Последовательность и распределение физических нагрузок в микроциклах годичной тренировки спортсменов рукопашного боя

Эрайзер Сергей Леонидович

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Статья поступила в редакцию 23.12.2014.

УДК 796.8

ПОСЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬНОСТЬ И РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ФИЗИЧЕСКИХ НАГРУЗОК В МИКРОЦИКЛАХ ГОДИЧНОЙ ТРЕНИРОВКИ СПОРТСМЕНОВ РУКОПАШНОГО БОЯ

Сергей Леонидович Эрайзер, тренер, Региональная молодежная общественная организация (РМОО) «Патриот», г. Москва

Аннотация

Цель данного исследования - оптимизация последовательности и применения физических нагрузок в малых и средних циклах подготовки на этапе совершенствования спортивного мастерства. Объект исследования - динамика физических нагрузок в малых циклах годичной подготовки спортсменов. Задачи - изучение оптимальной модели применения физических нагрузок в микро-

циклах годичной тренировки спортсменов рукопашного боя. В сравнительном эксперименте обследованы 26 спортсменов (возраст 221,4 года, квалификационный уровень - КМС и перворазрядники; контрольная и экспериментальная группа - 12 и 14 человек, соответственно). Методы -определение уровня общей и специальной физической работоспособности, биохимическая оценка развития физических качеств в условиях максимальной мышечной нагрузки. Спортсмены экспериментальной группы (ЭГ) получили достоверное преимущество к периоду соревнований: по мощ-ностным показателям 30-секундной максимальной мышечной нагрузки в Wingate-тесте (относительная мощность, развиваемая за один цикл педалирования - в среднем на 3,6%, относительная средняя мощность работы - на 6,6%, уровень концентрации лактата в крови - в среднем на 7,7%, показатель уровня специальной выносливости). Спортсмены повысили уровень специальной технической подготовленности (время 6-ти боковых ударов ногами - на 2,7%, время 6-ти «входов» руками - на 3,1%). В заключение, метаболический критерий оценки обусловливает корректную организацию нагрузок в малых тренировочных циклах подготовки спортсменов на этапе совершенствования спортивного мастерства.

Ключевые слова: квалифицированные спортсмены, рукопашный бой, годичный цикл тренировки, малый цикл, физическая нагрузка, физическая подготовленность.

DOI: 10.5930/issn.1994-4683.2014.12.118.p245-249

SEQUENCE AND ASSIGNMENT OF PHYSICIAN LOADINGS IN SMALL CYCLES OF YEAR TRAINING SPORTSMEN OF HAND-TO-HAND FIGHT

Sergey Leonidovich Erayzer, the coach, Regional youth public organization (RYPO) "Patriot", Moscow

Annotation

A purpose this research - optimization of sequence and assignment of physician loadings in small and intermediate-term training cycles at a stage of perfection of sports skill. Object search - dynamics of physician loadings in small cycles of year preparation of sportsmen. The problems - search the optimum models of the applications of physician loadings in cycles of year training sportsmen of hand-to-hand fight. In comparative experiment investigated 26 sportsmen (age 221.4 years, qualifying level - candidates of master of sport both first-rank sportsmen, control and experimental groups - 12 and 14 persons, appropriate). The methods - a metrological estimation of general and special capability and biochemical estimation of the development of physical qualities in maximal 30 s muscle load. Sportsmen of experimental group (EG) have got authentic advantage to the period of competitions: power maximum of the 30 s work in test Wingate (a relative capacity developed for one cycle work - on the average on 3.6%, a relative average capacity of physician work - 6.6%; a level blood lactate - on the average on 7.7%, an indicator of special endurance). Sportsmen have raised level of special technical readiness (a time 6 lateral blows by feet - on the average on 2.7%, a time 6 "inputs" hands - on the average on 3.1%). In conclusion, the metabolic criteria of estimation is a correctly organization of physician loadings in small training cycles of sportsmen at a stage of perfection of sports skill.

Keywords: qualified sportsmen, hand-to-hand fight, year training, small cycle, physician loading, physical readiness.

INTRODUCTION

The stage of perfection of sports skill is defining in respect of preparation and selection of sportsmen to responsible competitions of the highest category. The special requirements shown to readiness of sportsmen of hand-to-hand fight are reflected in standard documents [8, 9] and works of experts [3, 5, 6]. Features of competitive 5-minute duels of hand-to-hand fight are caused by the maximum display of speed-power qualities and special endurance which develop in training process [1, 2, 7].

The analysis of experience of preparation of sportsmen of different qualification has revealed that the balance and optimum of sections of preparation of hand-to-hand fight to the full meet the requirements of success of duels [3, 7]. However opinions of authors considerably disperse in aspect of a technique of preparation. It causes features of dynamics of muscular loadings in small cycles of year training. Also authors ambiguously identify criteria of sports readi-

ness in hand-to-hand fight, owing to age and qualifying distinctions. Indicators of physical and technical readiness of sportsmen of various qualified in hand-to-hand fight are proved taking into account preparation stages [10]. Questions of programming of loadings in small cycles of year training of sportsmen of hand-to-hand fight are studied in the limited volume [2, 10].

The urgency of the given research is caused by necessity of an experimental substantiation of the approach to sequence and assignment of different loadings sportsmen of hand-to-hand fight. Scientific novelty of research is defined by detailed working out of the basic components of training loadings in small cycles: structures, maintenances and distributions at a stage of perfection of sports skill. Now the models of small cycles of physical readiness only for hand-to-hand fighters of the top skills is developed and experimentally proved.

TECHNIQUE

In this research following methods are applied: 1) the analysis of experience of preparation and general data of scientifically-methodical literature; 2) anthropometrical measurements (length and weight of a body, a share of a fatty component of weight of a body); 3) testing of impellent qualities and an estimation of the general physical working capacity (test Wingate, an Ergometer Monarch, a biochemical estimation of blood lactate concentration); 5) pedagogical experiment; 6) HR-meter (Polar-3000); 7) standard methods of statistics, with application of nonparametric criteria Wilcoxon.

Year training of sportsmen of hand-to-hand fight was planned during three-four stages and the periods - involving and general-preparatory stages (totally 12-13 weeks), a specially-preparatory stage (24-25 weeks), three short-term periods of competitions (totally 9-10 weeks, including a precompetitive stage), a transition period (3-4 weeks).

According to the program of long-term preparation in hand-to-hand fight [9], planning of physical activities provides three basic types of cycles: developing physical, developing technical and control. Accents of loadings general physical readiness and the joint venture in small cycles are distributed by an alternation principle on days, usually in an antiphase from each other.

However, taking into account requirements to readiness of high qualified sportsmen high efficiency of a variance of sequence of physician loadings in small cycles on the basis of biochemical criteria estimation, according to [11].

EXPERIMENTAL PART

The control group (CG, 12 sportsmen) carried out training loadings on [2]. The experimental group (EG, 14 sportsmen) carried out loadings according to biochemical criteria of influence on mechanisms of power supply of muscular work and modelling variants of the small cycles (capacity, efficiency, it agree [12]).

The sequence of speed-power loadings in the preparatory period is constant, concerning two operating modes. The first mode was carried out in 1st day of a cycle - duration of exercise more than 15 s, rest 25-30 s. The second mode (the maximum load) was carried out in 5th day of a cycle - duration of exercise to 15 s, rest 45-60 s. The glycolytic loading was carried out in 3rd day of a cycle (criteria of capacity) with gradual transition to the maximum intensity. The leading part was taken away to loadings of integrated influence, at working off of technic-tactical actions of the sportsman who is carried out with the maximum accuracy (criteria of efficiency). For the decision of these problems in 2nd and 6th days of a small cycle included additional power influence.

The glycolytic loadings carried out in 2nd day of a cycle - to increase the recovery period. Thus the leading part was carried out also by loadings of integrated influence (criterion of efficiency). The parameters of the basic loading varied depending on value HR before the beginning of performance of exercise by the sportsman.

RESULTS OF RESEARCH AND THEIR DISCUSSION

The basic result of preliminary experiment was expressed in increase of efficiency of influence of special loadings on mechanisms of power supply of intense muscular loadings of sportsmen of hand-to-hand fight at a stage of perfection of sports skill. Sportsmen of EG to the beginning of a stage of competitions, had advantage on following indicators in test Wingate: relative capacity for a cycle work on an Ergometer - 3.6% (p<0.05); relative average capacity -6.6% (p<0.01), blood lactate concentration - 7.7%, us a level of special endurance (p<0.05). Two indicators of technical skill at sportsmen EG also it is better, than in CG: total time 6 lateral blows by feet - 2.7% (p<0.05);, total time 6 "inputs" hands - 3.1% (p<0,05).

Thus, results of comparative experiment have allowed proving model of construction of loadings in small cycles by criterion of relative capacity and have revealed its efficiency at stages of year training of sportsmen of hand-to-hand fight.

Speed of performance of the basic techniques in hand-to-hand fight does not depend on weight and growth of sportsmen [10]. In our research a basis of planning of different loadings in cycles of year training the principle of not competitive interaction of training effects in each employment [11] makes, accumulation of effects at stages of year training - for maintenance of optimum adaptation of an organism of sportsmen to intense muscular activity [4].

CONCLUSIONS

1. Working out of problem of planning of different loadings in small cycles of year training - a large, owing to the big number of techniques in an arsenal of hand-to-hand fight.

2. The sequence and assignment of different loadings in small cycles of training on the basis of criterion of capacity, efficiency as a whole provides authentic improvement of physical and technical readiness of sportsmen of hand-to-hand fight at a stage of perfection of sports skill.

3. The optimum sequence and assignment of different loadings on the basis of criterion influence load on the target functions of an organism sportsman and sufficient cumulative effect, taking into full recovery to the termination of each small cycle of year training.

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