CC BY
9
plodov, ovoshchej i vinograda v usloviyah integratsii i intensifikatsii sel. h-va MSSR. -Kishinyov. 1982. - S. 14-24.
4. Sedova Z.A. Sovremenniye sposobi hraneniya plodov i yagod (obzornaya informatsiya). - M., 1979. - 47 s.
The article was received at editors 09.02.2014
Shcherbatko V.D., Sharova N.I. Variability of apple fruit chemical composition during storage//
Bull. of the State Nikit. Botan. Gard. - 2015. - № 114. - P. 43-47.
The article presents three-year investigation of 10 introduced apple sorts their chemical composition before storing and in the end of it. The following sorts were marked as varieties combined high parameters of fruit chemical composition by the end of storing and good storability: Waine Spur Delicious, Spilove, Summerland.
Key words : apple tree, sorts, biochemical variations, chemical composition, dry substances, sugars, free acids, ascorbic acid, catechines, anthocyanins, leukoanthocyanins, flavonols, storability.
UDC 634.86.07:632.4/.952(477.75)
POSSIBILITY TO INCREASE HARVEST OF EARLY TABLE GRAPE CULTIVAR UNDER CONDITIONS OF SOUTHWEST ZONE OF THE CRIMEAN
VITICULTURE
Natalja Vasilievna Aleinikova, Yevgeniya Spiridonovna Galkina, llkham Burkhanovich Mirzayev
GBU RK "National research institute of vine and wine "Magarach", 298600, Republic of the
Crimea, the city of Yalta, 31, Kirova str. e-mail: plantprotection-magarach@mail.ru
Introduction
Viniculture as a branch of plant cultivation is of great economic importance, connected with primary processing of vine, one of the most valuable dietary and food staff. Historically viniculture having quite a small share of agricultural territories (up to 4,4% in the Crimea) significantly affects on regional socio-economic development, filling the state and local budgets. One of the principle task for this sector is expansion of table vine production to keep its quantity consumed - no less than 5,2 kg/person/year in the Crimea - and considerably to increase its consumption in other regions [1, 6]. Thereby researches aimed at solving of these tasks are quite current.
High and stable vine crops are possible if to carry out complex of agrotechnical measures, which could provide regular growth and development of vine bushes and protect crop from pests and diseases [1, 2].
At present the principle method of vine plants protection from diseases is a chemical method, which assumes applying of various fungicides - contact and systematic. As to modern preparations, certified for vine plants, there are strobilurines which possess quite important physiological properties besides fungicidal action: phytohormonnal effect on plant growth which results increasing of photosynthesis intensity and its productivity, lowing of plant breath intensity, reduction of water evaporation by leaves. Investigations conducted on annual cultures revealed antioxidant property of strobilurines, which favored rise plant resistance to drought, temperature variation, over illumination and etc. [11, 7, 8, 10].
The research objective was to investigate combined fungicide and growth regulating action of strobilurine class preparations to apply them in optimal way. That method is aimed at effective protection against diseases and raising the crop of early table grape cultivars under conditions of southwest zone of viniculture in the Crimea ("Estate of Zakharjinyh" Ltd., Bakhchisaray region).
Objects and methods of the research
Field investigations were carried out on the territory of vineyards with extra early table grape cultivar - Elegant extra early - in 2013-2014 in accordance with conventional methodics in viticulture and plant protection [3, 4, 5].
Fungicide property of these preparations was studied under the field conditions on 30 experimental bushes by three repeatabilities (10 plants per each repeatability). Leaf damage was registered after disease declared itself, further records were made as far as disease develpped (no less than three times per vegetation). Investigations in diagnostics of visual symptoms of disease were conducted during phonologic phases of vine development according to VVSN scale : "the end of blooming", " pea-sized berries, "berries growth", "beginning of ripening", "full berry ripening" [9]. Quantity and quality of crop were registered in the first decade of August during the main harvesting.
Results and discussion
Experimental scheme included the following variants: control (non-protected against mildew); standard; experimental (table 1).
Table 1
Experimental scheme
Rate of
Variant Objects Applied fungicides application (g, kg, j/ha)
Control Non-protected
Oidium Topaz KE 0,2
Mildew Antrokol SP 1,5
Standard Oidium Topaz KE 0,2
Mildew Tanos WG 0,4
Oidium Falcone KE. 0,3
Mildew Cocide2000 WG 2,5
Oidium Cumuluse WG 5,0
Mildew, oidium Cabrio Top WG 2,0
Experimental mildew, oidium, gray rot, blackspot Quadrice KS 0,8
oidium, mildew Collis KS 0,4
Gray rot Switch WG 1,0
Treatment by fungicides was carried out during the following development phases: "shoots 15-20 sm", "before and after blooming", pea-sized berries".
Weather conditions in 2013-2014 in the first half of grape vegetation favored the primary infection by mildew. The first symptoms of diseases appeared like an "oily" spots on leaves in the first decade of June. In the second decade of July a lack of precipitations deterred development of pathogen, though insignificant rainfalls with day and night temperature difference in the end of July caused development of mildew (table 2).
In general, share of mildew on leaves and bunches of control variant (non-protected), extra early grape cultivar Elegant, made 1,2 - 1,4% and 1,1 - 1,5% relatively (table 2).
As to experimental and standard variants decrease of mildew development was statistically reliable in comparison with control variant, all deflections were registered in terms of experimental mistake. Appliance of the fungicides Kabrio Top WG., Quadris KS. and Collis KS (experimental variant) regulated disease progression (0,3 - 0,6% on leaves and 0,1 - 0,8% on bunches) as effectively as fungicides Antrakol SP Tanos WG. and Kocide 2000 WG. (0,4 - 0,7% on leaves, 0,2 - 0,9% on bunches, table 2).
Table 2
Dynamics of mildew s pread and development in case of strobilurines appliance ("Estate of Zakharjinyh" Ltd; Elegant ,extra early grape cultivar, 2013-2014)
Variant Spread (P), % Disease development (R), %
"berry growth" "beginning of berry ripening" "berry growth" "beginning of berry ripening"
leaves bunches leaves bunches leaves bunches leaves bunc hes
Control 4,6 3,5 7,5 3,7 1,2 1,1 1,4 1,5
Standrd 1,5 1,9 1,7 2,1 0,4 0,2 0,7 0,9
Experimenta l 0,7 1,3 1 1,9 0,3 0,1 0,6 0,8
HCP05 (2013) 1,2 0,7 1,8 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,6
HCP05 (2014) 0,2 0,2 0,7 0,4 0,1 0,1 0,4 0,5
Biologically effective strobilurine protection of grape plants against mildew on average for two years of investigations was constantly on a high level during vegetation period: 95-97,4% and 90-96,6% on leaves and bunches. On standard pattern this parameter made 86,6 - 90% on leaves and 80-90% on bunches (table 3).
Table 3
Biological efficiency of strobilurine protection against mildew (" Estate of Zakharjinyh" Ltd, 2013-2014)
Variant Biological efficiency, %
"the end of bunch development" "full berry ripening"
leaves Bunches leaves bunches
Standard 86,6 80,0 90,0 90,0
Experimental 95,0 90 97,4 96,6
Growth regulating properties of strobilurines demanded investigation of crop uvological characteristics, quantitative and qualitative parameters of extra early grape cultivar Elegant (table 4,5).
Table 4
Influence of strobilurines on uvological characteristics of table grape cultivar ("Estate of Zakharjinyh", Ltd; Elegant extra early 2013 -2014)
Variant Mechanical composition of a bunch
Bunch mass, g A number of berries, units Berry mass, g Mass of grape bunch skeleton, g Mass of 100 berries, g % berries % Grape bunch skeleton Indictor of texture, %
Control 437,6 149,7 420,9 9,5 271,8 96,7 3,3 36,2
Standard 443,1 166,4 438,5 9,4 283,5 96,4 3,6 46,2
Experimental 470,4 163,1 481,4 9 295,1 97 3 51,4
HCP05 (2013 r.) 3,5 3,3 3,3 1,3 3,1 0,5 0,5 0,9
HCP05 (2014 r.) 3,3 2,6 2,7 1,1 3,3 0,5 0,5 1,5
According to data of table 4, mass of 100 berries of experimental variant made 295,1 g for two years on average, that exceeded parameters of standard and control variants - 11,6g and 23,3 g more relatively. Indicator of bunch texture was registered as 51,4% for experimental pattern, 46,2% - standard, control - 36,2%. It's well-known than more indicator of texture (ratio of berry mass to bunch skeleton mass) than texture of this bunch is more profitable concerning grapes consumed. Grape cultivar with a high indicator of texture first of all is good for fresh usage. Therefore due to research results it was determined that strobilurines had a positive effect on mechanical composition of grape bunch, berry mass and indicator of texture of extra early grape cultivar Elegant.
Two-years research of quantitative and qualitative crop parameters (experimental variant) showed that having applied fungicides from strobilurine group, crop of extra early cultivar Etalon made 7,3 kg, what is 1,1 kg more than Standard variant and 2 kg more than Control (table 5). So, gain in crop made 16 and 34% relatively. According to data of table 5 the crop increase is caused by considerably large average mass of bunch on the experimental variant.
Table 5
Effect of strobilurines on quantitative and qualitative crop parameters of table grape cultivar (" Estate of Zakharjinyh", Elegant extra early 2013 -2014)
Variant Average bunch mass, g A number of bunches, units/bush Crop, kg/bush Mass concentration
sugars, g/100 sm3 titrating acids, r/gM 3
Control 418,5 13,8 5,9 17,3 5,5
Standard 432,5 14,6 6,8 17,6 5,2
Elegant 460,3 15,7 7,9 17,8 5
HCP05 (2013 r.) 1,8 0,8 0,9 0,5 0,3
HCP05 (2014 r.) 2,1 2,1 1,0 0,7 0,7
Findings indicate positive effect of strobilurines on qualitative crop characteristics of table grape cultivar: mass concentration of sugars (17,8 g/ 100sm3) in berry juice of experimental variant was maximum in comparison with standard and control variants, while mass concentration of titrating acids (5 g/dm3) was minimal (table 5).
Conclusions
Hereby during the research of combined fungicide and growth regulating action of preparations belonging to strobilurines class it was determined these preparations can be applied either for effective protection of table cultivar elegant against mildew or to increase its crop capacity and improve qualitative and uvological characteristics under conditions of southwest zone of the Crimean viticulture.
References
1. Aleinikova NA. Osnovniye bolezni vinograda v usloviyah Kryma, prognoz ih razvitiya i sistema zashchiti: dis. dok. s.-h. nauk: 06.01.11 / NAAN Ukraini NIViV "Magarach" - Yalta 2010. - 303 s.
2. Volkov A.A. Fungitsidi na vinogradnikah Tamani i stepenj ih ekologo-toksikologicheskogo riska // Vinodeliye i vinogradarstvo. - 2012. - № 5. - S. 40-42.
3. Dospekhov B.A. Planirovaniye polevogo opyta i statisticheskaya obrabotka ego dannyh. - M.: Kolos, 1979. - 206 s.
4. Metodicheskiye rekomendatsii po primeneniyu phytosanitarnogo kontrolya v zashchite promyshlennyh vinogradnyh nasazhdenij Yuga Ukraini ot vreditelej i boleznej. -Yalta: NIViV "Magarach", 2006. - 24 s.
5. Metodicheskiye ukazaniya po gosudarstvennym ispytaniyam fungitsidov, antibiotikov i protravitelej semyan selskokhozyaistvennyh kultur / Pod red. Novozhylova K.V. - M.: Kolos, 1985. - 89 s.
6. Programma razvitiya vinogradarstva i vonodeliya Respubliki Krym do 2020 goda (proekt). - Simferopol, 2014. - 22 s.
7. Brendler Fritz Strobilurine - Praxiserfahrungen aus dem Westen // Getreide Mag. - 1997. - 3, № 1. - P. 36-37.
8. Gerhard Michael, Habermeyer Johann Der Greening-Effekt // Getreide Mag. -1998. - 4, № 2. - P. 86-88, 90.
9. Grossmann Klaus, Retzlaff Günter Bioregulatory effects of the fungicidal stroB i1urin k resoxim- methyl in wheat (Triticum aestivum) // Pestik. Sci. - 1997.- 50, № 1. -P.11-20.
10. Growth stages of mono- and dicotyledonous plants / BBCH Monograph [2 edition]. - Edited by Uwe Meier / Federal Biological Research Centr for Agriculture and Forestry. - 2001. - 158 p. - P. 91-93.
11. Tiedemann Andreas V., Wu Yuexyan Physiologische Effekte von Azolen und Strobilurinen bei Weizen und Gerste // Getreide Mag. - 2001. - 7, № 2. - P. 78-82.
The article was received at editors 31.03.2015.
Aleinikova N.V., Galkina E.S., Mirzaev I. B. Possibility to increase harvest of early table grape cultivar under conditions of southwest zone of the Crimean viticulture // Bull of the State Nikit.Botan.Gard. - 2015. - № 114. - P. 47-51.
Efficiency level of strobilurines in protection of grapes against mildew was investigated in terms of this research. It was demonstrated that treatment of grape plants by these fungicides favors high protection against that disease, permits to increase table grape crop and improve quality of its fruits.
Key words: vine, mildew, growth-regulating properties, strobilurines, texture of grapes bunch, biological efficiency.
UDC 634.75:631.527.5
GARDEN STRAWBERRY (FRAGARIA ANANASSA): ASSESSMENT OF
PROSPECTIVE HYBRIDS BASED ON ECONOMICALLY VALUABLE CHARACTERISTICS UNDER CONDITIONS OF THE CRIMEA
Aryfova Zera Ilmiyevna, Gorb Nadezhda Nikonorovna
Nikitsky Botanical Gardens - National Scientific Centre, Branch "The Crimean Experimental station of horticulture" 297517, Republic of the Crimea, Simferopol region, vil.Malenkoye
sadovod stvo@ ukr. net
Introduction
Strawberry is one of those fruit and berry products which are in a great demand among consumers. These berries are valuable for their food dietary and medicinal properties. They contain sugars, organic acids, microelements and vitamins - so important for human in spring period [3]. Though real strawberry assortment doesn't cover all population requirements for berries and has a fundamental defects such as: a lack of high-yielding, high-quality and frost-
