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36POTENTIAL SIMILARITIES BETWEEN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES WHICH BELONG TO DIFFERENT LANGUAGE FAMILIESA CASE STUDY: SIMILAR WORDS IN TURKISH AND BANGLA
© Ismail Akbas*
Int’l Turkish Hope School, Bangladesh
There are roughly 6,500 spoken languages in the world today and about 2,000 of those languages have fewer than 1,000 speakers. According to Eth-nologue (16th edition), there are 147 language families in the world. This figure may not be precise because of our limited knowledge about many of the languages spoken in the most linguistically diverse areas of the world such as Africa2. Different languages belong to different language families and there might be possible similarities between different languages which are quite distant each other and have cultural differences. In my article, I am illustrating a case study named as ' Similar Words in Turkish and Bangla’.
It is not only a prerequisite but also aspiration to learn the local language for a person who lives abroad. In different countries there are dissimilarlan-guages, which may stem from different languages or have diverse structures.
The local language has advantages and drawbacks for a foreigner to learn.
I have been teaching in the brotherly country for eleven years - Bangladesh. I have heard hundreds of similar words when I conversed with my Bangladeshi brothers and sisters in the Bangla language; an idea came to my mind to search for similar words in Bangla and Turkish dictionaries. Inspiring me to write an article for 'Similar Words in Turkish and Bangla' since there are potential similarities between different languages, which belong to different language families. I believe and hope that it will inspire the enthusiastic learners who are learning the other verbal communication by making it easier. There appear to be numerous words in the modern Turkish and Bangla languages, which have a close similarity in both sound and meaning.
These words are in public and literal usage of both languages.
It has been set out to achieve the goal by presenting the similar words in Turkish and Bangla along with their translation in English with their transcripts; consequently the learners will be able to comprehend even though they don’t know the letters.
There are similar words, whichstem from Ottoman, Arabic, Persian and other languages; however those words are embraced by the both languages, Turkish and Bangla, and used as words in mother tongue.
I hope this study will serve for Turkey & Bangladesh brethren.
Key words: Bangla, Turkish, Arabic, Persian, similarity.
Introduction
According to the Britannica, Bengali language, (Bengali or Bangla), is a member of the Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-Euro-
Master of Arts in English Language Teaching, Master in Education.
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pean language family. It is spoken by more than 210 million people as a first or second language, with some 100 million Bengali speakers in Bangladesh; about 85 million in India, primarily in the states of West Bengal, Assam, and Tripura; and sizable immigrant communities in the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Middle East. It is the state language of Bangladesh and one of the languages officially recognized in the constitution of India. Bengali Language is spoken by 3.11 % of the total world population.
The vast majority of the people of Bangladesh speak Bangla (Bengali). Katz-ner (1995) states that, Bangla, being a member of the Indo-Aryan languages, is derived from Sanskrit, and hence appears to be similar to Hindi. It is written left-to-right, top-to-bottom of page (same as English). Vocabulary is akin to Sanskrit, and whilst it is quite difficult at first, there are to some extent similarities with Latin as exemplified by the following words.
Glassie et al (2008) explains the history Bengali Language as when the Dominion of Pakistan was formed by the partition of India in 1947, it was composed of various ethnic and linguistic groups, with the geographically non-contiguous East Bengal province (that was renamed East Pakistan in 1956) predominantly having a Bengali population. In 1948, the Government of the Dominion of Pakistan ordained Urdu as the sole national language, sparking extensive protests among the Bengali-speaking majority of East Bengal. Facing rising sectarian tensions and mass discontent with the new law, the government outlawed public meetings and rallies. The students of the University of Dhaka and other political activists defied the law and organised a protest on 21 February 1952. The movement reached its climax when police killed student demonstrators on that day. The deaths provoked widespread civil unrest. After years of conflict, the central government relented and granted official status to the Bengali language in 1956. In 1999, UNESCO declared 21 February as International Mother Language Day, in tribute to the Language Movement and the ethno-linguistic rights of people around the world. The Bengali Language plays a tremendously significant role in not only the hearts but also minds of Bangladeshis.
Literature review
Anderson (2012) states in his book thatthe differences in language distribution are not only geographical of courses. A comparatively small number of languages (389, or 6 %) with over a million speakers account for most (94 %) of the world’s speakers, and in fact a tiny number with over 100,000,000 account for the bulk of that figure. The largest language cited by Ethnologueis Chinese, with 1,213,000,000 speakers. Spanish, English, Hindi, Bengali, Portuguese, Russian, and Japanese round out the ‘over 100 million’ club, and together with Chinese and Arabic constitute the great majority of speakers overall. The 6,520 languages with under a million speakers (94 %) are collectively spoken by only about 6 % of the world’s population. Gunderson (2000) aptly describes language and culture:
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"Language and culture are inextricably linked. Unlike the Gordian knot, nothing comes from separating them because they have little or no meaning apart from each other. Mair (1991:16) points out that, ‘There is no comparable situation elsewhere in the world where so many hundreds of millions of speakers of mutually intelligible languages are exceptionally said to be speakers of dialects of a single language. ’
History reveals that there was no definite border of ancient Bengal. Nevertheless, it can be said that the ancient Bengal was constituted of the East Bengal (present Bangladesh), West Bengal, Gowalpara and Kachar of Asam, Purnia, Manbhum, Singbhum of Bihar and Sawntal Pargana.1
Islam (1992) states that, the Islamic system of education was introduced in places where the followers of Islam settled. The proliferation of the traditional centres of instruction and learning, i.e., mosques, madrasas and maktabs created a congenial atmosphere for the development of literary writings in both Arabic and Persian. Apart from extending their munificent patronage and encouragement of writers and poets, the reigning Sultans of the day themselves took part in the intellectual pursuits. Among the reputed centres of learning Gaud, Pandua, Daras-bari, Rangpur, Sonargaon, Dhaka, Sylhet, Bogra and Chittagong were distinguished. Even the number of madrasas in Bengal when the British rule commenced stood at nearly 80,000.
In lexicographic point of view, Bangla, a geographical term, derived from the word Bang, originally denoting a non-Aryan tribe of this name and later applied to their homeland in the southern and eastern parts of Bengal that is now included in Bangladesh (The Encyclopedia of Islam, 1979, p. 1015). This statement also appeared in Veda, the first religious scripture of Hindu religion and ancient Hindu epics like Mahabharata (The World Book Encyclopedia, 1988, p. 85.).
Methodology
In my study, I used a mixed methods design, which is a process for accumulating, evaluating and “mixing” both qualitative and quantitative statistics at some level of the enquiry process within a single study, to understand a research problem more completely (Creswell, 2002). Whenever we use these two in combination, qualitative and quantitative approaches complement for each other and permit for more comprehensive investigation (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 1998).An investigator has faith in statistical records in quantitative research, (Charles & Mert-ler, 2002). On the other hand, qualitative examination is “an investigation procedure of acceptance” where the investigator advances a “holistic picture, multifaceted, examines words, reports detailed views of informants, and conducts the study in a natural setting” (Creswell, 1998, p. 15).
For qualitative method, I scrutinized dictionaries of respective publications. It took several months to research thousands of words in Bangla and Turkish dictionaries. I have noted down all the words, which look similar and gave transcript in
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Latin letters by providing English translation. Readers of this study can clearly understand the similarity even though they don’t know the compared languages. By having qualitative research, my aim was to provide a rich and comprehensive representation to be observed regarding the similar appearance of the words. It also provided individual case information regarding the aforementioned languages.
I have read dozens of books to find out the reasons of the similarities. Bangladesh and Turkey have 6000 km distance between each other. Fundamentally Turkey has more European culture, while Bangladesh has Indian Sub-Continental culture. The primary similarity is religion. I needed to check the resemblances from different points of view, such as historical, cultural or religious. The main problem is scarcity of sources regarding the issue. I had to conduct profound research on the matter to obtainimpactful data in my hand.
Data Presentations
I conducted crisscross checking in Bangla and Turkish Dictionaries. Every word in Bangla and Turkish has been checked in dictionaries. For Turkish words, I have verified the words from stated-owned online Dictionary of Turkish Language Institute3 (TurkDilKurumuSozlugu), as for Bangla words, I have authenticated the words from Bengali-English and English-Bengali Dictionaries by Ban-gla Academy4 Publications. I have found out more than 650 similar words used in both languages.
Here, I have presented some of them by providing their pronunciation in the other language’s letters with English translation. In addition to this, I have searched for the words’ origin. Classification is according to the words’ origin.
a) The words which have Turkish origin.
No Turkish Transcript in English Pronouncing in Bangla Bangla Pronouncing in English English
1 aga? [ aghAch ] AvuP MvQ [ ga:ch ] tree
2 surme [ syurme ] myijg myigv [ shurmA ] eye make-up, eye liner
3 kotu [ kyotyu ] JLvUy IwZ [ koti ] bad
4 nine [ nine ] wbjb bvbv [ nanA ] grandmother
5 dolma [ dolmA ] J'vjgv J'vjgv [ dolmA ] stuffed food
6 ananas [ ananAs] Avbvbvm Avbvim [ anarosh ] pineapple
7 sirke [ sirke ] wmiJK wmiKv [ sirkA ] Vinegar
8 dede [ dede ] rr 'v'v [ dAdA ] grandfather
9 dukkan [ dyukkan] 'y°vb J'vKvb [ dokan] shop
10 bahadir [ bAhAdor] evnv'vi evnv'yi [ bAhAdur] courageous
11 baba [ bAba] Evev evev [ bAba ] father
12 balaban [ balabAn ] evjvevb ejevb [ bolban ] sturdy
13 ?aki [chAko] PvKn& PvKy [chAku ] penknife
14 hanim [ hAnom] nvbvg Lvbg [ khAnom] mistress
15 tophane [ tophAne ] JZvcnvJb JZvcLvbv [ topkhAna ] arsenal
b) The words which have Persian origin.
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No Turkish Transcript in English Pronouncing in Bangla Bangla Pronouncing in English English
1 zemin [ zemin ] Jhwgb Rwgb [ jomin 1 eagle
2 haber 1 hAber 1 nvevi Lei 1 khobor1 news, information
3 pehlivan [ pehlivAn 1 Jcnwjlqvb cvJjvqvb [ рлКлп 1 wrestler
4 taze [ ta:ze ] vJR ZvRv [ tadja ] fresh
5 sebze [sebze ] mveJR mewR 1 shobdji 1 vegetable
6 bah§i§ [ bAhshish 1 evn&wkk eK&wkk [ bokhshish 1 tip
7 ayna [ ayna ] Avqbv Avqbv [ ayna ] mirror
8 durbun [ dyurbyun ] '~e©yY '~e©xY [ durbin ] binoculars
9 avaz [ avлz 1 AvIqvR AvIqvR [ avAdj 1 shout, sound
10 peynir [ pey«ir ] JcBbvi cwbi 1 ponir 1 cheese
11 astar [ astAr1 Av~“vi Av~“i [ astor1 lining, liner
12 hurma [ hurma ] nyyigv JLvigv [ khorma 1 date
13 perde [ perde ] cvi'"v c'©v 1 porda 1 curtain
14 §algam [ shлlgлm 1 kvjMvg kvjMg [ shalgom 1 turnip
15 asuman 1 a:sumлn 1 Avmygvb Avmgvb 1 asmлn 1 sky
c) The words which have Arabic origin.
No Turkish Transcript in English Pronouncing in Bangla Bangla Pronouncing in English English
1 noksan 1 noksAn 1 JbvKmvb JjvKmvb 1 nokhsAn 1 deficient
2 kismet [ kosmet 1 wKmJgU wKmgZ 1 kosmot 1 destiny
3 hava 1 hAvA 1 nvIqv nvIqv 1 hAWA 1 weather, air
4 bereket [ bereket ] JeJiKZ eiKZ 1 borkot 1 fertility
5 a§ik 1 a:shok 1 AvwkK AvwkK 1 a:shok 1 lover
6 garip 1 g^ip 1 Mvwic Mixe 1 gorib 1 needy
7 muaf [ muaf ] gyqvd gvd 1 mAf 1 apologetic
8 hamam 1 hamAm 1 nvgvg nvgvg 1 hamлm 1 Turkish bath,
9 adalet 1 adAlet 1 Av'vJj' Av'vjZ 1 adлlot 1 nation
10 meydan 1 meydлn 1 Jg'vb gq'vb 1 moydлn 1 square
11 asil 1 asol1 Avwmj Avmj 1 ahsol 1 original
12 helva [ helva ] JnjIqv nvjyqv 1 hлlva 1 halvah
13 yetim [ yetim ] BJqwZg GwZg [ etim ] orphan
14 hazir 1hAzor1 nvhvi nvwRi 1 hлdjir 1 present
15 sabun [ sabun ] mveyb mvevb 1 shAbAn 1 soap
d) The words which have other origins, like French, English or else.
No Turkish Transcript in English Pronouncing in Bangla Bangla Pronouncing in English English
1 garanti [ garanti ] JMivwE JMivwE [ garanti ] guarantee
2 balon 1 balon 1 evjb Jejyb [ belun ] balloon
3 gol 1 go 1 JMvj JMvj 1 go 1 goal
4 balkon 1 bAlkon1 evjKb e'vjKwb 1 bAlkoni! balcony
5 doktor 1 doktor 1 W±i Wv3vi 1 dAktAr 1 doctor
6 marka 1 markA 1 gvK©v gvK©©v 1 markA 1 trademark
Summary of the findings and conclusions
Reasons of the similarities are different. I have classified the differences in 3 categories. They have sub-categories as well.
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1) Historical Relation.
These two brotherly countries have never fought and have always had fraternal relations. Turkey is one of the first countries, which recognized Bangladesh after its independence on 1971. It is worth mentioning that, although it is more than 70 years since he passed away, Bangladeshi parents still pick Mustafa Kemal as a prefered name to give to their newly born children. Since 1982 one of the major avenues in the capital Dhaka and since 1998 another avenue in Chittagong, the second biggest city of the country have been named after Kemal Ataturk. It is known that there is not a second foreign dignitary whose name was given to an avenue in Bangladesh. Turkey and Bangladesh have perfect political relations. Social and cultural relations between two countries are also improving. The bilateral trade relations between Turkey and Bangladesh exceeded 1,2 billion US Dollar in 2013. This bilateral trade volume is expected to pass 3 billion US Dollars in 2015. The number of citizens, who visited Turkey from Bangladesh and vice versa, has increased four times in last two years, since the beginning of direct flights of Turkish Airlines on Istanbul-Dhaka route in 2010.
Between the two countries there exist deep-rooted historical and cultural bonds as well. The students of both countries have been studying in the other’s universities. The young Bangladeshis who have completed their higher education in the Turkish universities return back to country as the ambassadors of the Turkish culture and traditions. One of the cornerstones of the Turkish - Bangladeshi union, lasting for over eight centuries since the time of Shah Jalal, who was, who was born in Konya, Turkey, and came to Syhlet from where he spread Sufism to the region. During the visit of H.E. Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister of People’s Republic of Bangladesh, to Turkey on 11-13 April, 2012, a “Sister City Protocol” has been signed between Konya and Syhlet and the two parties agreed to commemorate MevlanaCelaleddin Rumi and Shah Jalal every year with the celebrations in both cities5.
1a) Turkish Rule in Bengal Area.
According to 'History of Bangladesh and World Civilization Class 9-10 book of the National Curriculum & Textbook, Dhaka, at the beginning of the thirteenth century, the Turkish hero IkhtiyarUddin Muhammad BakhtiyarKhalji drew a close to the Sena rule in north and North-west part of Bengal and began the Muslim rule. He was the inhabitant of Garmoshi of Afghanistan or the modern mostly Doshot-i-Marg. In history he is mostly known as Bakhtiyar-Khalgi. Very little is known about his lineage. He belonged to the Turkish race.
The King of Bengal LaxsmanSen was staying at Nadia. Gour was his capital and Nadia was his second capital. The conquest of Bihar by Bakhtiyar terrified the SenKingdom tremendously. The diviners, pundits and Brahmmins advised the king LaxsmanSena to leave the capital. There was clear indication of the conquest of Bengal by the Turkish army in their scriptures. Furthermore, the description of the conqueror given in the scriptures strictly coincided with the physical appear-
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ance of Bakhtiyar. Despite this the king LakhsmanSen did not leave Nadia. In order to enter Bengal from Bihar, Teliagarh and Shikarigar, the two mountain passes, were to be used. These two mountain passes were well protected. He did not take the common passage. Advancing through the paths in the forest, Bakh-tiyar's soldiers moved in smaller groups. Escaping the attention of the enemy when Bakhtiyar got to the entrance of Nadia, he had only 17 or 18 cavaliers with him. It was noon when the king was busy with his lunch. The palace guards were relaxing and the people were doing their daily chores. BakhtiyarKhalji, in the disguise of a merchant reached the entrance of the city. This small group of people suddenly whipped their swords in front of the palace and killed the palace guards. This sudden attack raised a hue and cry all around. Leaving the palace unprotected everybody ran away in fear of death. Meanwhile the second squad of Bakhtiyarpenetrated the inside of the city and the third squad reached the archway. Then the whole city was almost under siege. The people were terrified and alarmed. In such a situation the King LaxsmanSenabecame disheartened. Finding no means to defend himself against the enemy's attack, he along with his family secretary fled on bare foot through the back door and went by boat to Bikrampur of Munshiganj district of East Bengal where he took shelter. Within a while, the soldiers of Bakhtiyar who had fallen behind had also arrived. Without let or hindrance Nadia and the adjacent areas came to the possession of the Muslims. The historians have differing opinions in regards to the exact date of Bakhtiyar's conquest of Nadia. Presently however 1204 is accepted as the year of Nadia conquest.
The name of IkhtiyrUddin Muhammad BakhtiyarKhalji comes first in the history of Muslim rule in Bengal. The first establishment of Muslim rule in this country was due to his effort. This rule lasted almost more than five hundred fifty years (1201A.D.-1757A.D.). He was not merely satisfied with taking possession of kingdoms. He also took proper steps to set up his administration in the conquered areas. His role in promoting Islam and Muslim culture is of mention worthy. During his reign many Madrshas, Muqtabs and Mosques were established.
Turkish sultans constructed several mosques, bridges and roads in order to develop the area. The most renown mosque is 'Shat Gombuj Mosque' situated three miles south east of the tomb of Khan Jahan Ali and the Zuma mosque of Gour. Uluk Khan Jahan, a Turkish general and an earnest devotee of Islam, built this mosque; UNESCO has recognized this architectural work as a World Heritage Site.
Karim stated that in the period of Sultan Firuj Shah, Sufi Hajrat Shah Jalal with his 313 followers came from Turkey at first to Satgaon, then went to Sylhet. From that time till his demise, he stayed in Sylhet with aprofound influence on people.
Ahmad (1984) states that, after the first shock of conquest was over, the Hindu and Muslims prepared to find a via-media whereby to live as neighbors. The effort to seek a new life led to the development of a new culture, which was nei-
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ther exclusively Hindu nor purely Muslim, it was indeed a Muslim-Hindu culture. Not only did Hindu religion, Hindu art, Hindu literature and Hindu science absorb Muslim elements, but the very spirit of Hindu culture and the very fabric of Hindu mind were also altered.
lb) Khilafat Movement.
Mustafa Kemal Pasha was struggling against the European attempt to demolish the Ottoman Empire when the Muslims of Indian Subcontinent launched a mass protest movement against the British known as the Khilafat Movement (1919-1924). The movement was an expression of Indian Muslims’ sentimental attachment to Ottoman Caliphate, which they viewed as the last vestige of Islamic unity and power. The Khilafat Movement was led primarily by the Muslim leaders, but later accelerated by Mahatma Gandhi’s non-Cooperation Movement. It included mass rallies and arrests, media campaign, non-cooperation tactics and migration abroad. The Movement gave a boost to the Turkish nationalist struggle and influenced the British diplomacy at the Lausanne Conference. According to Turkish records, 1.500,000 pounds sterling were collected and donated to the Turkish government. Exchange rate 1920s was 1 British pound was 9 Ottoman Lira and 1 Ottoman Lira was equivalent to 6.6 gold coin6.
lc) Arab presence in Bengal Area.
Nahar explained that some Sultans who were apt warriors, swelled with high ambition, conquered new areas besides their own regions and appointed new governors, high officers and soldiers from their own people in newly captured land. All these foreigners populated vast areas from the far villages to the capital cities. Sultan Mughith al-Din Yuzbak, (1251-1257) the brave and good ruler of Lakhnawati, conquered the whole Radha and Firuj Shah (1301-1322) occupied Banga, Satgaon, Mymensingh, and Sylhet. During the ruling period of Fakhr-al-Din Mubarak Shah (1338-1349), Chittagong came under the Muslims’ hands for the first time. Faridpur was conquered by Jalal-al-Din Muhammad Shah, Khulna-Jessore, by Khan Jahan, the commander of the Army of Sultan Nasir-al-din Mahmud Shah and Kamrup-Kamta by Husain Shah. The reign of Kamrup was extended from the river Karatoa to the river Mansha and Kamrup, which was located on the east to the river Brahmaputra. All of these areas, later distinguishably populated by Muslims, prove one thing that the foreign Muslims and their next generations started to inhabit this land as locals.
Karim stated that while Fakhr-al-Din Mubarak Shah was on the throne of So-nargaon, 12 Aulias (saints) came to Chittagong for the preaching of Islam. The names of three famous Sufis, contemporary of Sultan Ilyas Shah, whom he revered heartily, were found as ShaikhAkhiSiraj-al-Din Usman, his disciple ShaikhAlaal-Haq and Shaikh Raja Biabani. Ala-al-haq with his family settled here. His son ShaikhNurQutb-al-Alam was an influential person of his time. It proves that other sufisaints also must have found this place safe for their permanent inhabitation.
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1d) Persian presence in Bengal Area.
According to Abu Musa, the importance of the Brahmins along with their Sanskrit language gradually obscured, and Persian as the Muslim court language, appeared to be the most influential language. For more than 600 years (from 1203-1837AD) Persian was the official language in Bengal. During this vast period thousands of books had written in Persian and hundreds of poets had been composed their poems in Persian. The excellent copies of these unique contributions have been preserved in different libraries of Bengal as well as in the subcontinent either in books or in manuscript forms. After the establishment of Muslim rule in the region, a large number of local people had embraced Islam. They were in need of some knowledge about their new religion such as the lives of Prophets, principles of Islam, history of Islam, new culture, especially, romantic traditions and so on. Accordingly, the Muslim writer and intelligentsia were initiated to translate some Persian texts into Bengali under the patronization of Muslim rulers simultaneously writing lots of books based on Persian themes, which resulted in the introduction of numerous Persian words and themes into the Bengali literature.Nawabs and Muslim aristocrats encouraged Persian language and literature. Many Hindus received an education in the Persian language with a view ofob-taining government jobs. The Muslim teachers were well-versed in Persian and Arabic. During this time, Bengali language attained particular prosperity7.
2. Islamic effects in similarities.
When the Muslim Kingdom was established in Lakhnauti, it was, theoretically at least, a part of the Abbasid Caliphate. Though the caliph’s power was dwindling, he was considered the supreme spiritual head of Sunni Muslims all over. The Muslims of Bengal also shared this view and some early Muslim sultans of Bengal actually imprinted the names of Abbasid caliphs on their coins. Some others, who did not actually inscribe the name of the caliph, assumed titles inscribed on their coins, denoting their allegiance to the institution of the Caliphate. Be that as it may, the Muslim kingdom of Bengal in the pre-Mughal period was for all practical purposes an independent kingdom. During this whole period, the Bengal rulers took the title of sultan, thus proclaiming the character of the Kingdom as a Sultanate8.
After embracing Islam, people had started using Islamic terminology in its genuine form. Since the terms were new for the new Muslims in Bangladesh, instead of making up new words’ in a Bangla version, they started using them as they heard. The word hello' in Bangla is 'Assalamualeykum' and its reply is 'waaleykumusselam' an example of the direct usage from Arabic language instead of translation.
Same case was for Turkish people in the 10th century when the Caliph of Baghdad used the Turkish tribes’ combatants to shield his throne against any rival dynasty. We have accepted Islam and considered ourselves as a strong defender of Islam, especially, the Seljuk Turks, who were the first to confront the Crusad-
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ers in the 11th century. Thus, we have used the Islamic terminology of our new religion. There are some examples here for similarities.
No Turkish Transcript in English Pronouncing in Bangla Bangla Pronouncing in English English
1 cennet [ cennet ] JRJbffiZ RvbrevZ [ CAnnAt 1 heaven
2 §eytan [ sheytAn ] JkBZvb kqZvb 1 shoytAn 1 devil
3 kabir 1 kAbir 1 Lvwei Kei 1 kobor 1 grave
4 azap [ azAp 1 Avhvc Avhve [ azAb 1 torment / torture
5 cehennem 1 cehennem 1 JRnvbffivg Rvnvbrevg 1 CAhAnnAm 1 hell
6 sevap 1 sevAp 1 Jmlqvc mIqve 1 sOvAb 1 deed
7 haram [ harAm 1 nvivg nvivg 1 harAm 1 forbidden
8 ahiret 1a:hiret 1 AvwnivZ AvJLivZ [a:kherAt 1 hereafter
9 namaz [ namAz 1 bvgvR bvgvR 1 namAz 1 prayer
10 gunah [gyunAh 1 MyYvn& MyYvn& 1 gyunAh 1 sin
11 helal 1 helal 1 Jnjvj nvjvi 1 hAlAl 1 permissible
12 mezhep [ mez’hep 1 JgRJne gvhnve 1 mAz’hAb 1 religious sect
13 tarikat 1 ta:rikat 1 ZvwiKvZ ZwiKv 1 torika 1 religious order
14 ummet [ ummet 1 №§vZ №§Z 1 ummot 1 community
15 akika 1 akika 1 AvwKKv AvwKKv 1 akika 1 animal slaughter at birth
Conclusions
Expanding transnational movement of goods, funds and facilities, we have observed political, cultural economic and social changes in the world in the last odd century due to scientific revolution. Thus we have become familiar with the term globalization'. The term globalization did not affect only in political, cultural economic and social areas, but also it has profound impact on language. The countries have different relations with each other even if they are thousands of kilometers away of each other, so historical, economic, scientific, political, social, religious or cultural explanations may cause mutual effect and languages.
The Bangladeshi and Turkish people have a strong relation that has dated back centuries. Due to historical and religious reasons, there are similarities in spoken languages. These words may stem from different languages; however people in both countries use the words in their present day expressions. These words have to be considered as Turkish or Bangla words arbitrary to where they have come from.
Endnotes:
1. Abu Musa Mohammad ArifBillah, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh SOAS, University of London <retrieved from http://blogs.edgehill.ac.uk/sacs/ files/2012/07/Document-6-Billah-A.-M.-M.-A-The-Development-of-Bengali-Literature-during-Muslim-Rule.pdf>.
2. <retrieved from http://www.nctb.gov.bd/TextBook_2013/Eng.ver-2013-PDF/Class-9/PDF %20File %20History-9-10.pdf>.
3. Turkish Language Institute was established by Gazi Mustafa Kemal Ata-turk, founder of modern Turkey, on 12 July, 1932, in Ankara, capital of Turkey. For more details, please visit <http://www.tdk.gov.tr/>.
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4. Bangla Academy is Bangladesh’s national academy of arts and letters. The birth of Bangla Academy is directly linked to the historic Language Movement that paved the way for Bangalee nationalism and ultimately led to the declaration of independence and the emergence of Bangladesh on 26 March and 16 December 1971 respectively. For more details, please visit <http://www.banglaacade-my.org.bd/english/category_details.php?cid=3>.
5. Some of the parts ware cited from H.E. Huseyin MUFTUOGLU’s, Ambassador to Turkey in Dhaka, message in Embassy’s website. Retrieved from <http://dhaka.emb.mfa.gov.tr/AmbassadorsMessage.aspx>.
6. This part is from Pan-Islamism to Muslim Nationalism: Khilafat Movement and the Struggle for Pakistan by Ishtiaq Ahmad. Retrieved from <http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/Jrnl%2033-2%20%282012 % 29%20PDF/1.%20From%20Pan-Islamism %20to%20Muslim%20Nationalism, %20Ishtiaq-Butt %20Article.pdf>.
7. <retrieved from http://www.nctb.gov.bd/TextBook_2013/Eng.ver-2013-PDF/Class-9/PDF %20File %20History-9-10.pdf>.
8. Some Bengal sultans assumed the title of Khalifah themselves. The Caliphate of Baghdad came to an end long before the establishment of Mughal rule in India (or in Bengal) <retrieved from http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/I_0119.htm>.
9. <retrieved from http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/society/urahc-altaic-languages.html>.
10. <retrieved from http://aboutworldlanguages.com/language-families>.
References:
Abu Musa Mohammad ArifBillah, 'The Development of Bengali Literature during Muslim Rule', University of Dhaka, Bangladesh, Vol. 1 No. 2 pp. 44-54.
AHMAD, N. (1984), The Influence Persian and Persian Culture in India, in Indo Iranica, Vol. 37, No, 1-4, Iran society, Kolkata, India, p. 2.
Creswell, J.W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
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