CC BY
20
SetMUii-
2020, том 42, № 4
УДК 581.52 (571.66)
DOI 10.29003/m1769.0514-7468.2020_42_4/406-410
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON INVERTEBRATE BIODIVERSITY OF VOLCANIC CAVES IN KRONG NO, DAK NONG PROVINCE, VIETNAM
Pham Dinh Sac12, Nguyen Trung Minh12*, Pham Hong Thai12, La The Phuc1, Hoang Thi Nga1, Cao Xuan Phan3, Dang Thi Hai Yen1'2, Tran Anh Hao4
1 Vietnam National Museum of Nature (VNMN), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 2 Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 3 Bien Hoa High School for the Gifted VAST, Ha Nam, Vietnam
4International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam Corresponding author: Nguyen Trung Minh, nttminh@vast.vn
Survey on invertebrate biodiversity of volcanic caves in Krong No, Dak Nong province, Vietnam was carried in 2018 and 2019. The survey were done in 8 typical caves are Co cave (475 m long), C1 cave (402 m), C2 cave (402 m), C3 cave (716 m), C4 cave (251 m), C6 cave (180 m), C6.1 cave (293 m) and C7 cave (1066 m). The survey result recorded 41 species, 31 families of 5 classes, 13 orders of invertebrate at volcanic caves in Krong No. It is expected that 13 species will become new taxa, for example a scorpion of the Chaeri-lidae family, Chaerilus chubluk Lourenco, Tran & Pham, 2020 in the Co cave. The large and long caves with a complicated structure with many corners are more valuable in term of biological diversity than the small caves with a simple structure.
Keys word: invertebrate, volcanic cave, Krong No, Vietnam.
ПРЕДВАРИТЕЛЬНОЕ ИЗУЧЕНИЕ БИОРАЗНООБРАЗИЯ БЕСПОЗВОНОЧНЫХ В ВУЛКАНИЧЕСКИХ ПЕЩЕРАХ РАЙОНА KRONG NO ПРОВИНЦИИ ДАК НОНГ, ВЬЕТНАМ
Пхам Динх Сак1,2, Нгуенг Чунг Минь1,2 *, Пхам Хонг Тхай1,2, Ла Тхэ Фук1, Хоанг Тхи Нга1, Сао Хуан Пхан3, Данг Тхи Хай Йен1,2, Тран Анх Хао4
1 Вьетнамский национальный музей природы (ВНМП), Вьетнамская академия наук и технологий (ВАНТ);
2 Университет науки и технологии ВАНТ;
3 Средняя школа Bien Hoa для одарённых детей ВАНТ, Ха Нам, Вьетнам; 4 Международная школа Вьетнамского национального университета, Ханой, Вьетнам;
* Автор, ответственный за переписку: Нгуен Чунг Минь, nttminh@vast.vn.
В 2018 и 2019 годах было проведено исследование биоразнообразия беспозвоночных в вулканических пещерах района Krong No провинции Дак Нонг во Вьетнаме. Данное исследование проводилось в 8 обычных пещерах, а именно: пещера Co (протяжённостью 475 м), C1 (402 м), C2 (402 м)^3 (716 м), C4 (251 м), C6 (180 м), C6.1 (293 м) и пещера C7 (1066м). В результате исследования был обнаружен 41 вид, 31 семейство в 5 классах и 13 отрядов беспозвоночных. Предполагается, что 13 видов станут новыми таксонами, как, например, скорпион семейства Chaerilidae, Chaerilus chubluk Lourenco, Tran & Pham, 2020 из пещеры Co. Большие и вытянутые пещеры со сложной структурой и большим количеством ответвлений более ценны в отношении биологического разнообразия, чем маленькие пещеры с простой структурой.
406
Жизнь Земли 42(4) 2020 406-410
Ключевые слова: беспозвоночные, вулканическая пещера, KrongNo, Въетнам.
Ссылка для цитирования: Pham Dinh Sac, Nguyen Trung Minh, Pham Hong Thai, La The Phuc, Hoang Thi Nga, Dang Thi Hai Yen. Preliminary study on invertebrate biodiversity of Volcanic Caves in Krong No, Dak Nongprovince, Vietnam // Жизнь Земли. 2020. Т. 42, № 4. С. 406-410. DOI: 10.29003/ml769.0514-7468.2020_42_4/406-410.
Поступила 12.10.2020 / Принята к публикации 25.11.2020
Introduction. Howarth [2] shows that invertebrates living in caves are not only diversified in number of species and individuals but also very typical in morphology and carry high endemicity. It is separation from the external environment, together with differences in light regime as well as moisture that helps to form specialized species adapted to living conditions in caves. Thus many new taxons have been recorded in the caves around the world.
The Krong No volcanic cave system has been evaluated and recognized as the largest and most unique volcanic cave system in Southeast Asia. The initial research results on the volcanic caves in the studied area show that their heritage potential is very large in three fields: geology, biology and culture - archaeology.
The current preliminary survey aims to provide an initial overview of the invertebrate fauna in volcanic cave systems in Krong No, Dak Nong province, Vietnam.
Methodology. Surveys for cave fauna use many different techniques [1, 3]. These methods include:
• Using lights to observe and collect specimens by hand;
• Use a sieve to collect specimens in the rubbish or debris on the cave floor;
• Pitfall traps were used to collect cave floor-active invertebrate and to measure their relative abundance;
• In addition, some terrestrial groups will be sampled by hand (using small brush, forceps and aspirator), by litter screening, and by guano, soil and litter sampling with fauna extraction on Berlese funnels.
The field component of the survey was conducted during between 2018 and 2019. The caves chosen are: Co cave (475 m long), C1 (402 m), C2 (402 m), C3 (716 m), C4 (251 m), C6 (180 m), C6.1 (293 m), C7 (1066 m).
All adult invertebrates were collected and identified. Currently, we have classified into the species into class, order, family and morphological species. The further works of taxonomy will be carried out at a later date.
Results. The primary results of invertebrate fauna survey in volcanic cave systems in Krong No show that there are 264 individuals including 41 species from 8 caves. They are of 5 classes, 13 orders and 31 families. Four (4) species are common in the caves including 4 species of spider, 1 species of cricket, 1 species of millipede. There are more variable species in the C7, Co and C3 caves.
There are 13 species are intended to be new taxon, especially one species of scorpion of the Chaerilidae family in the Co cave. The scientific name of this species is Chaerilus chubluk [4] (Fig. 1). One other new species are expected of the Epedanidae family in the C6.1 cave represents a true troglobitic element (Fig. 2).
The detail results of the number of individuals in surveyed caves are presented in the Table 1.
The survey results in 8 caves in volcanic cave systems of Krong No shows the major differences clustered in invertebrate fauna including the dramatic differences in species diversity, number of individuals and biodiversity values (showing by the new species to science) between the cave groups.
2020, том 42, № 4
Table 1. Species diversity and abundance in volcanic cave systems of Krong No Таблица 1. Видовое разнообразие и распространенность видов в системе вулканических пещер
района Krong No
Taxon Survey cave
Class Order Family Species The C4 cave The C6 cave The C6.1 cave The C2 cave The C1 cave The C7 cave The Co cave The C3 cave
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Arachnida Araneae Araneidae sp. 1 2 2 5 5 2 2
sp. 2 2 4
Amaurobiidae sp. 3 1 1 2
Sparassidae sp. 4 1 2 1 1 1 9 2 5
sp. 5 2 1 2 1
Lycosidae sp. 6 1 4 1 3 3
sp. 7 (*) 3
Pholcidae sp. 8 (*) 9
sp. 9 (*) 3 4
sp. 10 5
Telemidae sp. 11(*) 2
sp.12 (*) 2
sp.13 1 2 6
Linyphiidae sp.14 2
sp.15 3 1
Leptonetidae sp.16(*) 2 4
Theridiidae sp.17 5 1
Tetrablemmidae sp.18 (*) 2
Gnaphosidae sp.19 2 1
Scorpiones Chaerilidae sp.20(*) 2
Opiliones Epedanidae sp.21(*) 4
sp. 22 2 4
Crustacea Isopoda Armdillidae sp.23 15 6
Philosciidae sp.24 4
Styloniscidae sp.25(*) 2 2
Insecta Collembola Entomobryidae sp.26 1 3
Isotomidae sp.27 2
Orthoptera Rhaphidophoridae sp.28(*) 4 1
sp.29 2 1 1 6 1 1
Coleoptera Carabidae sp.30 1 2
Pselaphidae sp.31(*) 4 6
Staphylinidae sp.32 2 3 1 4
Leiodidae sp.33 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Insecta Lepidoptera Tinaeidae sp.34 1
Hymenoptera Formicidae sp.35 1
Heteroptera Reduviidae Sp.36 4
Psocoptera Psilopcosidae sp.37 1
Myriapoda Diplopoda Sinocallipodidae sp.38(*) 4 1
Cambalopsidae sp.39 2 1 2 1 3 5 3 12
Haplodesmidae sp.40 6
Oligochaeta Haplotaxida Megascolecidae sp.41 1
Total 14 13 12 37 31 59 46 52
(*) New species are expected
Group 1: the C4 cave, C6 cave and C6.1 cave. There are a few of individuals and a little the numbers of species in caves belonging group 1. The C4 cave has 14 individuals and 9 species, the C6 cave (13 individuals, 8 species), the C6.1 cave (12 individuals, 6 species). The main part of these caves are spiders.
Group 2: The C1 cave and the C2 cave. All of this caves have medium diversity level. The C1 cave (31 individuals, 12 species), the C2 cave (37 individuals, 10 species). The main part of there caves are spiders and insects.
Group 3: The C3 cave, the C7 cave and the Co cave. There caves have higher level of biodiversity than other caves. The C3 (52 individuals, 15 species), the C7 cave (59 individuals, 16 species), the Co cave (46 individuals, 17 species). The biodiversity in these caves shows the uniform presence of all groups of invertebrates fauna. Especially, the result has identified many new species which discovered in these caves. They are C7 cave with 6 new species are expected (3 species of spider, 2 species of insect, 1 species of millipede), the Co cave with 8 new species are expected (3 species of spider, 1 species of scorpion, 2 species of crustacea, 1 species of insect and 1 species of millipede) and the C3 cave with 1 species of insect.
Fig. 1. Sp. 20 - Chaerilus chubluk, Chae-rilidae family
Рис. 1. Вид 20 (Sp. 20 в таблице 1) Скорпион Chaerilus chubluk, семейство Chaerilidae
Fig. 2. Sp. 21 - Epedanidae family Рис. 2. Вид 21 (Sp. 21 в табл. 1) - представитель семейства Epedanidae (см. цветное фото на 2 с. обложки)
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2020, tom 42, № 4
The caves of group 1 and 2 were low in individuals, species and biodiversity values. The caves of these groups have small size (length and width). Besides, the structure of the caves in this groups is very simple. These characteristics are unfavorable conditions for the development and survival of invertebrate faunas in the cave.
These caves of group 3 are differ from the caves in groups 1 and 2 in term of the size of length and width and the complex structure with many corners. These benefit characteristics are useful for the development and survival of invertebrate fauna in the cave.
Conclusion. Cave fauna is an important component of biodiversity. Dak Nong province has the most spectacular volcanic caves system in Vietnam with many little-explored caves and their fauna. We collected and identified the invertebrate specimens from eight volcanic caves in Krong No district, Dak Nong province. These specimens are belonged to 5 classes, 13 orders, 31 families, and 41 species. Among them, cave spiders, insects and millipedes are the most widely occurring invertebrates. The large and long caves with a complicated structure with many corners are more valuable in term of biological diversity than the small caves with a simple structure.
Acknowledgements. This study was supported by the project code TN17/T06 "Research on cave heritage value, propose building a museum for insitu conservation in the Central Highlands, with the example of volcanic cave in Krong No, Dak Nong province".
REFERENCES
1. Curtis D.J. Pitfalls in spider community studies (Arachnida, Araneae). The Journal of Arachnology. 8, 271-280 (1980).
2. Howarth F.G. Ecology of cave Arthropods. Annual Reviews of Entomology. 28, 365-388 (1983).
3. Millar I.M., Uys V.M., Urban R.P. Collecting and Preserving Insects and Arachnids. P. 25-97 (Compiled by the Biosystematics Division, ARC-PPRI, South Africa, 2000).
4. Wilson R. Lourenco, Thi-Hang Tran, Dinh-Sac Pham. The genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877, in Vietnam with the description of a new species found in a volcanic cave (Scorpiones, Chaerilidae). Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France. 125 (1), 19-28 (2020).
