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Juliboyev A.A.
The student of the Kokand SPI History faculty
PREPARATIONS FOR THE INVASION OF BUKHARA
Annotation: This article highlights the issues of the socio-political life of the Bukhara Emirate after the February Revolution until the middle of1920.
Key words: Bukhara, emirate, Alimkhan, manifesto, socio-political struggle, Young Bukharians, Bolsheviks.
In the second half of the 19th century, as a result of the conquest of the Central Asian khanates, the Russian Empire established its protectorate over the existing Bukhara Emirate and the Khiva Khanate. The dependence of the Bukhara Emirate was formalized on the basis of the "Friendship" agreement concluded on September 28, 1873 and the establishment of the imperial political agency in 1886.
In the "Manifesto" signed by Amir Olim Khan on April 7, 1917, promises were made to establish justice, regulate taxes, develop industry and trade in the emirate, establish control over officials, and establish a council in the territory of the emirate. The next day, on April 8, about 150 Jadid youths started a march to celebrate the adoption of the Manifesto. Later they were joined by Persian youth and Jews. Their red flag reads "Long live Amir Olim Khan!" "Long live the reforms!" The march of more than a thousand demonstrators, especially the participation of a small number of groups and Jews, caused the displeasure of the local population, including the clergy, and as a result, not only the Jadids, but also those who sympathized with them were pushed out. After that, the priests "prepared a fatwa condemning the supporters of the reforms as sinners and rebels." Attempts to reform the existing regime in Bukhara have failed, and persecution of dissidents has escalated in the country[1].
As a result of the coup d'état carried out in Russia in October 1917, a very complicated socio-political situation arose in its colony, Turkestan, in the semi-colonies of the Khanate of Khiva and the Emirate of Bukhara. The state independence of Bukhara and Khiva was recognized by the government of the RSFSR, and they became independent states of Russia.
After the Bolsheviks seized power in Tashkent on November 1, 1917, the sovietization movement began in other cities of Turkestan. In turn, it should be noted that "the majority of the local population and Muslim political organizations had a negative reaction to the October events." On December 6 of this year, F. Khojaev and Bolshevik Preobrazhensky Turkestan SSC chairman F. Having met with Kolesov, he asked him to support the Bukhara revolution. But no matter how much the Bolsheviks wanted, the socio-political situation at that time forced them to refrain from action against Bukhara. Because the illegal seizure of power by the Bolsheviks "forced the will of the people to oppose the decision of the invaders.
At the beginning of December 1917, Young Bukharans came out as "advocates of reforming the society, although not so drastic". Their ultimate goal was to establish a constitutional monarchy. In 1917, Abdurauf Fitrat developed the "Bukhara Reform Project of the Committee of Young Bukharas". Under the influence of the Russian provisional government and young Bukharans, Emir Said Olimkhan announced a manifesto on reforms. But the manifesto caused tension in Bukhara. On April 8, 1917, the red section of the young Bukharians was opposed by the officials of the emir and the religious. F. Khojaev and his colleagues believed in achieving the main goal with the help of "Russian revolutionaries". 30 people from the participants of the demonstration were arrested. The first attempt to peacefully reform the Bukhara Emirate ended in tragedy. When the Bolsheviks came to power in the autumn of 1917, it became even stronger. F. Kolesov, who had bloodied the "Turkistan Autonomy" in February 1918, arrived in the new Bukhara on March 1, 1918, and began preparing to start military operations against the emirate[2].
On March 2, 1918, the Red Army and units of Young Bukharos launched an armed attack on the city of Bukhara. The people rushed to the defense of their city. As a result, Kolesov's adventure failed and a reconciliation agreement was signed between the two sides. The Kiziltepa reconciliation agreement was based on the 1868 treaty between Russia and Bukhara. The Soviet government was forced to recognize the independence of the Bukhara Emirate. "A person named Axelrod was appointed ambassador to the state of Bukhara by the Soviet state."
In February 1918, F. Turkestan Bolsheviks led by Kolesev started the movement to end the Bukhara Emirate. About this F. Khojaev writes: "Kolesov, who was drunk from the victory in Kokon, thought that it would be possible to finish the emir of Bukhara easily." It is not surprising that the leader of the Bolsheviks of Turkestan came to such a conclusion when he was convinced that 30,000 people, including 4,000 armed revolutionaries, could rise against the emir[4].
The peasants of Bukhara, under the influence of recent events, had a more negative attitude towards the propaganda of Jadids than before.
The calls of "Young Bukharas" to immediately start armed action against the emir were supported by P. Poltaratsky and P. Kobozev, the emergency commissar of the RSFSR. Turkestan expressed its readiness to provide military assistance to the party of "Young Bukharas" in overthrowing the power of the emir.
Leaders of young Bukharas, F., who came to new Bukhara with the Red Guards on February 28, 1918. They tried to convince Kolesev that shooting the emir's soldiers stationed in old Bukhara from machine guns would be a signal for a national uprising against the emir's regime. On March 2, 1918, F. Kolesev began marching on old Bukhara with 2,000 Red Guards, New Bukhara Workers and 800 Young Bukharas. The amir who was defeated in the first battles, the head of the Osmanbek Qushbegi delegation was led by F. He sent a letter to Kolesev. In the letter, Olimkhan expressed his agreement to the conditions if hostilities in all areas
are stopped. Also, the emir signed the manifesto on granting freedoms in various spheres of life in Bukhara[5].
The fire stopped, and Utkin and Pendo, who went to the emir's palace for negotiations accompanied by 20 fighters, were killed. At the same time, the emir ordered the demolition of the Kogon-Kyziltepa railway, and several tens of thousands of people derailed the 500 verst long railway. A state of emergency was declared against the Russian troops who invaded Bukhara. Because G. Safarov, one of the leaders of the Turkestan Bolsheviks, the Russian soldiers who came to Bukhara were first engaged in robbery and violence and robbed everyone, everything, drank alcohol, and committed reckless violence. It was these things that led to the massive backlash against the Russian invasion, he noted, "revolutionary goals were completely shelved in the face of colonial appetites."
Ordinary Bukharans, who considered the Bolsheviks to be the enemy, protected their beloved cities from enemies with their chests.
As a result of Kolesev's adventure of bringing the revolution to Bukhara with spears, more than 10,000 people were killed on both sides, the Kogon-Termiz, Kogon-Kitob railways were destroyed, and anger against representatives of other religions increased. In March 1918, the Kyziltepa agreement was signed between both parties. After the Kolesov campaign, the internal and external situation of Soviet Russia forced to postpone the issue of revenge against the Bukhara Emirate. Only in 1920, after the main fronts of the civil war and the military invasion of Poland, the main attention of the leaders of the Bolshevik government turned to Khiva and Bukhara[4].
On January 7 and March 30, 1920, members of the Turkish Commission met with Amir Olimkhan and tried to convince the government of the RSFSR that it had peace intentions towards Bukhara. During the negotiations, both sides put forward their views. The representatives of the Turkish Commission demanded from the emir to immediately disband the active Bukhara army. The representatives of Russia did not pay attention to the requests and suggestions of the government of Bukhara, they completely rejected them[5].
On April 14, 1920, M.Frunze sent a letter to V.Lenin "On the military and political situation of Turkestan" and reported that the Emirate was preparing for war, and that it had gathered 15,000 soldiers in the territory of the new Bukhara alone. After the Soviet military commander's letter of this content, since May 1920, the communist leaders of Turkestan have been spreading rumors that the Emirate of Bukhara is forcefully preparing for war against Soviet Turkestan, and that they are cooperating with the British, Russian White Guards, Afghans, and the forces fighting against the Soviets in Ferghana. . The idea of ending the Bukhara Emirate was also supported by the leaders of the Bolshevik government in Moscow. People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR L. Karakhan on April 21, 1920 V. In his letter to Lenin, he said that the policy towards Bukhara had not yielded any results, he proposed to abolish the emirate and establish a democratic republic in Bukhara, to put young Bukharans in power, and after the coup d'état, to
introduce Russian troops to guard the railways and borders. The proposal of L. Karakhan was fully supported by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP(b)[6].
The Bolsheviks, who did not achieve their goals with an armed attack, started a provocative ideological struggle against the Bukhara Emirate. Already in 1918, the Bolsheviks began to spread rumors that the Emirate of Bukhara was preparing for military operations against Soviet Russia. In one of the documents sent from Turkestan to Moscow in 1918, information was given that the number of troops of Bukhara now reached 30,000 people, and efforts were made to increase the military forces to 100,000 people in the future[6].
With the improvement of the military situation of the Bolshevik government in Turkestan, Sh. Eliava, G. Bokiy, F. Goloshekin, V. Kuybyshev Ya. Rudzutak, M. Among the members of the Turkish Commission, which Frunze joined, there was a plan to accelerate a revolutionary coup in the emirate, using the Red Army as the main military force.
On October 8, 1919, the Turkocommission formed by the All-Russian MIK, the RSFSR, the RKP (b) MK arrived in Tashkent in November of this year, and the Bolshevik leaders put the slogan "Bukhara must be narrowed down" on the agenda, and declared that "Bukhara and Khiva are an internal front". done From that time on, military and ideological preparations for the establishment of Soviet power in Khiva and Bukhara began in earnest. In turn, to ensure the security of Amir Alim Khan's country, British Major General U. Attempts to establish a relationship with Malleson also did not work. Moreover, in a letter written to the emir, the British general recommended maintaining complete neutrality and friendly relations with the Bolsheviks. Amonullah Khan, the emir of Afghanistan who came to power in February 1919, started friendly relations with Soviet Russia. The above historical facts clearly show that in 1919-1920 Bukhara Emirate was isolated in the international arena. Well aware of this, the leaders of the Turkocommission in their information sent to Moscow emphasized the fact that the Bukhara Emirate was preparing for a military campaign against Soviet Turkestan, and that the British were helping them. At the beginning of May 1920, the leaders of the Turkocommission announced that the period of "undeclared war" with Bukhara was over, they started to accelerate the revolutionary activities of Bukhara organizations and strengthen military training. L. Trotsky, one of the ideological leaders of the Bolsheviks, proposed that the foreign policy direction of Bolshevik Russia should be directed from the West to the East, and his plan V. It was reflected in Lenin's speech at the Congress of All-Russian Muslim Communists on November 22, 1919[7].
L. Trotsky's Bolshevist adventure in the East had to be carried out by M. Frunze, a general whose outlook and ideas were close to his. But the genius of the Bolsheviks V. Lenin said, "I think Frunze is demanding too much. First of all, Ukraine should be completely taken, and Turkestan will wait and become impoverished", he had to refrain from revolutionary views in politics in relation to
Bukhara. Preparations for the overthrow of the amir's power in Bukhara and its implementation were led by the Turkish commission that arrived in Tashkent in November 1919. This organization was given the task of overthrowing the existing authorities in Bukhara and Khiva and Sovietizing them. The Turkish Commission pursued a policy of repression against the Bukhara Emirate. This situation was clearly demonstrated on January 7, 1920 in the negotiations of the members of the Turkish Commission with Amir Said Olimkhan. The members of the Turkish commission tried to emphasize to the emir that the complete independence of Bukhara and the existence of sufficient conditions for cultural development will be realized only in close cooperation with Soviet Russia. On March 30, 1920, when Sh. Eliava and M. Frunze met with the emir, Soviet Russia expressed its great interest in the territorial integrity of Bukhara and the preservation of the existing power in it, and advised him about the Europeanization of the emirate, albeit a little from above. Also, the members of the Turkish commission promised to return the lands belonging to Bukhara, to give 50,000 rifles, 500 cannons, 50 airplanes, and 50 million soums in gold. When such pressure and threats did not work, the Bolshevik revolutionaries began to implement the policy of ending the Bukhara Emirate. From the spring of 1920, the Bolsheviks operating in Turkestan began to take all measures to carry out armed actions against the Bukhara Emirate. On May 21, 1920, Deputy People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR L. Karakhan wrote in his telegram to V.Lenin, Chairman of the Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine: "We, together with the Turkish Commission, propose to our representatives in Tashkent to end the emirate and establish a democratic republic in Bukhara, which will be led by the Young Bukharans." As early as May 1920, the Turkish Commission advocated military operations against Bukhara. Later, the commander of Russian troops stationed in Turkestan, M. Frunze, actively joined the RKP (b) political bureau. On May 22, 1920, the Deputy Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR, L. Karakhann, supported the proposal to end the emirate in agreement with the Turkic Commission, and to establish a democratic republic of Bukhara under the leadership of young Bukharos. made a decision about .. Since that time, the leaders of the Bolshevik Party intensified all-round preparations to erase the Bukhara Emirate from the world political map and to establish Soviet Bukhara in its place [8].
Thus, from the summer of 1920, the members of the Turkish Commission began to pursue an aggressive policy towards the Bukhara Emirate.
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2. ХК аср охири ХХ аср бошларида Бухоро. Республика илмий-назарий анжумани материаллари. Бухоро, 2010. - Б. 19-22.
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4. Бухоро халк совет республикасини советлаштиришнинг айрим масалалари. Илмий хабарнома, Андижон, 2017, Махсус сон.
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