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Section 4. Innovation management
Kuznetsova Valentina Petrovna, PhD, professor, the Faculty of Economics and Management
Vardamatskaya Ludmila Petrovna, Tropinova Elena Aleksandrovna, Radchenko Yulia Yurjevna, Herzen State Pedagogical University E-mail: vpr1000@yandex.ru
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS OF IMPLEMENTING BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGIES IN RUSSIA
Abstract. The article defines specific directions of blockchain use in education, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare. The strategies to reduce labor and energy costs for information processing, accelerate the creation of new treatment technologies and the creation of drugs, their implementation in practical health care are proposed. The result of the introduction of blockchain technologies will be the automation of production processes and the provision of services, which will lead to the era of digital contracts and paperless transactions, to increase the speed of processing the material, ensuring transparency and impossibility of loss, damage or forgery of the document, significant resource savings.
Keywords: blockchain, digital economy, pharmaceuticals, healthcare, education, monitoring of drug turnover, unified register of electronic prescriptions.
Digital technologies are becoming a priority for tion, value as incentive, security, privacy, security of
the development of the national economy of our rights, involvement [1].
country, which owns the future. The transition to The unique feature of the blockchain is that the blockchain, as the technology of the digital economy, data entered once has its own history, which allows is already becoming a necessity [13]. you to check the origin of information and its auA blockchain is a chain of blocks, a distributed thenticity. These data can not be changed by any-database that anyone can access. In other words, it is one, they are duplicated many times and stored in a a "distributed registry technology"; there is no cen- distributed network created and maintained by all tralized regulator that could control the blockchain participants. Information in the database can not at its own discretion [10]. Don Tappsott and Alex be overwritten. The authenticity of the document Tappsott in their work "Blockchain Revolution: How is easily traced, since each participant sees by whom the Technology Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money" he was recorded in the blockchain system. Infor-complete this definition with the blockchain eco- mation is always available, transparent. Databases nomic principles: network integrity, load distribu- make it extremely resistant to hacker attacks, it has
a low maintenance cost. In addition, thanks to such technology, it is possible to avoid numerous errors in transaction processing and reduce the number of fraudulent transactions [7].
Blockchain is gradually being introduced not only in all areas of business, but also in the social sphere: education, pharmaceuticals, healthcare [11].
Blockchain in education. The problem of educational institutions is that they are strongly attached to physical media. This, in its turn, leads to the situation when the collection of information with the use of physical media creates an additional burden on employees; forms of reporting on performance in different educational institutions may not coincide, which reduces the efficiency of staff; the lack of a complete database of graduates with specific skills makes it difficult for employers to find the right specialists; the lack of an open database on the employment of graduates and their transfer to another job does not allow educational organizations to assess the effectiveness of their work in their programs and make quick adjustments; lack of openness and transparency of the financial flows of the educational institution, distribution of finances among various structural units, participation in the tender and other problems. In order to solve all these problems and increase the efficiency of the work of educational organizations, it is necessary to introduce modern technologies and in particular blockchain technologies in the field of education. Their advantages are: rejection of physical media in favor ofdigital, which will reduce the number ofrefer-ences and other forms of reporting; cutting down the number of intermediate parties; creating products individually for each consumer. Services and educational products in the digital world can be quickly brought to the world market and can be used by anyone. Such educational product can quickly respond to customer needs; furthermore, the cost of online services is usually lower [9].
The blockchain technology in educational institutions is already widely used in foreign countries and opens up huge opportunities for its effective use.
For example, in Japan, Singapore, USA, Hong Kong, Estonia, Great Britain [15], Australia [3], blockchain technologies are already being actively introduced, and the Singaporean educational system makes extensive use of online learning and is considered one of the best [2]. In Russia, the St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics has already begun to actively explore this technology and is planning to implement the blockchain [12].
Blockchain in pharmaceutical industry. It is impossible to ensure full control over the quality, safety and efficacy of drugs with existing technologies for their production and sale. This is evidenced by the high percentage of circulation of counterfeit medicines in both the domestic and global markets. Often these drugs are accompanied by false information about the composition or manufacturer of the drug. Thus, WHO presented a report on the market for counterfeit drugs, which could kill hundreds of thousands of people. WHO experts estimated the global volume of this illegal market at $30 billion [8].
In this regard, there is an urgent need to track information at all stages of the development and supply of products created using the latest technologies in the field of electronics, which will make it impossible to sell counterfeit medicines [8].
For now there are successfully developed projects in the field of use of the blockchain in the fight against counterfeit in the pharmaceutical industry abroad [5].
One of the directions for the introduction of the blockchain in Russia is associated with the labeling of drugs with a special chip for protection against fakes, i.e. blockchain technology will be used at all stages of the movement of the drug from the manufacturer to the patient. So, as an experiment, Bank for Development and Foreign Economic Affairs organized the implementation of a drug monitoring program based on the blockchain technology in a hospital in the Novgorod region in April of 2018 [6].
Thus, the introduction ofblockchain technology in pharmaceuticals industry will allow:
• to transfer the entire document flow of pharmaceutical organizations to the Blockchain [4];
• to ensure the impossibility of falsifying information and prevent the implementation of poor quality or counterfeit medicines to patients;
• to create a unified register of electronic prescriptions to combat counterfeit drugs and resale of expensive drugs purchased at the expense of budget funds;
• to transfer prescription drug records from physical media to electronic ones;
• to create a register of medical information about patients across the country by disease group;
• to ensure transparency of financial flows of healthcare institutions and reduce the number of subjects of financial relations;
• to assign the bulk of the cost of quality control of medicines to the manufacturer, as he is interested in promoting his products and preventing counterfeit products from entering the market. In this case, budget costs associated with quality control will be reduced.
Blockchain in healthcare. In our country, most medical documents are issued on paper; there is no single register of information about patients, which would include all information about their visits to medical organizations, and not only public but also private ones. The patient's medical history is also made out mostly by hand, and this information can easily be made public, which negatively affects the need to preserve medical confidentiality. In the case of a medical error, including fatal, data on the patient's health status, as well as treatment technology can be easily changed or adjusted. In this regard, it is expected in the near future to create an information system that will work on the blockchain principle [14].
Thus, the introduction of blockchain technologies in healthcare will allow:
• to simplify the assessment of the quality of medical care, which will positively affect the efficiency of the work of medical personnel;
• to transfer all health care documents to the blockchain, which will increase the processing speed of the material, ensure transparency and the impossibility of losing, damaging or falsifying documents, since the block created once cannot be changed, it cannot be removed from the network;
• to ensure transparency of financial flows of healthcare institutions and reduce the number of subjects of financial relations;
• to keep the copy of the entire database for each patient using a single protocol;
• for the potential employer to gain access to the professional data of the health worker and to confirm the competence he has;
• to reduce the burden on the physician in keeping the history of the disease for each patient;
• to move to the era of digital contracts and paperless transactions, which will significantly reduce the cost of maintenance;
• to create a register of medical information about patients across the country sorted according to incidence groups that will result in:
1. Facilitation and acceleration of health research;
2. Identification of more effective and high-quality treatment methods and its further implementation in practical health care;
3. Acceleration of the development of new drugs and decrease of the cost of this process.
Ultimately, the introduction of blockchain technology and the expansion of its application in the social sphere is one of the priority areas for the development of the digital economy that will help to achieve the increase in the medical, social and economic efficiency of the economy.
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