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Buranov Akmal Kalandarovic., Junior researcher, PhD, Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan E-mail: AkmalBuronov_1985@mail.ru Baboev Saidmurat Kimsanbaevic, doctor of biological sciences, head of department, Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan E-mail: sai-baboev@yandex.ru
POLYMORPHIZM OF GLIADIN PROTEINS AMONG WHEAT LANDRACES OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract; Here was described full polymorphism of electrophoretic spectra of gliadines in wheat landraces of Uzbekistan comparing with commercial and newly zoned cultivars. It was conducted work on 21 landraces, 2 new and one commercial commercial variety that it was revealed 40 variation in electrophoretic spectra. Keywords: traditional wheat landrace, polymorphism, electrophoretic spectra, gliadin.
variety have been analyzed and intra-varietal heterogeneity for each of varieties have been identified and described. To compile proteins formula, standard clustering spectrum has been used, and 30 gliadin components in that have been divided to a-, y-, w-zones.
Results and discussion. Studying wheat landraces is of great interest concerning preservation of gene pool in vitro conditions and also as a genetic source of economically valuable traits in breeding process on creation of new varieties adapted well to local condition.
To study landraces of Uzbekistan, their samples have been collected from different regions of Uzbekistan. Morphological characters of samples were identified, and areas of their cultivation have been determined and mapped [6]. Samples were catalogued and characterized by grain quality and reserve proteins [6; 7].
As it has been reported previously [7] several wheat land-race samples under the same name Kyzyl Bugday were collected in mountain areas at altitudes more than 1500 meters above sea-level. All these samples had identical electrophoretic gliadin spectra. Further studies of these samples have revealed that one sample (named Kyzyl Bugday as well) from Saryosiyo district of Surkhandarya region has differed from others by absence of a component in w-region of the spectrum.
Two more morphologically similar varieties of landraces have varied on their gliadin spectra. One of them named Ak Bugday has been collected in Kashkadarya region, and another one named Graecum was collected in Jizzakh region. Both of samples were with white spikes and and white colored grains and belonged to Greacum type but their gliadin spectra have been different.
Introduction. Studying and conservation of the Uzbek wheat landraces is of great importance, since there are cultivars possessing high bread making qualities among them, and this character is genetically determinated and it does not depend on environmental factors met during its growing [1]. Comparative analysis ofgliadins (Gliadin is a class of proteins present in wheat and several other cereals within the genus Triticum. Gliadins, which are a component of gluten, are essential for giving bread the ability to rise properly during baking) in diverse wheat varieties has revealed numbers of allele blocks on gliadin coding locus. Catalogues of protein constituents of gliadin blocks have been developed for soft bread (Triticum aestivum L.) [2] and spring durum (Triticum durum Desf.) wheats [3], and using them may allow identifying more than 20 million of genotypes.
Mass screening of the introduced into commercial growing and perspective wheat varieties using electrophoresis of their reserve proteins may purposefully allow to select samples for crossings and develop wide spectrum of variability in hybrid populations, and this could allow select forms having expected properties [4; 5].
Huge polymorphism of gliadin F-spectrum conditioned by the existence of multiple alleles of gliadin coding loci provides with a possibility to easily and effectively differentiate and identify wheat genotypes.
Materials and methods. Material for investigations were soft bread wheat (T. aestivum) landraces that have been collected in different regions of Uzbekistan. Analysis of grain reserve proteins (gliadins) have been done using single page electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel in aluminum lactate buffer with pH 3.1 [2]. Gliadins were extracted from a flour of individual wheat grains by 70% ethanol. 100 grains per landrace
Section 1. Biology
Several samples collected were unnamed because farmers who have cultivated them did not give them any names. These samples have been divided into three groups taking into consideration their morphological and economically valuable characters studied and sites of collection. However, data of electrophoretic analyses have shown that these sam-
ples should be divided into two groups, where two samples collected from two sites of the same region have had different spectra (Fig. 1, columns 6 and 7). Landraces Surkhak, Tyuyatish, Kalbugday (awnless), BoysunTura-2 and Kyzyl Sharq were polymorphic as well each having two or three spectra.
Figure 1. Polymorphism of electrophoretic spectra of gliadins
1 - Bezostaya-1 6- Unknown-(Terakli) 11-12- Tuyatish 20- Kyzyl unumli 29-Ok boshoq 37-38-Ok marvarid;
2 - Kyzyl bugday 7- Unknown-(Kyzyltom) 13-14-15- Kalbugdoy 21-22- Kyzyl Sharq 30-Pashmak 39-40-41-Bardosh;
3 - Kyzyl bug(Oltinsoy) 8- Surkhak (Uzun) 16 - Boysun Tura-1 23-24-Tuyatish 31-32-Hivit; 4 - Ok bugday 9- Surkhak (Baxmal) 17-18 - Boysun Tura-2 25-26-Korakiltik 33-34-35-Boboki; 5 - Greacum 10- Surkhak(Udamali) 19 - Qayroq-
tosh 27-28-Muslimka 36-Krasnodar-99
We have developed a Project aimed to collect and restore existed landraces endangered to be lost, to multiply them and bring back them to farmers for further cultivation. So, variety Kayraktash, drought tolerant, containing high amount of gluten, with medium-size plant height and moderate resistance to yellow rust, has been restored successfully. This landrace has been sown on 0.3 ha of unirrigated dryland area and 800 kgs of seeds were produced in 2014. These seeds have been cleaned and treated with fungicides. Seeds were delivered to farms for cultivation in drylands in Boysun and Altynsay dirsticts of Surkhandarya region. This restored new variety Kayraktash has been submitted to the State Variety Testing center for testing in dryland conditions. This variety had a homogenous electrophoretic spectra, having enriched components in a- and ^-regions (Fig. 1, column 19).
Landrace of the durum wheat named Kara-Kiltik could be found seldom, and differed from other landraces by long, black awns, small spikes and relative compactness. Two biotypes of this landrace have been determined that differed by intensity of expression of one component in y-region and absence of
another component in w-zone. An interesting landraces are Pashmak and Khivit having very long periods of vegetation. Pashmak has preserved its monomorphity but Hivit had two variables in electrophoretic spectra, differing by two minor components in w-zone.
Commercial wheat variety Surkhak is cultivated in many regions of Uzbekistan where spring wheat is usually grown. It has been created in 1940's by selection amongst local landraces. It is relatively tolerant to drought and high temperatures. Its awned spikes, white, fuzzy glumes, and red seeds correspond to botanical characteristics ofErythrospermum. Electrophoretic analysis of reserve gliadin proteins of this variety has revealed four types of spectra, and polymorphism has been mainly in a- and ^-regions.
Electrophoretic spectrum of Krasnodarskaya 99 variety is close to spectra of standard variety Bezostaya 1. Electrophoretic spectra of Ok-Marvarid and Bardosh had 2 and 3 types of electrophoregrams in a-region, respectively.
Conclusions. Thus, we have characterized full polymorphisms based on electrophoretic spectra of gliadins of Uzbeki-
stan wheat landraces and compared them with those of commercial varieties and newly introduced into practice cultivars. 21 landraces, two new and one commercial varieties have been analyzed and 40 electrophoretic spectra were revealed. Ten of analyzed varieties were monomorphic and 14 ones were polymorphic. Many landraces cultivated at private farms of remote regions were monomorphic, but commercial varieties cultivated on large area were revealed to be polymorphic.
As a rule, during introduction of new varieties into commercial growing practice, attention is given mainly to their
productivity, resistance to adverse factors, and bread-making quality of grain. All new varieties are high productive but they luck having good of bread-making quality. Wheat landraces cultivated in Uzbekistan and other Central Asian countries cannot compete with commercial varieties on productivity. However, these wheat landraces are extremely valuable as genetic source for improving grain quality, and these genotypes could be used in development of new varieties enriched with nutritious microelements and other ingredients beneficial for human's health.
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