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4PRACTICE OF FEDERAL PROGRAM ON ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF THE USA TO REFORM HOUSING AND COMMUNAL SERVICES OF UKRAINE
Ph. D. A. Yegorov Ph. D. O. Yegorova
Ukraine, Kharkiv city, Ukrainian Engineering Pedagogics Academy
Abstract. Examines the main approaches to the content and reform in the field of energy saving on the example of the Federal energy administration and the U.S. for budgetary institutions of the US and transfer this positive experience in the process of reforming of the system of housing and communal services in Ukraine.
Keywords: Energy resources, utilities, finance, savings.
The system crises of housing and communal services and low level of these services given to the population, lack of proper finance resources of housing and communal services enterprises of Ukraine and many other factors have determined necessity to carry out reforms of housing and communal services of the country. Energy intensity of housing and communal services is by 3-4 times higher than that in economically developed countries. [1].
Unsatisfactory situation and urgent problems in the field of communal services have conditioned need to improve it in ways of reforming its administrative management and seeking practical resources of central and non-central resource savings.
One should single out two directions of reforming housing and communal services in Ukraine. In the first one the priority is to save budget finance and gradually to shift high costs of communal city's services to consumers' by increasing tariffs for housing and communal services. As the result of this strategic approach the structural reconstruction of financial streams and efficiency increase of budget use can be realized but negative consequences of such reforms will be quite strong: unfavorable reaction of population, further decline of the communal city's system and quality drop of consumers' servicing.
The second approach supposes the structural reforming of communal relations by its demonopolization, creating competitive environment and resources saving. Tariffs increasing and tariffs policy improving are an essential constituent of the reform but tariffs changing should be combined with economic and market reforms on condition that population's income level is taken into account.
Declaring necessity of resources saving at the state level leads to further insecurity in this field. But in the world practice there are effective examples of promoting resources saving technologies from the state to the local level.
The Federal Program on Energy Management in the USA (FPEM) [2] is a bright example of the energy policy of the USA government. The USA policy made its choice to orient to increase its energy efficiency after energy crises in the mid-70s. In the 80-s and early 90-s growing federal budget deficit became a serious problem and increase of energy efficiency was to play its crucial role to solve it. The government was forced to make do with fewer resources and economically effective projects to increase energy efficiency which helped reduce costs and improve workers' labor productivity.
The federal policy of energy management was used to stimulate business in two ways: promotion of energy effective technologies and recycled energy sources and also modernization of out-of-date infrastructure and installation of energy effective equipment.
The federal government of the USA owns more than 500 thousand buildings and is the biggest energy consumer in the country and is responsible for improving energy management at its objects, cost effectiveness of taxpayers' money, decrease of pollutants emission and also reduction of global climate change. It is the leader in energy saving projecting, construction and use of buildings.
Through improving account, regulating energy intensity and increasing efficiency of their consumption at the communal market of Ukraine one can reduce costs of energy and water supply by 0,7 billion dollars. According to experts estimation the system realization of energy saving measures will lead to reduce operational energy costs in housing sector by 2,0-2,5 times. Saved costs will be enough to cover salary raise in the public sector employees.
Solving the problem at the state level will allow launching analogy mechanisms at local levels. Every region and city must have its own program on effective energy management in public sector
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which should be based on the communal federal program of energy saving accompanied with wide propaganda of innovative energy and resources savings.
REFERENCES
1. Современные проблемы реформирования и развития жилищно-коммунального хозяйства: Монография // Л.В. Беззубко, С.А. Ильяшевич и др./ Под общ.ред. д.э.н., проф. В.В. Дорофиенко. - Донецк: Нордкомпьютер, 2009. - 237 с.
2. Электронный ресурс. - Режим доступа: http://solex-un.ru/energo/review/energoservisnaya-deyatelnost-v-rossii/prilozhenie
THE SOCIALLY ORIENTED BEHAVIOR OF THE BULGARIAN BUSINESS - OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS
1 Assoc. Prof. Nikolova N., PhD 2 Prof. DSc Dimitrova S.
1 Bulgaria, Varna, Technical University 2 Bulgaria, Veliko Tarnovo, Vasil Levski National Military University
Abstract. For more than half a century scientific and business circles have been discussing the nature and content of corporate social responsibility. So far a lot of theoretical knowledge and practical experience have been accumulated in the field of socially responsible business behavior. The development of the practice of corporate social responsibility in Bulgaria shows that the business is open to adopting the positive world experience. Currently, numerous companies of varying size and status announce their social activities. The main result of the study confirms that the Bulgarian business circles cease to consider the issue of corporate social responsibility as secondary and not inherent to business.
Keywords: management; strategic management; corporate social responsibility; socially oriented behavior; forms of socially oriented behavior.
Introduction. The dynamic changes in the business environment, marked by the consequences of the global economic crisis, provoke companies to increasingly focus their attention on detailed examination of all factors that contribute to increasing their competitiveness and industrial development. Accordingly, the focus of their strategies has changed completely. The attention of management has been directed not only towards the factors that have an immediate impact their financial results, but also on the factors that influence the enhancement of their competitiveness through the application of a number of non-financial instruments. The focal point is innovation as a key factor for economic growth based on more efficient use of resources, for the formation of competitive advantages, for providing employment through developing activities characterized by high added value, for ensuring environmental protection. An increasing number of industrial companies apply total reengineering of existing business practices. More and more frequently, the discussions in this area are directed to the applicability of corporate social responsibility, which, both on the national and global scales, is becoming a topical issue that involves the scientific community. This has provoked the scientific research of the authors of this article hat aims at studying and analyzing the motives for and obstacles to the socially oriented behavior of the Bulgarian business as a basis for industrial growth.
Body. The starting point for the research and analysis in this article is an empirical study, conducted by the authors, of 74 industrial companies operating in the city of Varna via the approach of survey and data processing using Exel. The specific characteristics of the model of corporate social responsibility in Bulgaria have been taken into consideration. Accordingly, the research data show that 68.7% of surveyed companies believe that applying the principles of social responsibility improves the company's image and promote its products and services on the market, thus leading to increased sales volume and the market capitalization of the company. In other words, if the organization conducts a socially responsible business policy in times of crisis, this provides the advantage of maintaining a good level. A confirmation of the abovesaid is demonstrated through the motives for socially oriented behavior ranked by representatives of the business, as shown in Table 1.
The impression from the conducted studies is that the behavior of Bulgarian companies is to a lesser extent determined by internal motives for awareness of the responsibility for the social represented
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