CC BY
19
DOI 10.14526/01 1111 150
POWER AS PHYSICAL QUALITY
Valery P. Popov - candidate of pedagogics, associate professor, Belarus State University of Physical Culture, 18, str. Amber, Zasen, Minsk, 220153, Belarus E-mail: docendo@bk.ru
Vladislav E. Zankovets - master of pedagogics,
Hockey club "Barys" 7, str. Kazhymukan, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan E-mail: zankavets@tut.by
Annotation. Training a sportsman in any kind of sport has a complicated structure, where the main component is physical training. One of the main components in physical training is strength. At the same time, in many kinds of sport result depends not only on strength, but also on speed of its demonstration. This ability is estimated by the index of power. Material. The authors considered motional qualities as different sides of motor activity. Research methods: scientific literature analysis and summarizing, comparative analysis. Result. The authors think that it is necessary to introduce into the system of sports theory notions the notion "power" as a physical quality. The notion "power" was used in native and foreign sports and scientific literature without a serious attempt to consider its possible meaning for theory and practice of sport development. Strength, without taking into consideration power, is not valuable in sport. The ability to demonstrate considerable power in sport very often depends on the fact how quickly a sportsman can develop maximum force with the help of neuromuscular system. It is obvious, that power, as the ability, is a result of the whole set of qualities development [15]. Conclusion. Power measuring helps to estimate precisely speed-power abilities and increase the quality of control over training a sportsman. For this purpose it is necessary to continue to develop the theory of power, improve means and methods of estimation and the methodology of its training. Keywords: physical qualities, strength, power, sport training
Training a sportsman in any kind of sport has a complicated structure, where the main component is physical training. One of the main components in physical training is strength. As any exercise fulfillment is a work connected with own mass overcoming or opposition to outer resistance, this phenomenon can be described with the help of the following formula A=FS, where S is the way of strength application (F). At the same time, in many kinds of sport result depends not only on strength, but also on speed of its demonstration. This ability is estimated by the index of power W=FV. In an international system (SI) the unit of power is watt (W). It is equal to the power of strength, which fulfills
Introduction
the work of 1 joule (J) in 1 second or, when 100gr load is lifted 1 meter high in 1 second.
The power of a man with the weight 70 kg during different kinds of activity [16] is presented in table 1.
Table 1 - The power, demonstrated in different kinds of activity
Kind of activity (work) Power (W)
Common walking, weak wind 60-65
Quick walking 7 km/h 200
Slow cycling without a wind (10 km/h) 40
Cycling 20 km/h with no wind 320
9 km/h running 750
Cycling 8,5 km/h 345
Cycling 15 km/h 490
Cycling 20 km/h 690
Swimming 10 m/min 250
Swimming 20 m/min 355
Swimming 50 m/min 850
Rowing 50 m/min 215
Rowing 80 m/min 440
Volleyball 265
Football 930
Basketball 780
Table 1 shows a clear regularity: the higher the speed of work fulfillment is, the more is the power accumulated by a person. In case of equal speed of movement power is higher, when the strength is higher, against which the work is fulfilled (for example, own weight) and vice versa. This fact is very important while estimating speed and power abilities of a sportsman during the process of physical training and competitions in such kinds of sport as sprint, jumping, throwing and etc., a sportsman's organism should have the ability to accumulate considerable power, at least for a short time period.
However, it is incorrect to consider that just increasing muscular strength or speed parameters of movement, it is possible to get a sufficient increase of power. The law of Hill [10], which describes the dependence between strength and speed of a muscle contraction, helped to reveal that a maximum power is realized not in cases of a maximum strength and speed demonstration (which is impossible), but in case of their definite ratio. The speed of work fulfillment (it is reflected in the results of competitive activity) is
determined by the index of the developed power, and strength and speed indices are only the components of power.
Motional qualities as different sides of motor activity
Any person has some motional abilities, which can be demonstrated only in motional activity. Motional actions of a person, especially in sport, are very varied.
Depending on a kind, direction and the conditions of motional activity fulfillment, different sides of motional ability are revealed. Each side differs from other sides owing to qualitative characteristics. These sides are called "motional" or "physical" qualities. In a scientific-methodical literature most often power qualities, quickness, endurance, flexibility, dexterity are determined. In general they sufficiently fully for practical aims characterize motional ability of people. For example, during almost maximum load lifting physical quality "strength" is demonstrated. During lifting "to the limit" load, which is 4050% from the best result in this power exercise strength endurance is demonstrated. During 20 meters running from the spot with a maximum
speed-quickness and during 3 km running endurance are demonstrated. When some physical exercise, demanding high level of mobility in joints, is fulfilled flexibility is demonstrated. While mastering new physical exercises and the ways of activity and a successful solution of unexpectedly appearing motional objectives, which demand motional adroitness, the ability to control different kinds of motional ability is demonstrated.
Thus, all range of a person's motional abilities can be characterized through a
restricted number of motional qualities. In reality these qualities are demonstrated not in their pure form, as they are mainly interconnected, like power with strength and speed.
Speaking about physical qualities, we can't but mention, that a maximum, strength is demonstrated in terms of an isometric muscles contraction, when the speed of muscular contraction is almost absent. Quickness or speed indices of muscular contraction reach maximum in case of minimal outer resistance,
theoretically null (picture 1 and 2).
Picture 1 - Strength, showed by a muscle, decreases with the increase of speed of contraction. Power becomes maximum at some average speed [7]
Then, with the beginning of moving and muscles contraction, speed-strength abilities are revealed in a wide variety, vanishing specifics of the fulfilled work, as strength and speed in different combinations make different spectrum of the demonstrated power. Power is an integral index of strength and speed
combination in each definite variant. In accordance with this speed-strength qualities demonstration is convenient to consider through developed during moving process mechanical power: N = F*V, where F -strength, developed by a muscle, V - speed of muscle contraction. They are seen in motional
actions, in which together with a considerable muscles strength quickness of movements is also needed (for example, repulsion during
broad and high jumping, the final effort when throwing sports implements (picture 1.2)).
PictureK 2 - The ratio of power, strength
The notion "power" was used in native and foreign sports and scientific literature without a serious attempt to consider its possible meaning for theory and practice of sport development. The American scientists, who work with hockey-players of NHL, state that "for many quickly changing sports competitions, including hockey, power, not strength and speed, is the main element" [13].A well-known specialist, the author of a "strength involving" methodology of skating, Laura Stam (the USA), writes, that "all hockey is a power. Many "pumped" players look strong, but are weak at skating" [17]. It is obvious, that strength without taking into consideration power, doesn't have any value. The ability to demonstrate considerable power in sport very often depends on the fact how quickly a sportsman can develop maximum force with the help of neuromuscular system. It is obvious, that power, as the ability, is a result of the whole set of qualities development [15].
and speed parameters of movement [14]
It should be noted that a person is restricted in the volume of accumulated by him work, not only by the amount of the demanded for this energy, but also by speed of its use, in other words power [1]. During high jump or during lifting the bar instant power is 3 kw, according to different data, the average maximum power of a person, which he is able to produce during the first 10 seconds, is 1,85 hp [9]. During further work during 1-2 minutes power decreases till 0,5 hp [9]. Here we face one more range of problems, connected with energy provision of motional activity of different power and duration. When the system of energy supply is analyzed, also the terms "power" and "capacity" of the energy supply are used. It helps us to classify power, demonstrated by a person in an infinitely short time period, and call it "momentary" and the time of its demonstration - "capacity of power". Here we, probably, will use the index of "gradient of power cutback" in a given period of work fulfillment, which is an independent topic for a theoretical research.
Conclusion
What is possible importance of the notion "power" introduction into a conceptual construct of theory and practice of sport? From this point of view it is easy to present a problem character of the notion "power" absence in sports pedagogics. First of all, it leads to incorrect understanding of the results of speed-strength readiness tests. In order to determine the level of speed-strength abilities development the following popular exercises are used : standing long-jump, triple jump from leg to leg, high jump with a wave of the hand and without it (the height of outleap is determined ) [3]. The evaluation criteria of speed-strength abilities are the following: the distance of throwing and jumps. According to most of these control tests the research works were held, normatives and scales are created [3, 11]. In jumping tests usually the result were analyzed in centimeters and inches. It is obvious, that a "heavier" man, who jumps at the same altitude and length, in comparison with a lighter man should fulfill considerably increased amount of work, in order to move a big mass. It means that he will demonstrate more power. That is why it is necessary to transform this evaluation into the units of power, which was realized in "vertical jump" test by native [16] and foreign [12] scientists.
Who works on power increase? It can be said, that nobody or simultaneously everybody and practically everywhere. For example, in running wins a sportsman, who has strong muscles and speed, which he is able to develop, that is the power of his body. The same can be said about weightlifting: a person, who can lift an implement quicker, has bigger final power. In order to be more successful it is necessary to work in the direction of power increase at the training lessons. For this purpose it is necessary to develop the theory of power, develop the means and methods of evaluation and the methodology of its training further.
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Submitted: 11.11.2016 Received: 14.11.2016
Valery P. Popov - candidate of pedagogics, associate professor, Belarus State University of Physical Culture, 18, str. Amber, Zasen, Minsk, 220153, Belarus, E-mail: docendo@bk.ru Vladislav E. Zankovets - master of pedagogics, Hockey club "Barys", 7, str. Kazhymukan, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan, E-mail: zankavets@tut.by
