Научная статья на тему 'Preparation and research into functional properties of nanostructured titanates of lithium and sodium'

Preparation and research into functional properties of nanostructured titanates of lithium and sodium Текст научной статьи по специальности «Химические науки»

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LITHIUM AND SODIUM TITANATES / FUNCTIONALIZATION / NANOSTRUCTURING / ION BATTERIES / ТИТАНАТЫ ЛИТИЯ И НАТРИЯ / ФУНКЦИОНАЛИЗАЦИЯ / НАНОСТРУКТУРИРОВАНИЕ / ИОННЫЕ БАТАРЕИ / LITIUM Və NATRIUM TITANATLARı / FUNKSIYALAşMA / NANOSTRUKTURLAşMA / ION BATAREYALARı

Аннотация научной статьи по химическим наукам, автор научной работы — Mammadov A.N., Sharifova U.N., Samedzade G.M., Pashazade G.A., Guliyeva S.A.

Information about methods of preparation, structure and physical-chemical properties of nanostructured materials based on lithium and sodium titanates was analyzed and summarized. The functional nanostructured composite materials based on sodium and lithium titanates to produce an anode material with high capacity and working stable potential in the course of cycling with optimal electronic and ionic conductivity were examined. Examples of specific schemes, physical-chemical properties and the mechanism of functional processes by using bioactive and doped components were presented.

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ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ И ИСЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ СВОЙСТВ НАНОСТРУКТУРИРОВАННЫХ ТИТАНАТОВ ЛИТИЯ И НАТРИЯ

Проанализированы и обобщены имеющиеся в литературе сведения о способах получения, структуре и физико-химических свойствах наноструктурированных материалов на основе титанатов лития и натрия. Рассмотрены композитные наноструктурированные функциональные материалы на основе титанатов лития и натрия для получения анодного материала с высокой емкостью, ста¬бильностью рабочего потенциала в ходе циклирования, с оптимальной электронной и ионной проводимостью. Представлены примеры с конкретными схемами, физико-химическими данными и механизмами функциональных процессов при использовании биоактивных и легирующих компонентов.

Текст научной работы на тему «Preparation and research into functional properties of nanostructured titanates of lithium and sodium»

216 CHEMICAL PROBLEMS 2019 no. 2 (17) ISSN 2221-8688

UOT 661.099.2

PREPARATION AND RESEARCH INTO FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURED TITANATES OF LITHIUM AND SODIUM

@

A.N. Mammadov1,2, U.N. Sharifova2, G.M. Samedzade1, G.A.Pashazade1, S.A.Guliyeva3

1Acad. M. Nagiyev Institute of Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry ANAS 113, H.Javidave., AZ1134, Baku e-mail: asif.mammadov.47@,mail.ru 2 Azerbaijan Technical University 25, H. Javidave, AZ-1073 Baku 3 Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University U. Hacibeyli str.68, AZ 1000, Baku

Received 26.03.2019

Abstract: Information about methods of preparation, structure and physical-chemical properties of nanostructured materials based on lithium and sodium titanates was analyzed and summarized. The functional nanostructured composite materials based on sodium and lithium titanates to produce an anode material with high capacity and working stable potential in the course of cycling with optimal electronic and ionic conductivity were examined. Examples of specific schemes, physical-chemical properties and the mechanism offunctional processes by using bioactive and doped components were presented. Keywords: lithium and sodium titanates, functionalization, nanostructuring, ion batteries DOI: 10.32737/2221-8688-2019-2-216-234

Introduction

If earlier titanates, in particular titanomagnetites, were mainly of interest for producing titanium dioxide and metallic titanium [1-4], in recent decades titanates have been studied to be used in magneto-optical, ion-conducting and spintronic devices, in lithium-ion batteries for the production of new highly effective catalysts and functional nanoparticles [5-8]. Explorations are carried out to study the effect of bioactive components on functionalization of the surface of nanostructures [9,10].

The most intensively studied are titanates of lithium and sodium, as well as related

composite nanostructured functional materials to obtain anode material with high capacity, stability of the operating potential while cycling with optimal electronic and ionic conductivity. A number of books and review articles are devoted to the problem of creating new promising materials based on lithium and sodium titanates [11-16].

The aim of our review is to present in a compact form the highlights of this problem with due regard for new publications on the structure, synthesis and functionalization of lithium and sodium titanates-based nanostructured materials.

titanates

The growing interest in lithium titanates is due to the fact that lithium-ion batteries are widely used as compact energy sources in electric vehicles, cell phones, notebooks, etc. Lithium titanates are formed over the quasi-

binary Li2O - TiO2 cross section of the Li - Ti - O ternary system [17]. Compounds Li4TiO4, Li2TiO3, Li4Ti5O12 and Li2Ti3O7 are formed in the system Li2O-TiO2 (Fig.1).

Fig.1. Phase diagram of the Li2O - TiO2 system [17].

Note that a high-temperature form of Li2TiO3 makes up a wide range of solid solutions between ~ 44 and 66% mol TiO2. A low-temperature form of Li2TiO3 generates solid solutions between ~ 47 and 51% TiO2. A

spinel phase of Li4Ti5O12 has an upper stability limit at 1018°C, above which it decomposes to form Li2TiO3 and Li2Ti3O7. Also, Li2Ti3O7 has a lower stability limit at 957 ± 20°C, below which it decomposes into Li4Ti5O12 and rutile.

1 3

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram LIB [15]: (1) cathode collector, (2) anode collector, (3) cathode material, (4) anode material, (5) separator with electrolyte.

5

4

2

In the course of the decomposition, a metastable phase of unknown composition forms an intermediate product Li2Ti3O7 with a solubility region between ~ 74 and 76% TiO2. Each of the formed phases is of some interest for practice, in particular as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIB). Graphite is usually used as anode material but undergoes changes in the structure in the course of the operation, rapid loss of power in the course of cycling, and a low thermal stability limit is widely used [18]. Currently, one of the most

promising anode materials for LIB is lithium titanate Li4Ti5012.

Research into the development of new materials for LIB is aimed at obtaining an anode material with a high working capacity in the course of cycling, with optimal electronic and lithium-ionic conductivity. To a greater extent, these requirements are met by anodic materials based on lithium titanate Li4Ti5012 [19-21]. A schematic diagram of the LIB and reversible electrochemical processes for lithium is shown in Fig.2.3.

Fig.3. Classification of oxide materials of the anode based on the reversible process of inclusion and extraction of Li [16]: Intercalation-de-intercalation, alloy formation-exit from the alloy, conversion reaction (redox). The voltage range applies Li.

Electrochemical properties of Li4Ti5O12 There are four methods for obtaining phases depend largely on the methods of its synthesis. based on the compound Li4Ti5O12. 1) the

Pechini sol-gel method [22,23], 2) the citrate method using C6H8O7 citric acid and 3) the EDTA-citrate method using the ethylenediaminetetraacetic C10H16N2O8 and citric acids [24]. The last three methods were used to obtain Li4Ti5012 in [18]. According to the Pechini method, titanium tetrabutylate was successively added to the mixture of ethylene glycol + nitric acid with constant stirring (C4H9O)4Ti, C6H8O7 and Li2CO3. The molar ratio of titanium ions in respect of citric acid was 1:4. The resulting mixture was kept at 368 and 423 K for 24 hours. Under these conditions, molecules of ethylene glycol and citric acid enter into a polycondensation reaction which leads to the formation of a polymer gel and a subsequent pyrolysis at 623 K for 5 h. When using the EDTA-citrate method (C4H9O), 4Ti and Li2CO3 were dissolved in a mixture of ethanol + nitric acid (volume ratio of 5: 1). Note that EDTA and C6H8O7 were added to the resulting solution. The molar ratio of metal ions to EDTA and C6H8O7 was 1: 1: 2. Next, the mixture was heated at 368 K until a gelatin-like mass formed which was then kept at 523 K for 5 hours. However, as for single-phase Li4Ti5O12 in the presence of a high theoretical capacity of 175 mAh /g and an operating potential of 1.5 V (Li / Li+), values of electronic and lithium-ionic conductivity proved to be low [19,20]. To improve the conductivity, doping was carried out with various cations (V5+, Nb5+, Zr4+, Al3+, Cr3+, Mg 2+, Sn 2+, etc.) in the positions of titanium and lithium [25, 26]. An increase in the conductivity (first of all electronic) can also be achieved due to the formation of composites with carbon or metals [27].

In [28] Li4Ti5O12 was considered as a promising electrode material for lithium secondary batteries. The spray drying process was used to obtain porous and spherical Li4Ti5O12 powders from Li2CO3 and rutile TiO2 as precursors for pore formation. Experimental results showed that porous and spherical morphologies are preserved in the course of the sintering and subsequent heat treatment. At the same time, excessive heat treatment may result in losing the lithium content and,

consequently, reducing the charge and discharge power. Porous carbon substances have a low specific capacity; at the same time as an intercalation type the materials with asymmetric capacity have a limited ion velocity. In [28], it found that intercalation-type nanoparticles of lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12 ) in carbon nanopores are nanocomposites with both high ionic density and high ion transfer rate through open and interconnected pore channels.

In [6] carbon encapsulated Li4Ti5O12 (C/Li4Ti5O12) anode material for lithium ion battery was prepared by using the pre-coat method of two steps, and the TiO2 was pre-coated before the reaction with Li2CO3. The structure and morphology of the resultant C/Li4Ti5O12 materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical tests showed that at 0.1 C, the initial discharge capacity was 169.9 mAh g"1, and the discharge capacity was 80 mAh g"i at 5 C. After 100 cycles at 2 C, the discharge specific capacity was 108.5 mAh g"i. As compared to one step coating method, results showed that the C/Li4Ti5O12 prepared by pre-coat method can reduce a particle's size and effectively improve the electrochemical performance. In [7] the spinel Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) was doped by Ca2+ via a solid-state reaction route generating highly crystalline Li39Ca01Ti5O12 powders with a view of improving their electrochemical performance as an anode. The structure changes, morphologies, and electrochemical properties of the resultant powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV), respectively. Crystal structure and composition were analyzed, and results obtained with various tests of LTO. Electrochemical measurements revealed that Li39Ca01Ti5O12 anodes exhibit better rate capability, better cycling stability, and higher specific capacity than pure LTO anodes. In [8] Composites of Li4Ti5O12 with Ag-Cu particles were successfully synthesized by solid-state reaction followed by thermal decomposition of metal substrates. The presence of metallic particles was confirmed by X-ray diffraction,

scanning transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Galvanostatic charge-discharge tests showed improved specific capacity and capacity retention of Li4Ti5O12/Ag-Cu composites at a 10C current rate, while cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed changes in Li+ ion

chemical diffusion coefficient values and chargetransfer resistance with increasing amount of Ag-Cu in prepared powders. The synthesis and structural, morphological and electrochemical evaluation of Li4Ti5O12/Ag-Cu powders carried out in this work were also presented here for the first time.

Sodium titanates

Sodium titanates are formed over the quasi-binary section of Na2O-TiO2 of the Na-Ti-O ternary system (Fig.4): Na4TiO4, Na2TiO3, Na4Ti6Oi4, ^TisOy and Na2Ti6Oi3. Of the sodium titanates, sodium trititanate Na2Ti3O7 was explored most intensively. Sodium trititanate was mainly obtained in the form of nanotubes (T3Ns) and nanofibers (T3NFs). It should be noted that T3NTs and

T3NFs have high specific surface area, ionexchange capacity and proton conductivity. Therefore, they can be used as a catalyst [29], catalyst carriers [30], energy storage electrodes

[31], proton exchange membrane of fuel cells

[32] to remove pollutants [33]. Because of their biocompatibility and hydrophobicity, T3NTs are used as nanobiocatalysts (immobilization of enzumes [34].

1600

Na20 - Ti02

Data from FToxid -FACT oxide databases

mole TiCVINajCl+TiO;)

Facts age

1440 1ÎSQ

Û

1120 960

Fig.4. Phase diagram of the Na2O-TiO2 system.

Methods of synthesizing Na2Ti3O7 and obtaining nanotubes (T3NTs)

and nanofibers (T3N)

The mechanism of formation of T3NTs nanotubes has been the subject of the research [35] whose authors suggested that lamellar sheets are formed as a result of alkaline hydrothermal processing. The removal of

sodium ions by acid washing leads to the scrolling of sheets in the form of nanotubes (acid washing mechanism). The authors of [36, 37] suggested that nanotubes are formed as a result of four staged hydrothermal processing

(the peeling-scrolling mechanism). In [38-42], the microwave hydrothermal treatment method was used to obtain different sizes of TiO2 nanotubes. In particular, nanotubes of sodium titanate NaTiNTs were synthesized in [43] by microwave hydrothermal treatment of TiO2. The synthesis of nanotubes was carried out in the following sequence: 0.7 g of TiO2 was dispersed in 7 ml of 10 M NaOH solution, stirred at a room temperature for 1 h, then for about 15 min, followed by sonication, and then stirred again for 10 min. Next, 6 ml of the

reaction mixture was poured into a silicon carbide flask and placed in a microwave reactor (Anton Paar, Monowave 300). The reaction was carried out at a constant temperature of 135 ° C for 15 min, 1, 4, 8, and 16 h. A more detailed description of the experiment is given in [43]. Nanotubes were observed as early as 15 min after microwave irradiation. Analyses of products irradiated for 8 and 16 hours confirm the complete conversion of TiO2 powder into NaTiNTs (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. SEM images, starting with TiO2 (a), before the products separated after 15 min (b), 1 hour (s) and 8 hours (g) were processed in a microwave reactor at 1350C. All images were taken at the same magnification [43].

Hydrothermal synthesis of nanoparticles of sodium titanates

In recent years, a large number of experimental approaches have been successfully used to synthesize nanowires based on titanium dioxide. These include the sol-gel method in combination with electrophoretic deposition [44], spin method [45], sol-gel standard method [45,46], deposition of organometallic compounds from the vapor [47,48], anodic oxidative hydrolysis [49], sono-chemical synthesis [50], reverse micro-emulsion [51], pyrolysis-assisted melting of salts [52], hydrothermal synthesis

[53-55] of titanium dioxide-based rod-shaped nanostructures. The advantage of this method is that nanotubes or nanowires can be obtained in relatively large quantities. Hydrothermal treatment of TiO2 precursors in a strongly alkaline medium is an efficient way to prepare titanium dioxide-based nanotubes and nanofibers. For example, K2Ti6O13 nanofibers were successfully obtained hydrothermally using KOH in [54]. In [55], it showed that nanowires and nanotubes can also be obtained using NaOH. However, information about the

structure of synthesized nanoparticles remained unclear, despite intensive research. In [56] it was reported that the products of hydrothermal treatment of the anatase modification of TiO2 with NaOH are nanotubes of polytitanates of the NaxH2-xTi3O7 composition. Later [57] reported that the

synthesized nanotubes or nanotubes have even more complex composition, to be exact, NaxH2-xTinO2n+i.yH2O. By treating these nanoparticles with a HCl solution, nanotubes and nano-sticks with H2Ti3O7 composition were obtained.

Scheme 1. Hydrothermal treatment of amorphous TiO2.nH2O using 10 molar solution of NaOH and 0.1 molar solution of hydrochloric acid to produce nano-sticks: NR-1 denotes Na2TinO2n+i(n=3,4,9), NR-2: H2^O7, NR-1-HYD: in a stream of hydrogen, NR-2-AIR: in the air flow [53].

In [53], hydrothermal conditions of thermal and chemical treatment of amorphous phases for the preparation of titanates with the general formula Na2TinO2n+1 were studied more thoroughly. The process of formation of titanium-like nanopacks from amorphous TiO2.nH2O gels in the process of hydrothermal synthesis was explored. Note that nanoparticles of Na2Ti3O7 sodium trititanate rod-shaped morphology were obtained using simple hydrothermal treatment in the presence of a concentrated aqueous solution of NaOH. The ion-exchange reaction of the synthesized Na2Ti3O7 nano-sticks with HCl in the course of ultrasonic processing led to the complete replacement of sodium ions and the formation of H2Ti3O7 nanopalicle (Scheme 1).

Low-temperature annealing of Na2Ti3O7 and H2Ti3O7 nano-sticks leads to the loss of a layered crystal structure and the formation of sodium hexane-titanate nano-sticks (Na2Ti6O13) and the metastable TiO2-B phase, (Fig. 6). The analyzed methods for the synthesis of nanostructures of active metal titanates are successfully applied in [58-64]. In [58], sodium titanate nanopowder (nominal

formula Na1.5H0.5Ti3O7) was directly synthesized using a continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis process with the help of a relatively low base concentration (4 M NaOH) in the process. The as-made titanate nanomaterials were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis and transmission electron microscopy to evaluate results as potential electrode materials for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. Cyclic voltammetry studies on half-cells revealed that the sodium titanate nanomaterial stored the charge primarily through a combination of pseudo-capacitive and diffusion-limited processes in both systems. Electrochemical cycling tests at a high specific current of 1000 mA g-1 revealed that the Li-ion and Na-ion cells retained their relatively high specific capacities after 400 cycles of 131 and 87 mAh g-1, respectively. This study demonstrates the potential of CHFS-made sodium titanate nanopower as an anode material for both Li- and Na-ion cell chemistries.

Fig.6. The scheme of frame transformations in the course of hydrothermal and chemical treatment of amorphous TiO2.nH2O [19]: (A) amorphous gel TiO2.nH2O; (B) Na2Ti3O7; (C) H2Ti3O7; (D) Na2Ti6O13; (E) TiO2-B.

Using nanotubes and nanofibers N

Titanates and silikotitanate as zeolites, are cost-effective materials for cleaning contaminated water from radioactive ions [65]. Promising for the adsorption and safe disposal of 137Cs+ radioactive ions from an aqueous solution are nanotubes and Na2Ti3O7 nanofibres. In [66], nanofibres and nanotubes of Na2Ti3O7 were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. The materials obtained have a layered structure where the TiO6 octahedra are basic structural units [67]. These layers carry negative charges about two oxygen atoms thick. Na+ ions are located between the layers and can be exchanged with other cations. In [66], nanofibres (T3NF) and nanotubes (T3NT) were used to remove 137Cs+ radioactive ions from an aqueous solution by exchanging cations. This process with a structural change (Fig. 7) is described by the reaction as follows:

2Na2Ti3O7 +(1-0.5 x) Cs+ +(1-0.5x)H++ H2O ^ NaxCs1-0.5x H1-0.5x Ti6O13+(4-x)Na++ 2OH-

2Ti3O7 to capture radioactive ions

The Cs+ ions are located in the T6NF fiber tunnels. A maximum width of the tunnel along [010] direction is about 0.327 nm. Since the diameter of the Cs+ ion is 0.330 nm, it will be difficult for the 137Cs+ ions to diffuse into the tunnels and the ions will be trapped in the fibers. T6NF is more stable than T3NF at higher temperatures. This property is an advantage for the safe disposal of immobilized radioactive ions. The structure evolution from the initial titanate NF to Ag2O-T3NF was also studied in [66] (Fig. 8). The titanate NF fibers consist of octahedral TiO6 plates and an open plane (100) (Fig. 8a). When Ag+ ions diffuse on the surface of titanate NF in a neutral or alkaline medium, (Ag)(OH)n(H2O)m silver intermediates are formed on the surface. These intermediate products are dehydrated on the Ti-OH surface and are bound to the surface by exchanging the surface oxygen atoms of the octahedral TiO6 plates in the (100) planes (Fig. 8, b) which leads to the deformation of the (100) plane surface and, therefore, the plane proper.

pi TlOfl octahedron Cs+ a Na+ * H+ / 7 Unit call

Fig.7. Evolution of the structure of T3NF-layered nanofibers into a microporous T6NF tunnel structure [66].

Fig.8. Formation of Ag2O nanocrystals profile on (100) plane of the titanate nanofibres and the deposition of iodide ions: a) surface of the titanate nanofibre. b, c) deformation on (100) and (201) planes after deposition of Ag2O nanocrystals and adsorption of iodide ions. d) TiO6 octahedra of titanate substrates, e) distorted TiO6 octahedra: in the course of the deformation process of TiO6, a short Ti-O bond disappears and a long Ti - O bond forms [66].

In addition, Ag+ ions are exchanged with Na + ions inside the interlayer space which leads to a deterioration in crystallinity and a decrease in the diffraction intensity. The diffraction intensity (201) of the planes (blue plane in Fig. 8 b) may significantly drop. In (201), the planes are partially occupied by oxygen atoms and Na+ ions inside the interlayer space in the initial fibers. These Na+ ions are replaced by Ag+ ions that strongly interact with oxygen atoms; this substitution

resulted in a small displacement of oxygen atoms from their original positions to affect the diffraction intensity. The structure evolution was also confirmed by measuring short Ti-O bonds (bonds between terminal oxygen atoms and a central titanium atom in the distorted TiO6 octahedra labeled with S in Fig. 10d) and long Ti - O bonds (bonds between bridging oxygen atoms and the titanium atom in the same octahedra, labeled L in Fig.8d).

Titanates functionalization by bioactive components and doping

The functionalization of the surface of one-dimensional nanostructures with bioactive components allows forming textures, morphology and phase composition of products in the course of hydrothermal treatment of doped titanium dioxide powders and titanates [9,10,68]. In particular, in [10] was studied the influence of bioactive natural polymer chitosan as the organic reactant in the formation of texture morphology and phase composition of products in the course of hydrothermal treatment CoTiO3 and TiO2 powders obtained from hydrosols pre-formed electrochemical sol-gel method. The behavior of sodium titanates when exposed to a simulated body fluid SBF was studied in [69,70]. Suffice it to recall that the simulated body fluid (SBF) is a solution with a concentration of the ions close to the human blood plasma. In particular, it was found in [70] that an increased content of sodium entails a higher biological activity, since more sodium ions are available for exchange with H3O+ ions in SBF, which leads to the formation of Ti - OH groups and then intermediate calcium titanate. A local increase in pH causes the formation of a biomimetic calcium phosphate layer on the surface. Sintering of the samples leads to the formation of a larger number of three- and hexatitanate crystal structures and a decrease in the sodium content. The amount of Na+ ions that can be released from the surface of sodium titanate is reduced due to decreasing surface area and low sodium content. When the sintered samples are treated with an aqueous solution

of NaOH, some of the Ti - O - Ti bonds are broken and Ti - O - Na and Ti - OH bonds are formed. This process is enhanced in the SBF medium by exposure to hydroxonium ions. In work [71], nanoscale porous lithium titanate (LTO) as an anode material was synthesized using the method of spray drying after grinding in a ball mill. LTO nanoparticle size was optimized at a rate of 200 for stable performance. It was found that the electrochemical characteristics of the synthesized LTO nanoparticles are stable at high operating temperature (50 ° C) and at high current speeds.

In the work [72], a series of samples of Li2BaTi6O14 was synthesized by the traditional solid-phase method — calcination at various temperatures from 800 to 1000 ° C. Structural analysis and electrochemical evaluation showed that the optimal firing temperature for Li2BaTi6O14 is 950°C. Li2BaTi6O14, calcined at 950 ° C, has high phase purity with excellent reversible capacity of 145.7 mAh / g for the first cycle at a current density of 50 mA /g. After 50 cycles, reversible capacity can be maintained at 137.7 mAh /g, while maintaining a potential of 94.51%.

The work [73] deals with obtaining new electrorheological (ER) materials using microwave synthesis with the provision of a suitable shell with due regard for the electrorheological effect. In the work [74], ultrathin layered sodium titanate nanofilms were synthesized using a continuous process of hydrothermal flow and explored as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. [75]

examined the low-temperature execution of electrolytes. [76] reported on the successful the start /stop command for LMO / LTO use of perovskite structured lithiumlithium manganese oxide/lithium titanate) lanthanum-titanate (LLTO) material in LIB. lithium-ion batteries with three different

Fig.9. (a) Schematic representation of the synthesis process, (b) XRD of Na2Li2Ti6O14 h Nai.9Mc.iLi2Ti6Oi4 (M=Li+, Cu2+, Y3+, Ce4+, Nb5+), (c) Rietveld processing profiles for Na2Li2Ti6O14; (d) Rietveld profiles processing Nb-doped Na2Li2Ti6OM [77]

By doping with Li (+), Cu (2+), Y (3+), Ce (4+), and Nb (5 +) ions, a series of Na-substituted Na19M01Li2Ti6O14 materials was prepared [77]. Structural and electrochemical analysis suggests that the substitution of high-valent metals for Na + can effectively increase the ionic and electronic conductivities of Na2Li2Ti6O14. In [77] concluded that Na19M01Li2Ti6O14 is a highly efficient anode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Diagram of the process of synthesis of Na19M01Li2Ti6O14 is shown in Fig.9.

[78] successfully synthesized lithium-titanate nanotubes (Li-TNTs). The inner and outer diameters of the nanotubes are 5 nm and

8 nm with a distance between the layers at 0.83 nm. Nanotubes correspond to the composition Li181H019Ti2O5 • xH2O. The chemical component was Li181H019Ti2O5 • H2O, defined as ICP-AES. From the Li-TNT and WO3 nanoparticles thin films (WO3 / Li-TNT) were prepared on an ITO glass using a spin coating, and then an electrochromic device was made. The diffusion coefficient of Li ions in WO3 / Li-TNT film was 6.1-10-10 cm2 s-1, which is up eight times from the pure WO3 film. The contrast transmittance of pure WO3, based on the ECD (electron capture detector), was 53.3% at a wavelength of 600 nm. However, this figure increased to 74.1%

for WO3 / Li-TNT. Zinc lithium titanate (Li2ZnTi3O8) is a desirable anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its low cost, non-toxicity and high safety. However, low electronic conductivity and limited speed hold back the commercial use of Li2ZnTi3O8. An effective strategy was developed in [79] for fabricating an Li2ZnTi3O8 electrode using Cu foils with grown graphene and deposited Au nanoparticles as a current collector. Note that graphene and Au nanoparticles can significantly increase the electrical conductivity of the current collector.

The Cu-structured current collector has a rough interface that can enhance adhesion between the Li2ZnTi3O8 active material layer and the current collector, providing an excellent electronic transport network and

reducing the internal resistance of LIBs. Supported by a Cu structured current collector, Li2ZnTi3O8 shows high storage properties of Li+ with a reversible capacity of 172.2 mAh / g after 100 cycles at a high current density of 4A / g. Even at 6 A / g, a value of 148.4 mAh / g can be achieved. The improved speed of the nanostructured Li2ZnTi3O8 electrode makes it a promising anode material for LIBs.

In the [80], an interface element is proposed that allows the liquid / solid electrolyte interface to be analyzed using four-point measurements. The functionality of this installation is demonstrated by analyzing the effect of parameter variations at the lithium-lanthanum titanate (Li3xLa2/ (3-x)TiO3, LLTO) interface of solid electrolytes used in lithiumair batteries (Lithium-air batteries).

Fig. 10. Dependence of the average voltage on the reversible capacity for various anode materials for sodium and lithium-ion batteries. The lines of constant specific energy density are determined for a cathode with a specific current density of 200 mA h / g and with an average voltage of 3.5 V [81.82].

Spinel Li4Ti5O12, famous for its zero effect deformation in the course of Li intercalation, was first investigated as an anode material in a sodium-ion battery in [83]. It revealed that Li4Ti5O12 can contain both Li+

ions and Na+ ions. Li4Ti5O12 electrode with an average potential of about 1.0 V has a reversible capacity of 145 mAh / g. An atomic scale study of the mechanism of Na storage in Li4Ti5O12 was carried out in [84]. Proceeding

from the functional density theory (DFT), the following mechanism for producing a composite is proposed:

2Li4Ti5Oi2 + Na+ + 6e- ^2Li7Ti5Oi2 + Na6LiTi5Oi2

This mechanism was confirmed by measurements (XRD) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)

[82]. Average sodium conservation potential is 0.91 V with a reversible capacity of 155 mAh / g. The dependence of the average voltage on the reversible capacity for different materials of the anode is shown in Fig.10 from which it follows that the battery with the anode material containing lithium and sodium ions has the best cycleability.

Conclusion

The analysis of literature data in terms a larger stream of information on the study into lithium and sodium titanates shows that the improvement of synthesis methods and nanostructuring of the phases obtained, development of the theory of modification and functionalization, use of the materials obtained in practice, in particular, the production of lithium and sodium ion batteries, are relevant.

Note that Lithium titanates are promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to their low cost, non-toxicity and high safety.

However, low electronic conductivity and limited ion velocity retard the commercial use of such anodes. Therefore, the synthesis and study of sodium-lithium titanates is highly relevant. Sodium Na (+) - substituted Nai.9Mo.iLi2Ti6Oi4 nanoparticles obtained by doping Na2Li2Ti6Oi4 with Cu (2+), Y (3+), Ce (4+) and Nb (5+) ions, are characterized by higher electronic and ionic conductivity at relatively low and high temperatures. Also relevant are studies on the functionalization of nanomaterials with bioactive components.

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Acknowledgements. This work was carried out with the financial support of the Science Development Foundation under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, grant No EIF / MGM/Elm-Tehsil-1-2016-1 (26) -71/05/4

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ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ И ИСЛЕДОВАНИЕ Ф УНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ СВОЙСТВ НАНОСТРУКТУРИРОВАННЫХ ТИТАНА ТОВ ЛИТИЯ И НА ТРИЯ

А.Н. Мамедов1'2, У.Н. Шарифова1, Г.М. Самедзаде1, А.М. Гасымова1, С.А. Гулиева3

1 Институт Катализа и Неорганической Химии Национальной АН Азербайджана, AZ1143 Баку, пр. Г. Джавида, 113, e-mail: asif.mammadov.47@mail.ru 2Азербайджанский Технический Университет AZ1073 Баку, пр. Г. Джавида, 107 3Азербайджанский Государственный Педагогический Университет AZ1000 Баку, ул. У. Гаджибейли, 68

Проанализированы и обобщены имеющиеся в литературе сведения о способах получения, структуре и физико-химических свойствах наноструктурированных материалов на основе титанатов лития и натрия. Рассмотрены композитные наноструктурированные функциональные материалы на основе титанатов лития и натрия для получения анодного материала с высокой емкостью, стабильностью рабочего потенциала в ходе циклирования, с оптимальной электронной и ионной проводимостью. Представлены примеры с конкретными схемами, физико-химическими данными и механизмами функциональных процессов при использовании биоактивных и легирующих компонентов.

Ключевые слова: титанаты лития и натрия, функционализация, наноструктурирование, ионные батареи

NANOSTRUKTURLA§MI§ LiTiUM Vd NATRIUM TiTANATLARININALINMASI Vd FUNKSiONAL XASSdLdRiMN TdDQiQi

A.N. Mammadov1,2, Ü.N. §arifova\ Q.M. Samadzada1, A.M. Qasimova1, S. d. Quliyeva3

1AMEA akademik M.Nagiyev adina Kataliz vs Qeyri-üzvi Kimya institutu AZ1143 Baki, H.Cavidpr. 113, e-mail: asif.mammadov.47@mail.ru 2Azsrbaycan Texniki Universiteti AZ 1073 Baki, H.Cavid pr. 107 3Azsrbaycan Dövlst Pedaqoji Universiteti AZ 1000, Baki, Ü.Hacibsylu küg.68

Litium vs natrium titanatlarina ssaslanan nanostrukturlu materiallarin sintez üsullari, qurulu§u vs fiziki-kimysvi xüsusiyystlsri haqqinda sdsbiyyat mslumatlari tshlil edilmi§ vs ümumils§dirilmi§dir. Optimal electron vs ion kegiriciliyins, yükssk tutuma, tsikl zamani sabit i§gi potensiala malik ion batareyalarinda anod kimi istifads etmsk ügün natrium vs litium titanatlarina ssaslanan funksional nanostrukturlu perspektiv kompozit materiallar haqqinda geni§ mslumat verilmi§dir. Bioaktiv komponentlsr vs heterovalentli kationlarla legirlsmsnin fiziki-kimysvi xüsusiyystlsri vs funksional proseslsrin mexanizminin sxemlsri tsqdim edilmi§dir.

Agar sözlar: litium vs natrium titanatlari, funksiyala§ma, nanostrukturla§ma, ion batareyalari

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