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Научни трудове на Съюза на учените в България-Пловдив. Серия В. Техника и технологии, т. XV, ISSN 1311 -9419 (Print), ISSN 2534-9384 (On- line), 2017. Scientific Works of the Union of Scientists in Bulgaria-Plovdiv, series C. Technics and Technologies, Vol. XV., ISSN 1311 -9419 (Print), ISSN 2534-9384 (On- line), 2017.
POSSIBILITIES AND PERSPECTIVES FOR INCREASING GOAT MILK PRODUCTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
Hristina Shapardanovska, Gordana Dimitrovska University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Faculty of biotechnical sciences
Abstract
Goat breeding is considered an attractive investment by poor farmers in many developing countries. Goat breeding has many advantages, goats are capable of adapting to various agro-climate, and they are very sociable and independent animals. This paper covers world's goat population size, and state's goat population size from 2010 till 2015. This research paper is based on analysis of relevant data from Official Statistics of the Republic of Macedonia and FAO. The world's goat population was approximately 875, 5 million, but according to the latest statistical data in 2015, in the Republic of Macedonia, the goat population was 88.064, which is about 27% more than 2012. Production and marketing products from goat milk have a great significance in intensive goat breeding in the Republic Macedonia.
Keywords: goat breeding, goat milk, population, production.
Introduction
Goat breeding is considered an attractive investment by poor farmers in many developing countries. The goat is a multi-purpose animal producing milk, meat, and wool. Goats are capable of adapting to various agro-climate. They can be raised in plains, hilly tracts, and sandy zones and at high altitudes. They are more tolerant to hot climate than other farm animals. Goats suffer from fewer conditions/diseases than other large animals. Goats are very sociable and independent animals. The country's long tradition of goat breeding was discontinued in 1947 (by a law prohibiting goat breeding), when about 500 000 goats were slaughtered. However, a few goats continued to be bred in very remote rural areas. (Official Gazette No. 38) Goat breeding in Macedonia was reestablished in 1989 by the Law on Breeding Goats. (Official Gazette No. 21) These actions have a major part affecting the goat sector overall.
Material and methods
Description of the study area
The study was conducted in the Republic of Macedonia which is a landlocked country that lies between latitudes 40o and 43o N, and mostly between longitudes 20o and 23o E.
Source of data
Information of the size of goat population was obtained from Official Statistics of R. Macedonia, annual report series, and reports from FAO. The paper covers world's goat population size, compared to state's goat population, from 2010 till 2015. The annual reports covered goat population in all regions of the country. The collected data were statistically processed and presented in tables and graphics. Relevant literature was also reviewed to provide theoretical background.
Results and discussion
The world's goat population was approximately 715 million in 2000, with over 60 percent of that found in Asia and more than 95 percent in developing countries. India has the largest goat population at 123 million, which represents slightly more than 17 percent of the world's population. Thus, while the number of sheep in the world has remained almost unvaried at around one billion in the last 30 years, the global goat population doubled from 464 million in 1980 to 924 million in 2011. Combined sheep and goat population is just over 2 billion. (FAO, 2014) The world's goat population was approximately 875, 5 million, with more than 200 recognized breeds of goats throughout the world, which 63% is for milk production, 27% meat production and about 5% for wool. Asia has the largest goat population at 539 million, Africa has 276 million, Australia and New Zeeland with 4.5 million, Europa 17 million. (FAO, 2011) There are about 200 recognized breeds of goats throughout the world. A major part of goat breeds in the Republic of Macedonia are: Balkan goat along with her Saanen or Alpine crossbreeds, and few well-organized farms has Alpine as the main breed. Current goat population has the following production features: live-weight 30-40 kg, milk production 90-110 liters (for seven months lactation) and wool production 0.5 kg. (Agency for Food and Veterinary)
Tab 1. Number of goat breeds in the period of2010/2011
No. Breed Head In %
1. The domestic Balkan goat 38.378 48%
2. Other 21.772 27,4%
3. Alpine crossbreeds 6.330 7,9%
4. Saanen 6.256 7,,8%
5. Alpine 4.193 5,5%
6. Saanen crossbreeds 2.735 3,4%
Total 79.664
The milk production from the home population of goat is about 150 - 250 liters (Kozarovski, 1999), while the production of milk from the goat Alpine depends from the country. Different research shows that highest milk yield is about 2.215 liters per lactation, in the USA. (Popovski et al. 2012)
Tab.2 Total number of goats in the period from 2010 till 2015 (Statistical Annual Report of the Republic of Macedonia)
Year Total number of goats Milk (l)
2010 75.709 15.074
2011 72.778 15.565
2012 63.585 14.848
2013 75.028 14.395
2014 81.348 13.587
2015 88.064 15.568
100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0
Fig. 1 Goat population statistics from 2010 till 2015
In 2012, in Republic of Macedonia goat population was approximately 63.585, which is about 11% less than 2011. (Statistical Annual Report of the Republic of Macedonia, 2012) There are 1800 farms that are breeding goats. (Pacinovski et al. 2012) In 2013, inRepublic of Macedonia goat population was about 75.028, which is about 17% more than 2012 and 8% less than 2014. (Statistical Annual Report of the Republic of Macedonia) The information recorded in 2015, in Republic of Macedonia goat population was 88.064, which is about 8% more than 2014, and about 27% more than 2012. In conclusion, the goat production in Republic of Macedonia is characterized by spontaneous and continuous development.
16.000 15.500 15.000 14.500 14.000 13.500 13.000 12.500
Fig. 2 Milk production statistics from 2010 till 2015
In 2010 milk production equaled 15,074 liters, which in 2011 increased to 15,565 liters of milk. In 2012 the production of mi Hi decreases (by 4.6% compared to 2011) to 14,848 due to the decrease in the number of goats. The biggest drop was recorded in 2014, when milk production equaled 13,587 liters. Ann increase of 14.6% in 2015 was registered in the production of goat's milk.
(Conclusion
1. The capacity for goat breeding in Macedonia is far greater than the current numbet. There are ideal conditions in the Republic of Macedonia for developing goat breeding, indicated by a large number of pastures, especially low and high forests.
2. The domain of agriculture and goat production needs to be supported by the government: organization of land surfaces and improvement of soil fertility, protecting the soil from contamination, support for training the producers and research in goat breeding, development programs for goat production, and subsidies for production.
3. There is a need to determine suitable production system using different goat breeds suited to the different environments which produce carcasses that cater to the needs of domestic and export markets. I.e. improve progeny by crossbreeding.
4. A diverse range of goat products should be produced and their markets should be supported. Farmers should be educated about hygiene, animal health, and breeding strategies. The
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
.568
15.074
14.395
13.587
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
access to new markets for goat dairy products as a dietary and organic food is a very important aspect for reactivating goat production and the processing of goat products in Macedonia.
5. Goats give more production per unit of investment. Their milk is considered better for human nutrition than other species of livestock. Goats can provide income from wool, meat, and milk and are relatively cheap to maintain.
References
1. Kozarovski, N (1999). Practicum on sheep and goat husbandry, University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Bitola.
2. Pacinovski N., Dojcinovski, T., Petrovska S., Kocovski Lj. Kozarovski N., Dumova-Jovanovska E. (2012). Study on the establishment of a regional breeding center for sheep and goats in the Eastern Region. (2012): "My Land", Ohrid.
3. Popovski K., Stefanovska J. (2002). Goat breeding. Vita-Vet, Skopje.
4. State Statistical Office (2011-2016). Republic of Macedonia. (Online)
5. Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Management (2014). Annual Report of Agriculture and Rural Development for 2013. Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Management. (Online)
6. Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Management (2015) Agricultural Marker Information System. Annual Report for 2015.
7. FAO (2015). Statistical Pocketbook World food and agriculture.
8. FAO (2014). Statistical Yearbook Europe and Central Asia food and agriculture.
8. N.A 1948. Official Gazette No. 38.
9. N.A. 1989. Official Gazette No. 21.
e-mail:hristinash19@gmail.com
