most part of falcons were female including northern migrants. Despite of a high share of caught migrating birds, the number of the Saker noticeably reduces especially in those regions where the press of catching is intensive. Thus the urgent measures need to protect and rational use the species. The following concern to such measures: Carry out counts and records of Saker nests in all administrative regions of the country and protect they; Prohibit the scattering of chemical poisons; Establish the system of struggle against illegal export; Erect artificial nests in the open territories; Establish a falcon center for breeding Sakers in captivity with their subsequent release in the nature in Mongolia.

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Conservation Status and Transboundary Trade of the Saker Falcon in Mongolia

The Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) is a typical breeding species of Mongolia. Interest to the numbers of Saker Falcons in Mongolia was shown long. Kozlova (1930) mentioned about high numbers of Sakers in Southern and South-Western Khangai. Sushkin (1938) stated that the Sakers are not un-common birds in Western Mongolia. Mongolian ornithologists started to pay special attention to the numbers of Sakers in Mongolia since 1960-s. D. Erdendagva carried out a preliminary survey of Sakers in Southern Khangai in summer 1963. According to his data on 160 km route where he recorded 2 falcons on 1 km of route. In 1965 in Eastern Khangai, where Shagdarsuren et al. (2001) recorded 10 falcons along 30 km of survey route. If compared to the previous data, the numbers were lower here. They also repeated the counts in Arvaikeer in South-Eastern Khangai, where the numbers were higher as on one km of route they counted 1 falcon. According to Ellis & Tsengeg (1997) data in the breeding season in the Altai Mountain they saw 2 individuals per 30 km of survey route, in Khangai 6 individuals per 30 km of route, and Mongolian-Daurian steppes 2 individuals per 30 km of survey route. However in August along trunk road Ulaanbaatar Bayankhongor along 600 km route the authors counted 320 falcons or 16 individuals per 30 km of route. In 1998-2000 within an agreement between the Ministry of Nature and Environment, Mongolia and the National Avian Research Center, ERWDA, UAE a project aiming on counting the numbers of Saker Falcons has been carried out (Potapov et al., 1999a, b; Shijirmaa et al. 1999). Field teams have made repeated surveys of Saker Falcons in 5 study areas. The total area by the study areas is 16,947.5 km2, which is 1.1 % of all territory of Mongolia. The average breeding density of Sakers in control territories increased from 2.7 pairs per 1000 km2 in 1998 to 2.83 pairs per 1000 km2 in 1999, and then decreased to 2.1 pairs per 1000 km2 in 2000. Two control areas checked in 2000 had an decrease of the breeding density (from 8 to 7 breeding pairs and from 16 to 11) and decreased production rate (from 6.1 young from 1000 km2 in 1998 to 9.4 young from 1000km2 in 1999 and 5.8 young from 1000km2 in 2000). Estimate the population size of Sakers in Mongolia went up from 2823 pairs in 1998 to 2961 pairs in 1999 and down to 2220 pairs in 2000. The Sakers in Mongolia produced 6382 young in 1998, 9834 young in 1999 and 4450 in 2000. Following data of counts in 2002, about 6050 Sakers had already inhabited the all territory of Mongolia. And a total of 1000-1200 pairs were estimated to breed in Mongolia in 2003 (Fox et al., 2003). After 90-s the first legal and illegal groups of trappers were created in Mongolia. Legal groups of trappers received from the government the sanction to withdrawal sakers from the nature. Near 1000 Sakers were exported to Gulf States with legal permissions since 1993 to 2002, and the same number (or even probably more), was exported illegally. Only Saudi Arabia and Kuwait imported from Mongolia about 700 Sakers for that period. The permission to catch and export 300 Sakers at the price of 4600 $ for the bird was given out in 2002. The most part of falcons were female including northern migrants. Despite of a high share of caught migrating birds, the number of the Saker noticeably reduces especially in those regions where the press of catching is intensive. Thus the urgent measures need to protect and rational use the species. The following concern to such measures: Carry out counts and records of Saker nests in all administrative regions of the country and protect they; Prohibit the scattering of chemical poisons; Establish the system of struggle against illegal export; Erect artificial nests in the open territories; Establish a falcon center for breeding Sakers in captivity with their subsequent release in the nature in Mongolia.

Текст научной работы на тему «Природоохранный статус и трансграничный оборот балобана в Монголии»

Conservation Status and Transboundary Trade of the Saker Falcon in Mongolia

ПРИРОДНООХРАННЫЙ СТАТУС И ТРАНСГРАНИЧНЫЙ ОБОРОТ БАЛОБАНА В МОНГОЛИИ

Suhchuluun G. (Institute of Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) Сухчулуун Г. (Институт биологии Монгольской академии наук, Улаанбаатар, Монголия)

Контакт:

Гансух Сухчулуун Институт биологии Монгольской акалемии наук

Монголия Улаанбаатар тел.: +976 888 11936 +976 11 453583 sukhchuluun@biology. mks.ac.mn

Contact:

Gansuh Suhchuluun Institute of Biology Mongolian Academy of Sciences Ulaanbaatar Mongolia tel.: +976 888 11936 +976 11 453583 sukhchuluun@biology. mks.ac.mn

Балобан (Falco cherrug) — одна из наиболее характерных гнездящихся хищных птиц Монголии. Страна располагает одним из основных ресурсов этого сокола в ареале вида, наряду с Казахстаном, Россией и Китаем.

Интерес к численности монгольской популяции балобана был проявлен уже давно. Е.В. Козлова (1930) упоминала о высокой численности балобана в Южном и Юго-западном Хангае, а П.П. Сушкин (1938) нашёл балобана нередким в Западной Монголии.

Начиная с 60-х гг. ХХ столетия на численность балобана стали обращать внимание и монгольские орнитологи. Д. Эрэгдэндагва летом 1963 г. в Южном Хангае на 160-километровом маршруте встретил 2 ос./2 км; в сентябре 1965 г. O. Шагдарсурен с коллегами на 30-километровом маршруте в Восточном Хангае учел 10 соколов, а в Южном Хангае обилие балобана составило 1 ос./1 км (Shagdar-suren et al., 2001). Д. Эллис и П. Цэнгэг (1997) в гнездовой период в Алтайских

Балобан (Falco cherrug). Фото прелоставил Г. Сухчулуун Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). Photo from G. Suhchuluun

The Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) is a typical breeding species of Mongolia.

Interest to the numbers of Saker Falcons in Mongolia was shown long. Kozlova (1930) mentioned about high numbers of Sakers in Southern and South-Western Khangai. Su-shkin (1938) stated that the Sakers are not un-common birds in Western Mongolia.

Mongolian ornithologists started to pay special attention to the numbers of Sakers in Mongolia since 1960-s. D. Erdendagva carried out a preliminary survey of Sakers in Southern Khangai in summer 1963. According to his data on 160 km route where he recorded 2 falcons on 1 km of route. In 1965 in Eastern Khangai, where Shagdar-suren et al. (2001) recorded 10 falcons along 30 km of survey route. If compared to the previous data, the numbers were lower here. They also repeated the counts in Ar-vaikeer in South-Eastern Khangai, where the numbers were higher as on one km of route they counted 1 falcon. According to Ellis & Tsengeg (1997) data in the breeding season in the Altai Mountain they saw 2 individuals per 30 km of survey route, in Khangai 6 individuals per 30 km of route, and Mongolian-Daurian steppes 2 individuals per 30 km of survey route. However in August along trunk road Ulaanbaatar - Bay-ankhongor along 600 km route the authors counted 320 falcons or 16 individuals per 30 km of route.

In 1998—2000 within an agreement between the Ministry of Nature and Environment, Mongolia and the National Avian Research Center, ERWDA, UAE a project aiming on counting the numbers of Saker Falcons has been carried out (Potapov et al., 1999a, b; Shijirmaa et al. 1999). Field teams have made repeated surveys of Saker Falcons in 5 study areas. The total area by the study areas is 16,947.5 km2, which is 1.1% of all territory of Mongolia. The average breeding density of Sakers in control territories increased from 2.7 pairs per 1000 km2 in 1998 to 2.83 pairs per 1000 km2 in 1999, and then decreased to 2.1 pairs per 1000 km2

Птенцы балобана в гнезде.

Фото И. Карякина

Chicks of the Saker Falcon in the nest. Photo by I. Karyakin

горах учли 2 ос./30 км маршрута, в Хангае

— 6 ос./30 км, в Монгольско-Даурской степи — 2 ос./30 км, а осенью вдоль автотрассы Улаанбаатар — Баянхонгор на 600километровом маршруте — 16 ос./30 км. В 1998-2000 гг. в рамках совместного проекта Агентства по охране окружающей среды ОАЭ, Национального центра исследования птиц ОАЭ и Министерства природы и окружающей среды Монголии проводился учёт балобана на 5 контрольных площадях, занимающих 1,1% территории Монголии (Potapov et al., 1999a, b; Shijirmaa et al., 1999). Средняя плотность размножения балобана на контрольных территориях увеличилась с 2,7 пар/1000 км2 в 1998 г. до 2,83 пар/1000 км2 в 1999 г., а затем упала до 2,1 пар/1000 км2 в 2000 г. На двух контрольных территориях в 2000 г. зарегистрировано уменьшение численности (с 8 до 7 размножающихся пар и с 16 до 11 соответственно) и уменьшение уровня воспроизводства балобана. Плотность выживших птенцов, воспроизводимых парами, сначала увеличилась с 6,1 слётков/1000 км2 в 1998 г. до 9,4/1000 км2 в 1999 г., а затем упала до 5,8/1000 км2 в 2000 г. (Shagdar-suren et al., 2001). В 1998 г. численность балобана в Монголии оценена в 2823 гнездящиеся пары, производящие 6382 слётка в год; в 1999 г. численность соколов оценивалась несколько выше — 2961 пара и 9834 слётка, но в 2000 г. наблюдалось падение численности до 2220 пар и успеха размножения соколов на 15% по сравнению с данными 1999 г. — до 4450 слётков в год (Shagdarsuren et al., 2001).

По данным учётов, проведённых в 2002 г., на всей территории Монголии обитало уже около 6050 особей балобана. В 2003 г. численность балобана в Монголии оценивалась в 1000—1200 гнездящихся пар (Фокс и др., 2003).

in 2000. Two control areas checked in 2000 had an decrease of the breeding density (from 8 to 7 breeding pairs and from 16 to 11) and decreased production rate (from 6.1 young from 1000 km2 in 1998 to 9.4 young from 1000 km2 in 1999 and 5.8 young from 1000 km2 in 2000). Estimate the population size of Sakers in Mongolia went up from 2823 pairs in 1998 to 2961 pairs in 1999 and down to 2220 pairs in 2000. The Sakers in Mongolia produced 6382 young in 1998, 9834 young in 1999 and 4450 in 2000.

Following data of counts in 2002, about 6050 Sakers had already inhabited the all territory of Mongolia. And a total of 10001200 pairs were estimated to breed in Mongolia in 2003 (Fox et al., 2003).

After 90-s the first legal and illegal groups of trappers were created in Mongolia. Legal groups of trappers received from the government the sanction to withdrawal sakers from the nature. Near 1000 Sakers were exported to Gulf States with legal permissions since 1993 to 2002, and the same number (or even probably more), was exported illegally. Illegal falcons were detained in all border-control posts of Mongolia, in airports of Pekin and Berlin on the flights following from Ulanbaatar, on the border of the Republic of Tuva. Only Saudi Arabia and Kuwait imported from Mongolia about 700 Sakers for that period. The permission to catch and export 300 Sakers at the price of $4600 for the bird was given out in 2002.

The most part of falcons were female including northern migrants. Despite of a high share of caught migrating birds, the number of the Saker noticeably reduces especially in those regions where the press of catching is intensive.

Thus the urgent measures need to protect and rational use the species. The following concern to such measures:

- Carry out counts and records of Saker nests in all administrative regions of the country and protect they;

- Prohibit the scattering of chemical poisons;

- Establish the system of struggle against illegal export;

- Erect artificial nests in the open territories;

- Establish a falcon center for breeding Sak-ers in captivity with their subsequent release in the nature in Mongolia.

Балобан.

Фото Гомбобаатар С.

Saker Falcon. Photo by Gombobaatar S.

С 1990-х годов XX столетия, со становлением нового государственного строя, в Монголию нахлынула волна желающих добыть дешёвых соколов-балобанов. Регистрировались гра>кдане Сирии, Пакистана, Афганистана, Саудовской Аравии, Кувейта, Объединённых Араб-ских Эмиратов, Бахрейна, Германии и Швеции. По нашим данным с 1993 по 2002 годы по официальным разрешениям в арабские страны было вывезено до 1000 балобанов, такое >ке количество, а возможно и больше, вывезено нелегальным путём монгольскими и иностранными контрабандистами. Их иногда задерживали на всех контрольнопропускных пунктах Монголии, на аэровокзалах Пекина и Берлина на рейсах, следующих из Улаанбаатара, на границе Республики Тыва.

Легально только Саудовская Аравия и Кувейт за этот период вывезли из Монголии около 700 балобанов. Конфискованные балобаны отправлялись обратно в Монголию и как и те, которые были изъяты у нелегальных ловцов, выпускались в северных предгорьях заповедника Богд Ул. Экспортируемых балобанов с середины августа по октябрь на свой выбор отлавливают сами заказчики по официальным разрешениям. Так, в 2002 году была выдана лицензия на экспортный отлов 300 балобанов по цене 4600 долларов США за особь.

Большая доля пойманных птиц приходится на самок, и в том числе северных мигрантов. Несмотря на высокую долю отлова мигрирующих птиц, численность балобана заметно сокращается, особенно в тех регионах, где производится массовый их отлов.

Таким образом, чтобы не лишиться этого вида, необходимо принять срочные меры по его охране и рациональному использованию. К таким мерам относятся следующие:

- проведение учёта и регистрации гнёзд балобанов во всех аймаках страны и взятие их под строгую охрану;

- запрет разбрасывания ядохимикатов;

- налаживание системы борьбы с нелегальным вывозом;

- создание сети искусственных гнёзд в открытых ландшафтах;

- создание в Монголии питомника по выращиванию и размножению балобанов с последующим выпуском их в природу.

Литература

Козлова Е.В. Птицы Юго-западного Забайкалья, Северной Монголии и Центральной Гоби. Ленинград, 1930.

Сушкин П.П. Птицы Советского Алтая и прилежащих частей Северо-Западной Монголии. Т. 1-2. М. - Л., Изд. АН СССР, 1938. 754 с.

Фокс Н., Бартон Н., Потапов Е. Охрана со-кола-балобана и соколиная охота. - Степной бюллетень. 2003. № 14. С. 28-33.

Ellis D., Tsengeg P. Remarkable Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) breeding sites in Mongolia.

— Journal Raptor Research. 1997. № 31 (3). P. 234-240.

Potapov E., Banzragch S., Shijirmaa D. Paradox of industrialization in Mongolia: expansion of Sakers into flat areas is dependent on industrial society. - Falco. 1999a. № 13. P. 10-12.

Potapov E., Banzragch S., Shijirmaa D., Shagdarsuren O., Sumya D., Gombobaatar S. Keep the steppes tidy: impact of litter on Saker Falcons. - Falco. 1999b. № 14. P. 11.

Shijirmaa D., Banzragch S., Fox N., Potapov E. Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) in Mongolia. - Proceedings of the Vth World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls. 4-11 August 1998, South Africa, Madrand, Johanseburg. 1999.

Shagdarsuren O., Sumya D., Gombobaatar S., Potapov E., Fox N. Saker Falcon in Mongolia: numbers and distribution. - Proceedings of the II International Conference on the Saker Falcon and Houbara Bustard, Mongolia, 1-4 July 2000. 2001. P. 25-33.

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