220PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATIONS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
Maftuna Shermatovna Omonova
Master's student of the Chirchik Pedagogical Institute, Tashkent region
ABSTRACT
This article is dedicated to the principles of classification of phraseological
units.
Keywords: phraseological fusions, idioms, word combinations, proverbs, sayings.
INTRODUCTION
The English and the Americans can be proud of a very rich set of dictionaries of word-groups and idiomatic phrases. Their object is mainly practical: colloquial phrases are considered an important characteristic feature of natural spoken English and a stumbling block for foreigners. The choice of entry is not clear-cut: dictionaries include word combinations, separate words, greetings, proverbs, quotations.
METHODOLOGY
The traditional and oldest principle of classification of phraseological units is "thematic" (L. P. Smith). On this principle, idioms are classified according to their sources of origin - sphere of human activity, life of nature. L. P. Smith gives groups of idioms used by sailors, fishermen, soldiers, hunters or in other words idioms associated with their occupation. In his classification one can find idioms associated with domestic and wild animals, agriculture, cooking, sports, arts and so on. L. P. Smith points out that idioms associated with the sea and the life of seamen are especially numerous in English vocabulary. Here are some examples.
To be all at sea - to be unable to understand (I'm afraid I'm all at sea in this problem).
To sink or swim - to fail or succeed (Now it is to sink or swim. All depends on one's efforts).
In low waters, on the rocks - to have financial problems.
To be in the same boat with somebody - to share the same difficulties and dangers.
To weather the storm - to overcome difficulties.
The thematic principle of classification of phraseological units is interesting but
it does not take into consideration the linguistic characteristic features of phraseological units.
Academician V. V. Vinogradov offered the classification system based on the semantic principles. He classified phraseological units into three categories:
1. Phraseological fusions are word-groups with a completely changed meaning. Their meaning cannot be guessed from the meanings of separate words (tit for tat), to come a cropper).
2. Phraseological unities are word-groups with completely changed meaning. But the meaning of the unit can be understood from the parts of the unit (to lose one's head, to lose one's heart, to lock the stable door after the horse is stolen, to look a given horse in the mouth).
3. Phraseological combinations are word-groups with partially changed meaning (to be a good hand at something, to take something for granted, gospel truth, bosom friend).
It is clear that this classification system does not take into account the structural characteristics of phraseological units.
N. N. Amosova's approach is context logical. She defines phraseological units as units of fixed context. Units of fixed context are subdivided into phrasemes and idioms.
One of the most prominent contributions into classification of phraseological units was made by Professor Koonin. His classification is based on the combined structural-semantic principle and also considers the level of stability of phraseological units.
Semantically, the set expressions are divided into three categories, which are
called
• phraseological units, or idioms,
• semi-idioms,
• and phraseomatic units.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Phraseological units are structurally separable language units with completely or partially transferred meanings. Semi-idioms have both literal and transferred meanings. The first meaning is usually terminological or professional and the second one is transferred. Phraseomatic units have literal or phraseomatically bound meanings.
The different types of set expressions may be classified as follows:
I. Phraseological units, or idioms, of the following types
1). substantive:
• one's (or the) ace of trumps (козырной туз) - kuchli argument
• black diamonds - «kora oltin», tosh kumir
• a hand -to- mouth existence - yarim ochlik
• a smart Aleck - beparvo
• a dark horse - «qotong 'i ot», shubhali shaxs
2). adjectival:
• dead and buried - «vafoy etdi va daft qilindi», o 'lik
• more dead than alive - yarim tirik, o 'Igidek charchagan
• quick on the trigger - sezgir, tezkor
• (as) pretty as a picture - maftunkor, rasm kabo chiroyli
3). adverbial:
• at last - nihoyat
• by leaps and bounds - juda tez, zudlik bilan; shasht kadam, kun sayin emas, soat sayin
• as the devil - nohoyatda, dahshatli, jin ursin
• lock, stock and barrel - umuman, butunlay, boshidan ohirigacha
• as quick as a flash - tez, tezkor
4). verbal:
• blow hot and cold, - ikkilanib turmok, fikringizni o 'zgartirmok, ikkilangan pozisiyani egallamoq
• catch a shadow and let go a substance - haqiqiy bolmaganni orkasidan yugurib, real bolganini koldan boy berish.
• kick the bucket - o 'lmoq, bukulmoq, qotib qolish.
• kill two birds with one stone - bitta tosh bilan ikkita qushni o 'ldirmoq.
5). prepositional:
• in the face of smth. - tahdid ostida
• in (the) light of smth. - bir narsaga asoslanib, biron bir narsani e 'tiborga olgan holda
6). interjectional:
• by George! - Muqaddas Jorj nomi bilan kasam ichaman! Hudo haqqi!
• hear, hear! - to 'gri! to 'gri! 7) parenthetical:
• after all - va nihoyat
• as a matter of fact - to 'grisini aytganda
• in any case - nima bo 'Iganda ham
• in a(or one) word - qisqa qilib aytganda, bir so 'z bilan
• so to say - shunday qilib aytganda
8). with antecedents and temporal or attributive subordinate clauses:
• fiddle while Rome is burning - halk faloqati vaqtida mazza qilmoq, xavf oldida ahamiyatsiz ishlar bilan shugullnamoq
• a hair of the dog that bit one - ichkilik karahtidan ochilish uchun sharob
a). sayings:
• all one's geese are swans - har kimniki o'ziga oy ko"rinar ko'ziga
• the answer's a lemon - Cho 'ntagingizni kengrok ushlangg
• does your mother know you're out? - lablaringdagi suting qurumagan.
b). proverbs:
• birds of a feather flock together - tukli qushlar bir joyga to 'planishadi
• every cloud has a (or its) silver lining - kumush astaryo'q II. Semi-idioms, for example:
• chain reaction (term in physics and figurative expression) - zanjir reaksiyasi
• lay down one's arms (military term and figurative expression) - taslim bo 'lish
III. Phraseomatic units are of the following types:
1). phrases in which one of the components is uniquely combined:
• fetch (go) a compass - aylanib o 'tmoq
• a confidence game (trick) - firibgarlikyo 'l bilan pul olish
2). phrases with a restrictive meaning:
• another place - «boshapalata» (parlament haqida) in a hurry - osongina
3). non-figurative clichés:
• again and again - qayta-qayta
• the beginning of the end - ohirining boshlanishi
• safe and sound - havfsiz va sog'lom
4). preposition-noun combinations with literal meanings:
• at (the) best - eng yahshi holatda
• at (the) most - eng katta, ortiq emas
5). terminological combinations that have become part of literary usage: civil list - fuqarolik ro 'yhati
general ticket, - umumiy ro 'yhat (nomzodlar kiritilgan bulleten)
6). phrases with phraseomatically bound meanings:
• pay attention - etibor qaratmoq
So, phraseological units have word synonymy: to make up one's mind to decide to haul down colors to surrender. According to the degree of idiomaticity phraseological units can be classified into three big groups: phraseological fusions, phraseological unities, and phraseological collocations. Phraseological fusions are completely non-motivated word-groups, as mad as a hatter utterly mad; white elephant an expensive but useless thing. Phraseological unities are partially non-motivated as their meaning can usually be perceived through the metaphoric meaning of the whole phraseological unit, e.g. to bend the knee to submit to a stronger force, to obey submissively, to wash one's dirty linen in public to discuss or make public one's quarrels.
CONCLUSION
To sum up, phraseological units are word groups that cannot be made in the process of speech, they exist in the language as readymade units. They are compiled in special dictionaries. The same as words phraseological units express a single notion and are used in a sentence as one part of it. American and British lexicographers call such units "idioms". In these dictionaries we can find words, peculiar in their semantics (idiomatic), side by side with word-groups and sentences. In these dictionary they are arranged as a rule, into different semantic groups. Phraseological units can be classified according to the ways they are formed, according the degree of the motivation of their meaning, according to their structure and according to their part of speech meaning.
REFERENCES
1. Smith, L. P. Word and Idioms: Studies in the English Language. London: Constable's Miscellany. 1995
2. Амосова Н.Н. Основы английской фразеологии -Л: Из-во Ленин-кого ун-та, 1990. -с.203
3. Амосова Н. Н. Английская кон текстология. Л: Из-во Лен-кого у-та,1998. -с 145-167.
4. Аничков И.Е. Труды по языкознанию. - С-Петер: Наука, 1997.
5. А.И. Смирницкий. Лексикология английского языка. - М: Высшая школа, 1996. -сс. 252- 258
6. Арсентьева.Е.Ф. Сопоставительный анализ фразеологических единиц. Казан: Издательство Казанского Университета, 2009. -с. 37-84
