CC BY
14
Section 6. Agricultural sciences
D OI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/AJT-17-1.2-64-66
Ahmetov Adilbek Agabekovich, d. t. s, main specialist in coordination of SRECW, Ahmedov Sherzodbek Anvarhon o'g'li, the design engineer, Special design bureau "Tractor" UE
Karimov Abror Kayumovich, master TSTU, Tashkent, the Republic of Uzbekistan
E-mail: sheran1@mail.ru
Priority directions of perfection construction cotton growing tractors
Abstract: In article is given the basic directions of perfection designs of cotton-growing four-wheel universaltractor-cultivators, providing with high their stability, passably and turning ability.
Keywords: a tractor, the front axle, a road clearance, passable, stability, inter-row processingwheels, a beam, a bar, a semiframe, a spindleand a wheel.
Cotton growing in the Central Asia has the specific features, specified in conditions of soil-environmental. The soil cover the irrigation earth where the cotton is cultivated, very various. But, despite these differences, after sowing almost all of them are condensed. Especially big consolidation occurs after watering. Long preservation of soil in the condensed condition detains development of root system of cotton, complicate them development of nutritious elements and air access, promotes development ofweed plants, break a water-air mode of soil and in aggregate with a hot climate leads to intensive loss of a moisture. For removal the listed lack of these soils conduct interrow processing of crops of cotton. Multiplicity, which in dependences on a soil condition fluctuates from three until seven-eight and they are considered as the most labor-consuming operation at cotton cultivation [1; 2]. All given soil-climatic features of the Central Asia put specific requirements to the tractors applied at cultivation of cotton.
The specific demands are shown to universal-cultivator tractors of cotton cultivation, follow from necessity in process of their operation performance not only interrow processes, but also other various kinds of technological operations on cultivation and cotton harvest, and also transport works.
The demandsare shown to universal-cultivator tractors of cotton cultivation are rather various, which satisfaction presence at these tractors of some the operational
qualities characterizing in a complex efficiency of their work in those or other conditions if necessary.
Operational qualities cotton-growing universally-cultivator tractor can be divided into three basic groups: agro-technical, techno-economic and basic technical. Agro-technical qualities characterize fitness of a cotton-growing tractor to performance of the technology demands following from working conditions and, represent a number of the properties connected with agro-technical possibility and mobility, both the tractor, and created on its base machine-tractor units (MTU).
Techno economic qualities are defined basically by productivity and profitability MTU, made on the basis on cotton-growing tractor which at a concrete case depends on a mode building-block designing.
Basic technical qualities are connected basically with maintenance of convenience of work and service and safety conditions of work of the machinist-operator.
Inoperating program special designbureau"Tractor" on the basis of long-term study building-block design with a cotton-growing universally-cultivator tractor of car-tools, and also passably and turning abilitya tractor, its stability to overturning with the account jumping and galloping are defined specific demands of a zone cotton growing [3], is shown to cotton-growing universal-cultivator tractors which consist of the following:
- At performance of transport works when the tractor moves on the raised speeds, for maintenance
Priority directions of perfection construction cotton growing tractors
of good stability it should have is minimum admissible low road clearance and the maximum length of base. As at smaller length of base of a tractor on the raised speeds of movement there can be "jumping" and galloping, and at a high road clearance, hence, huge distance of the centre of gravity from a basic surface on turns at the expense of centrifugal force the tractor loses stability that is undesirable;
- At performance of interrow works where speed of movement of a tractor small, on the contrary, for elimination damage high coalescentplants and knocking down flower and fetus elements the tractor should have the maximum agro-technical gleam, hence a high road clearance, and for reduction of the sizes of rotary strips it should have the minimum radius of turn, hence, the minimum length of base.
Widespread in cotton growing 3 and 4 wheel it is universal-cultivator tractors not to the full meet these requirements.
High agro-technical passably of 3 wheel universally-cultivator tractors until recently provided to the status of the basic power means for mechanization of field works in cotton growing. However tractors of this type have essential specific lacks, namely:
- The low cross-section stability doing their operation dangerous on biases and at turns on speeds above 12-13 km/h;
- Negative anthropogenic influence on soil in connection with the raised factor of a covering traces from wheels (three traces instead of two) and characteristic high condensing influence from the vertical loadings distributed on three wheels instead of four;
- An overload of tires, especially forward operated wheel, own vertical loadings of a tractor and from weights of agricultural cars and technological materials;
- Irrational distribution of weight MTU on tractor support;
- Inadmissibility of application on transport works because of their low stability;
- The low annual loading regulated only by a season of works on a cotton, i. e. not a demand in agricultural production during almost 4-5 (from November till March) months;
- Complexity of creation of an all-wheel drive design of a tractor with the wheel formula 3 x 2 that limits traction potential of a tractor only to pull chain qualities of tires of two leading back wheels;
- Application of 3 wheel tractors does not allow realizing completely advantage far-reaching MTU, because of deficiency of pull chain potential of a tractor and essential excess of admissible norms of ecological influence on soil.
The lacks set forth above of certain degree are absent at 4 wheel tractors. Reduction of negative anthropogenic influence by soil for the account of decrease in a total area of a covering traces ofwheels (on 33.3 %), reduction of the maximum pressure by soil in a zone of the basic area of the running device, more rational distribution of weights MTU on axes and decrease in slipping of wheels are the incomplete list of advantages of these tractors before 3 wheel. However they have the increased radius of turn and an insufficient agro-technical gleam under a beam of the forward bridge because of what they have not found application on interrow processes of crops of cotton. Whereas interrow processes is the most labor-consuming technological operation in cotton growing.
It is necessary to notice also that presence in zonecotton growing two kinds: 3 and 4 wheel tractors leads to unreasonable increase in number of park of cars and accordingly expenses on their maintenance.
Proceeding from technology of cultivation of cotton, the basic demand to developed new generation of 4 wheel cotton-growing tractors is preservation of positive qualities of 3 wheel cotton-growing tractors, exactly:
- Negotiation designs in row-spacing with the developed bushes of a cotton in last inter-row processes, and also at defoliation and harvest;
- Increase maneuverability, providing the minimum radius of turn and loss of the productive areas in a zone swiveling strips at edges of irrigation sites with cotton crops.
Performance of specific requirements of zone cotton growing in aggregate with the basic constructive demands to 4 wheels is a universal-cultivator tractors considerably raises their consumer properties and expands area of their application.
At the positive decision of the problems set forth above concerning to 4 wheel tractors increase of productivity cotton MTU by increase lane agricultural cars to 6, 8 numbers on various schemes of crops for the account of the all-wheel drive scheme wheeled mover and increases of a traction class of a tractor is really provided. The problem of optimization of park of cars and all-the-year-round loading of cotton-growing tractors for the account usage notonly on harvesting-transport, but also other kinds of works in cotton growing will dare, vegetable growing, feed producing, grain farming, on
cattle-breeding complexes, etc. Besides for the account of the qualities put in the scheme of the running device of 4 wheel tractors, controllability and stability of work transport transportations improves and at work in row-spacing of crops of a cotton and other cultures to demanded norms of safety.
For the decision of tasks in view in operating program special design bureaus "Tractors" are conducted research and developmental works in the most priority directions of working out of 4 wheel universally-cultivator tractors, including the decision of following problems:
- Increase of stability and agro-technical passably of universally-cultivator tractor without application of in addition mounted and dismantled devices and adaptations;
- Change maintenance, both a road clearance, and length of base of universally-cultivator tractor depending on a kind of carried out works;
- Increase of traction possibility of universally-cul-tivator tractor by transition on full driving a variant at the expense of application of the front axle;
- To minimize radius of turn of a four-wheel universally-cultivator tractor to level three-wheeled at the expense ofperfection of a design of a steering drive and the front axle;
- Transition from traditional rear hinged systems building-block design cars-tools on the combined system (to hang cars-tools on universal-cultivator a tractor both behind, and in front, if necessary also on each side) for maintenance of uniform distribution of weight of buildingblock design cars-tools on forward and the rear axle of a tractor.
Decision mentioned abovefor the account creating four wheel universally-cultivator tractor with the raised stability, passably and turning, not conceding under the operational characteristics to a three-wheeled tractor, would allow to solve application questions in cotton growing widefar reaching manufacture tractor units essentially reducing power-both resources consumptions and raising labor productivity at cultivation of a cotton and cultures accompanying it.
References:
1. To Take care agricultural plants and producing products according to standard (model) technologic charts, for 2011-2015. - Tashkent: XILOLMEDIA, 2011. - I and II part. - 232 p.
2. System of cars and technologies for complex mechanization of agricultural production for 2011-2016 - Part 1, plant growing. - Tashkent: SPC at MAWRUz, 2012. - 199 p.
3. Ahmetov A. A. Frontaxles of universally-cultivator tractors of cotton appointment. - Tashkent, 2014. - 176 p.
