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31защиты информации, а также разработка нормативно-методических материалов и типовых комплексных решений, направленных на обеспечение информационной безопасности.
Таким образом, следует отметить, что дальнейшее развитие ИКТ позволит добиться большей цифровизации отраслей и сфер национальной экономики, обеспечит цифровую грамотность населения, рост доли интернет-пользователей, совершенствование подготовки кадров в сфере ИКТ, более полный охват бизнес-структур ИКТ, улучшение электронной коммерции, совершенствование системы «Электронное правительство», что в конечном итоге приведет к росту общественного производства и более эффективному функционированию национальной экономики в целом.
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POULTRY INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT IN KAZAKHSTAN
Abdikerimova G.I.,
Candidate of economic sciences, Associate Professor M.Auezov South Kazakhstan University Kulanova D.A.,
Candidate of economic sciences, Associate Professor M.Auezov South Kazakhstan University
Yesbolova A.
PhD in Economics M.Auezov South Kazakhstan University
Abstract
The paper aims to contextualize the current state poultry industry in Kazakhstan. There were analyzed statistical data as well as policy documents and reports. The special attention was paid for examination of strengths and weaknesses of this industry. It has been stated that one of the most effective branches of agro-industrial complex in Kazakhstan is a poultry industry, which provides the greatest return of production per unit of the spent material resources. The branch of poultry industry is characterized by lack of seasonality of production that provides uniform flow of the income and use of manpower, and also uninterrupted supply of the population with production outputs. From the economic point of view, a major factor of development of poultry industry is existence of the balanced market.
Keywords: poultry industry, animal breeding, feed, economy, development, competitiveness, strategy, Kazakhstan
Introduction
In agriculture, poultry farming plays an important role and as an industry meets the needs of the population for the necessary food products. At the same time, the effective functioning of the poultry industry in Kazakhstan requires the development of a business mechanism, effective distribution and the most efficient combination of used resources, the introduction of progressive technologies that provide competitive advantages in the industry [1].
Methods. The analyses presented in this paper are based on the Program for the Development of Agriculture in the Republic of Kazakhstan for the years 20132020. Additionally, information from scientific and statistical journals, laws and regulations of the regional and municipal authorities are used. The statistical data were collected from reports of the Ministry of Agriculture and Committee on Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The research was conducted on the basis of different scientific methods: sampling, grouping, and comparative systems analysis as well as abstract-logical method.
Results. The poultry industry in Kazakhstan over the years of independence has gone a difficult way of reform. Therefore, since 1990 there was a sharp decline in the number of birds: in 1995 - by 65.3% compared to 1990, 1998 - more 20% compared to 1995. The situation began to straighten out only in 1999, when the number of birds increased compared to 1998 - 6.3% and amounted to 18.1 million heads, 2018 - 44.3 million heads. At the same time, it should be noted that in 1991 there were 59.9 million heads in the country, which is 1.4 times more or 15.6 million birds higher than in 2018.
According to the Committee on the Ministry of National Economy of Kazakhstan statistics of 2018, 73.1% of the total number of birds is in agricultural enterprises, the remaining 25.8% is in households and 1.1% is concentrated in peasant (farm) farms of the country.
In the country, poultry meat production in all categories of farms increased 2.2 times in the period 20072018 or increased - 77.5 thousand tons, egg production also increased by 75.4%. The main producers of poultry meat in the republic are specialized poultry enterprises and poultry farms, according to the results of 2018, the share in production amounted to 94.3% or 192.2 (in slaughter weight) thousand tons. In households 25% of poultry meat produced for the period 1990-2000. The highest proportion of the population's personal subsidiary to the total poultry meat in the country was in 1997, when the share of specialized poultry enterprises reached a minimum level. The production of eggs in Kazakhstan in farms of all categories in 2018 amounted to 5591.4 million units, or 1.3 times more than in 2014. The volume of eggs production in 2015 was 2.7 times higher than the value of 2000 (1692.0 million units) [2].
The main reasons for the decrease in production in poultry farms and enterprises, in particular in the production of poultry meat and eggs, were the policy of disbanding poultry production during the reform years, the shortage of feed and the increase in imports of poultry products at dumping prices. The increase in revenues in Kazakhstan market of cheap imported poultry meat at dumping prices causes damage, and as a result, has a number of negative consequences: a decrease in its production; reduced marketing of poultry raw materials and food; the dependence of the food supply of the population on imports; rising unemployment in the countryside.
The volume of imports of meat products in 2018 amounted to 132.2 thousand tons, which in value terms is $ 88.3 million US dollars [3]. Thus, the poultry industry remains insufficiently protected by the state from the expansion of imports. Therefore, in 2019, poultry meat in Kazakhstan rose by 11.6% (December 2019 by December 2018). Currently, broiler chicken meat ranges from 1100-1200 tenge/kg, house chicken meat - from 1500 to 2000 tenge/kg, ham from 800 to 1100 tenge/kg, and imported 550-680 tenge/kg. It follows that meat market traders are interested in the supply of imported poultry meat, as they have a much greater profit than from domestic [4].
The problem of feed shortages concerns the entire poultry industry. Kazakhstan has huge areas of agricultural land necessary for the feed production. The pastures area is 182 million hectares, natural and seeded hayfields - 4.8 million hectares. At the same time, there is a weak trend in the growth of sown areas for fodder crops, although the level of 1990 it seems not to achieve, which was 11 065.5 thousand hectares. So, in the cost of poultry production, fodder still occupy more than 70%, which is mainly due to an increase in selling prices for feed, the cost of which in 2000 - 16 tenge/kg, 2015 year -40 tenge/kg, 2018- 60 tenge/kg [5].
Table 1
Total poultry numbers by types of farms, in million birds
Title/Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Rate of increase/ decrease 2018 to 2011, %
Agricultural enterprises 14,5 15,1 15,5 17,9 19,1 20,4 21,4 22,8 157,2
Peasant (private) farms 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,4 0,4 133,3
Household's plots 13,3 14,1 14,3 14,4 13,4 12,8 12,4 11,8 88,7
All types of farms 28,3 29,5 30,1 32,8 32,9 33,5 34,2 35,0 124
Source: Committee on statistics of MNE RK
It should be noted, that large poultry farms are one of the main consumers of feed, including feedstuffs. At the current stage of development of the industry, an optimal, balanced diet of poultry will provide a yield of 290-310 eggs per year. Moreover, the live mass of young animals is more than 2 kg at a feed consumption of respectively 140 g per one egg and 2 kg per 1 kg of lead can be obtained in 7 weeks. Feed plants in many regions have ceased to function [6].
At the same time, a feature of poultry farming is the speed of growing poultry. Studies show that, taking into account the biological cycle of cattle reproduction in the country, it takes about 15-20 years, to increase pork production to 20 years. Meanwhile, with appropriate feeding of the bird, it takes 50-60 days to obtain a broiler weighing 1.3-1.4 kg [7].
According to the data presented in the table 1, in 2018 most of the birds are in agricultural enterprises (65%), other 34% in household's plots (in comparison
with 2011 the number of bird in farms of the house- enterprises in production of meat poultry are 94, 3% or hold's plots reduced 11,2%) and 1,2% in peasant (pri- 126, 6 thousand tons of poultry meat and eggs - 70, 5% vate) farms. In general the poultry numbers increased or 3 026, 1 million eggs. The main indicators of devel-during 2011-2018 in all categories of farms by 24%. opment of poultry industry in Kazakhstan are presented Following the results of 2018 the share of agricultural in the Table 2.
Table 2
Title/ Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Rate of increase/ decrease 2018 to 2011, %
Poultry meat production, thousand ton
Agricultural enterprises 55,7 55,7 70,3 94,4 94,4 115,7 128,3 126,6 227,3
Peasant (private) farms 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,2 100
Household's plots 8,4 9,4 8,9 8,8 7,5 7,2 7,4 7,4 88
Farms of all types 64,3 65,3 79,4 103,0 102,0 123,1 135,8 134,2 208,7
Egg production, million
Agricultural enterprises 1341,8 1626,7 1935,7 2358,7 2371,8 2356,0 2576,3 3026,1 225,5
Peasant (private) farms 16,6 14,7 14,6 13,6 11,7 15,0 17,0 18,9 113,8
Household's plots 1305,8 1347,7 1356,1 1348,0 1335,0 1302,4 1302,6 1246,2 95,4
Farms of all types 2664,2 2989,1 3306,4 3720,3 3718,5 3673,4 3896,0 4291,2 161
Source: Committee on statistics of MNE RK
Table 2 shows that production of poultry meat in all categories of farms during the period 2011 - 2018 increased by 2 times or 70, 9 thousand tons and production of eggs - 61% for the similar period.
At the same time, the indicator for 2018 on production of poultry meat decreased to 2017 by 1, 6 thousand tons. The main reason for decrease in production of poultry meat is increasing in a livestock of laying hens, which as a result led to increase in production of eggs by 570, 8 million for this period.
In our opinion, poultry farming is able to satisfy the capacity of the meat market with its own products to the greatest extent compared to other animal husbandry industries. In recent years, only in poultry farming has there been a consistent increase in its own meat production. From 2010 to 2018 the share of own production in the total volume of eggs consumed increased and amounted to 93.5%, which allows poultry farming to move its own production to the level of food security [8].
This allows us to conclude: in order to meet the needs of the population for poultry meat products, it is necessary to increase the number of poultry and increase the production of feed. But there is also an innovative approach to the development of the industry - to create large high-tech processing industries based on the latest organizational and economic, financial levers of management. In economically developed countries, contracting is the most universal and flexible form of integration of agriculture and industry. In the United States, production contracting is the most developed,
i.e. larger poultry enterprises conclude contract agreements with farmers for the opening of batches of poultry. The company provides the farmer with everything necessary for successful work - chickens, feed, bedding, fuel and lubricants and veterinary services.
The participation of farmers consists in the provision of premises and poultry maintenance. Most contract farmers receive a bonus (incentive fee) that compensates them for the costs of caring for the poultry they grow; in the countries of the European Union -contracting for the sale of products. The basis of the agro-industrial association (AIA), created based on contracting, are the so-called family farms with an average number of chickens - carriers of 25-30 thousand heads in the USA and from 10 to 20 - 25 thousand heads in the most EU countries. In the USA, 55% of chicken eggs are produced under the contract system, and in some states - up to 80% [9]. However, the production of eggs under contractual arrangements from EU countries has been developed in the Netherlands (50%) and France (55%). The provision of services to family egg farms, the logistics of AIA is part of the integration ties of the Netherlands. At the same time, the functions of the integrator firms include material and technical support for all links of the AIA; financing, monitoring and providing various services to contracted farmers [10]. In the EU countries, cooperative agro-industrial associations have been greatly developed as a link between fragmented agriculture and monopolized industry and trade [11]. In modern conditions, the most appropriate, in our opinion, may be the formation of cross-industry
corporations. The creation of such corporations will improve the management of industrial and poultry enterprises in order to attract investment, use innovation, increase profitability, improve information support and develop marketing activities. In a competitive market, an enterprise that increases the production of its own poultry meat, reduces the cost of production, introduces modern resource-saving and innovative technologies and chooses the right development strategy [12].
Strategies for the development of integration processes in the poultry production complex should be developed in two directions: a) the development of integration between interconnected, separate organizations and enterprises with the creation of a poultry production complex; b) development of domestic integration of production with deep integration of all interconnected production processes within the poultry enterprise (corporations, holdings, etc.), centrally oriented to the final result of obtaining the finished poultry product and its implementation [13].
The conducted researches show that in general poultry industry in Kazakhstan is one of the most perspective branches of agri-food system, having the growth potential and abilities for ensuring the stable competitiveness. It is argued however that although the governmental policy focus on technical and market factors, which are crucial to facilitate the development; the center of gravity should be replaced into the supply chain orientation. The integrated and holistic approach to the sector development would in better way create the conditions for development of individual chain elements and a supply chain, a whole. It was identified that the institutional factors related especially to creation of the system focused on the network relations, which is able to catcher the information and distribute the knowledge about the market as well as be agile and thus resistant to fluctuations of the markets, both domestic and international.
Meat poultry industry is one of the most perspective directions of agribusiness. The existence of considerable volume of import, the predicted growth of internal consumption "opening" an additional niche almost for 100 thousand tons by 2020, open opportunities for occurrence of new participants of the market.
For increase in production and providing the local markets for poultry enterprises of the meat direction it is required to carry out modernization of lethal shops with application of the lines conforming to the modern requirements of production sanitation and ecology providing the improved trade dress of meat, its quality and release of the cooled production including:
i. replacement of the outdated equipment, including application of modern energy saving and ecologically safe installations;
ii. the further re-equipment of workshops of finished goods directed on expansion of the range and use of modern methods of consumer packing;
iii. modernization of treatment facilities for minimization of ecological consequences from activity of shops of slaughter and processing;
iv. retrofitting of laboratory base of the enterprises for toughening of quality control at all stages of
processing of meat raw materials and release of finished goods that will demand certain measures of the state support and will allow these poultry enterprises to compete in the region with the brought in frozen production.
In general, poultry farming is one of the most perspective branches of agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan having the high market potential and attractive profitability.
References
1. Yesbolova A.Y. The state and justification of the prospects for the development of the poultry industry in Kazakhstan//Bulletin of KazEU. - Almaty: "Economics", 2016. - No. 3 (110). - pp.4050. https://articlekz. com/article/20216
2. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries in the Republic of Kazakhstan/Statistical collection-2014-2018/in Kazakh and Russian, 216 p. Retrieved from: http://stat.gov.kz
3. Meat from which countries Kazakhstan citizen eat. Retrieved from: https://tengrinews.kz/kazakh-stan_news/myaso-iz-kakih-stran-edyat-kazahstantsyi-360976/
4. Poultry meat in Kazakhstan will not fall significantly until autumn. Retrieved from: https://kur-siv.kz/news/otraslevye-temy/2020-01/myaso-pticy-v-kazakhstane-suschestvenno-ne-podesheveet-do-oseni
5. Kazakhstan - Republic of grain and feed/GAIN Report Number: KZ-1903,2019. Retrieved from https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/down-loadreportbyfilename?file-name=Grain%20and%20Feed%20An-nual_Astana_Kazakhstan%20-%20Republic%20of_4-18-2019.pdf
6. ETGV Moraes, A Pishnamazi (2019). Energy and protein dilution in broiler breeder pullet diets reduced offspring body weight and yield. Poultry Science, 98(6), 2555-2561. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey603Re-trieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti-cles/PMC6527511/
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9. Shahbandeh M. (2020) Poultry industry in the Unites States. Retrieved from: https://www.sta-tista.com/topics/6263/poultry-industry-in-the-united-states/
10. Upton M. Scale and structures of the poultry sector and factors inducing change: intercountry differences and expected trends / University of Reading, United Kingdom. Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/AG/AGAinfo/home/events/bangk ok2007/docs/part1/1_2.pdf
11. Vetrivel S.C., Chandrakumarmangalam S. The role of poultry industry in Indian economy //Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic. - 2013. - Vol.15, N.4. - P. 287-293.
12. Yesbolova A., Maciejczak M. and others. System based Development of the Poultry Sector in Kazakhstan in Mid Term Perspective/Journal of Applied Economic Sciences. - ISSN-L 1843- 6110 ISSN 23935162. - 2016. - Volume XI, Issue 5(43). - C.804-810. DOI: 10.14505/jarle.v7.3(17).26
13. Yesbolova A. and others. Issues and Prospects of Poultry Industry Development in Kazakhstan //Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics. ISSN: 2068 - 696X. - 2016. - Volume VII, 3(17). -C.685 - 697. DOI:
https ://doi.org/12.125//j arle.v7.3(17)
MODERN APPROACHES OF APPLICATION OF DIGITAL ANALYTICAL PLATFORMS IN THE ACTIVITIES OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Zhukovskaya I.E.
Doctor of Economic Sciences (DS^ Tashkent State University of Economics Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Islam Karimov Avenue 49
СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ЦИФРОВЫХ АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИХ ПЛАТФОРМ В ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ВЫСШИХ УЧЕБНЫХ ЗАВЕДЕНИЯХ
Жуковская И.Е.
доктор экономических наук Ташкентский государственный экономический университет
Узбекистан, г. Ташкент, проспект Ислама Каримова 49
Abstract
This article is devoted to modern approaches to the use of digital analytical platforms in the activities of higher education institutions. The author presents the definition of a digital analytical platform, its structure, an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of its functioning. In addition, it is shown that during the period of digital transformation and the spread of coronavirus infection COVID 19, digital platforms are an effective tool in distance learning for students, one of the main channels of effective interaction between students, teachers and university administration.
Аннотация
Настоящая статья посвящена современным подходам использования цифровых аналитических платформ в деятельности высших учебных заведений. Автором представлено определение цифровой аналитической платформы, ее структура, проведен анализ сильных и слабых сторон ее функционирования. Кроме того, показано, что в период цифровой трансформации и распространения коронавирусной инфекции COVID 19, цифровые платформы являются эффективным инструментом в дистанционном обучении студентов, одним из основных каналов эффективного взаимодействия студентов, преподавателей и администрации вузов.
Keywords: digital transformation, digital analytical platform, quality of education, optimization of the educational process, distance learning, digital technologies, qualifications, efficiency, network technologies, specialized software products.
Ключевые слова: цифровая трансформация, цифровая аналитическая платформа, качество образования, оптимизация учебного процесса, дистанционное обучение, цифровые технологии, квалификация, эффективность, сетевые технологии, специализированные программные продукты.
Формирование цифровой экономики оказывает свое влияние на развитие всех отраслей и сфер мировой экономической системы.
В Республике Узбекистан только за последнее время принято сразу несколько правительственных решений о развитии цифровой экономики в стране. Тем самым создана прочная нормативно - правовая база для по формированию цифровой экономике.
В современный период цифровая трансформация оказывает серьезное влияние на развитие отраслей и сфер национальной экономики, в том числе и на совершенствование системы высшего образования. В Республике Узбекистан принят
Указ Президента Республики Узбекистан «Об утверждении Концепции развития системы высшего образования Республики Узбекистан до 2030 года». На основании которого планируется повышение качества высшего образования и всестороннее совершенствование всех составляющих системы высшего образования [1].
Цифровизация экономики подразумевает использование инновационных методов, средств, механизмов и инструментов для ее эффективного развития. Большое значение в этом процессе приобретает применение в образовательной и
