CC BY
34
программ, позволяющих разнообразить теоретическую составляющую системы школьного образования, тем самым, улучшить качество и усвояемость знания, приобретения новых навыков. ■
1. ГОСТ Р ИСО 9001-2015 «Системы менеджмента качества. Требования». - М.: Стандартинформ, 2015. - 24 с.
2. Семь Звезд [Электронный ресурс] - Электрон. дан.
- URL: https://7zvezd-irk.ru/ (Дата обращения: 17.11.2020).
- Текст : электронный.
3. Точка Будущего Образовательный комплекс [Электронный ресурс] - Электрон. дан. - URL: https://xn--80acgdf0a1ag2aob6b6a.xn--p1ai/ (Дата обращения: 17.11.2020). - Текст : электронный.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:
ГОСТ Р ИСО 9001-2015 «Системы менеджмента качества. Требования». - М.: Стандартинформ, 2015. - 24 с.
Семь Звезд [Электронный ресурс] - Электрон. дан. - URL: https://7zvezd-irk.ru/ (Дата обращения: 17.11.2020). - Текст : электронный.
Точка Будущего Образовательный комплекс [Электронный ресурс] - Электрон. дан. - URL: https ://xn--80acgdföa1 ag2aob6b6a. xn--p 1 ai/ (Дата обращения: 17.11.2020). - Текст : электронный.
Application of quality management system tools in the school education: quality of education — quality of life
© Firsova N., 2021
This article summarizes the results of the analysis of the quality management system in the field of education, models are studied and presented, which can subsequently find application in educational institutions. The article identifies the problems of the sphere, developed and proposed a number of measures to improve the functioning of educational institutions.
Keywords: education, tools, quality management system
УДК 330.342.44
POLITICAL ECONOMY OF JUST TRANSITION TO A LOW CARBON ECONOMY
© Khaykhadaeva O. D., 2021
Buryat State University, Ulan-Ude
The concept of climate justice is getting now increasing attention . In practice, pursuing climate justice will require addressing energy justice for almost two billion people worldwide who lack an access to electricity as well as energy injustice that is inherent to current global energy system. Going after just transition to a low-carbon economy is suggested to be a foundation for building energy justice. This paper explores the procedural and distributional dimensions of such transition and the relationships between them. In this context, the key political economy questions are 'who wins, who loses, how and why' as they relate to the existing energy system, who lives with the side effects of the sites of extraction, production and generation, and who will bear the social costs of decarbonising energy sources and economies.
Keywords: energy justice, low carbon economy, transition, decarbonization
The concept of climate justice is getting now increasing attention (Bond, 2012; Okereke, 2010). In practice, pursuing climate justice will require addressing energy justice for almost two billion people worldwide who lack an access to electricity (International Energy Agency (IEA), 2012) as well as energy injustice that is inherent to current global energy system. Following just transition to a low-carbon economy is suggested to be a foundation for building energy justice.
This paper explores the procedural and distributional dimensions of energy transition and the relationships between these two dimensions. In this context, the key political economy questions are 'who wins, who loses, how and why' as they relate to the existing energy system, who lives with the side effects of the extraction, and who will bear the social costs of energy and economy decarbonization (Newell et al., 2011).
The Just Transition
The term «transition» derives from an academic literature on socio-technical transition (Geels &Schot 2007, Geels 2005) that are also being applied to issues of energy policy (Scarse&Smith 2009; Kern&Smith 2008). The term «socio-technical transition» refers to deep structural changes in systems (e.g. energy) that involves long-term and complex reconfiguration of landscapes with technologies, policies, infrastructures, science as well as social and cultural practices (Newell&Mulvaney 2012). However, there are recognitions of the necessity to address the transition politics (Meadowcroft 2009) and to ensure that proposed transitions are socially just (Goldthau&Sovacool 2012). What is also important is that such transition is environmentally just ensuring that existing environmental injustices are not reproduced or exacerbated while making transition to a low carbon economy.
In policy term, the states are called for a just transition. Governments will have to play a crucial
enabling and steering role in increasing levels of support and ensuring fair access to clean energy. This raises an array of procedural issues about how decisions are made, options are assessed, and trade-offs are made. In 2010, at Cancun Conference of the Parties there were discussions on just transition: how to ensure transition to a low carbon economy is equitable, sustainable and legitimate.
The following cases demonstrate concrete examples of interventions and mobilizations aimed at realizing just transition. The Just Transition Alliance is a coalition of environmental justice and labour organizations located in California, US. This coalition's mission includes creation of healthy workplaces and communities. Its activity is focused on contaminated sites that should be remediated and on transition to sustainable economies and clean production. For example, in the campaign «Clean coal», the Just Transition Alliance voices objections based on local and global impacts of coal use: air pollution, working conditions and the environmental impacts of mining on water use and landscapes (Just Transition Alliance, 2011).
Located in South Africa, «Just Energy» is an innovative collaboration between Massachusets Technological Institute (MIT), Oxfam (nongovernmental organization), Simmons &Simmons (legal firm), Arup (engineering firm), and consulting companies (McKinsey and Marmanie). The aim of this collaboration is to enable low-income communities to develop renewable energy (RE) enterprises and in this way generate revenue and increase employment opportunities. It has set the goals to be achieved by 2020: to develop twenty renewable energy enterprises of 10-80 MW of clean energy. Sites of development include wind farms in South Africa, different renewable energy enterprises across Africa, Asia and Latin America. It is envisioned to generate income flows of £3 million per year for socio-economic development in low income communities; to reduce greenhouse gases emissions (Just Energy, 2011).
Another case which demonstrates the co-benefits of clean energy interventions is retrofit of buildings in Los Angeles (US). The LA Appollo Alliance, a grassroots coalition of environmental groups, community-based organizations, trade-unions, campaigned to ensure that the city council programs on energy efficiency and renewable energy deployment also brought economic benefits to disadvantaged people. This included retrofit of public building in low-income communities, jobs for poor, support for business owned by women and minorities.
Other just transition experience is related with the city of Gelsenkirchen (Germany), which was once renowned as an industrial hub for glass, coal and steel industry. After relocation of heavy industry, local officials decided in 1990s to regenerate abandoned land and establish an energy technology park. With support of the European Union, the federal government and the utility RWE, solar energy became the focal point of development. In 2001, the city Gelsenkirchen adopted a
voluntary target for carbon reduction which was aimed at transforming this city from «a city of thousand furnaces to a city of thousand suns».
In Hunter Valley (Australia), community upset about environmental and human health impacts of coal mines and power plants and concerns about climate change has given rise to social movement that is challenging the priority of goal and demanding clean energy transition (Evans, 2010).
In summary, it should be noted that key aspects of a just transition include, as Bird and Lawton (2009) confirm, increasing resilience and adaptive capacity, public investment in clean energy industries and alliances between the climate justice, environment and labour movements.
The Global Just Transition
Bradshaw (2010) writes «The fabric of our economy, and some would argue our political system ('carbon democracy') is dependent upon the plentiful and relatively inexpensive supply of fossil fuels» (Bradshaw, 2010, p. 276). Cheap energy is the locomotive of contemporary industrial economies and the basis of consumer culture. But people and places unevenly experience the benefits and costs of energy extraction, generation, distribution, consumption, and financing (Practical Action, 2010). The energy injustice is shaped by an array of institutions, actors, and interests whose actions affect flows of energy provision and consumption. The governance of energy shapes issues of distributive justice. At the same time, patterns of development pose key governance challenges such as providing energy to the poor and vulnerable people (energy access); supplying energy in a regular and fair manner (energy security); and minimising the environmental impacts and unequal burdens related with energy extraction, provision and consumption (energy and climate justice).
Exploring energy justice forces questions of security, violence, structures of production into the centre of debates about environmental justice. Since energy plays an important role for economic development, it assumes a prominent place in economic strategies of governments. It has implications for the distributions of impacts (Who benefits from energy production? Who experiences burdens?) and how this relates to decision making process (who participates in and influences decision making?)
Along with distributive struggles, issues of participation and recognition are also important. Moreover, procedural justice is critical to energy governance. Decisions concerning energy allocation and consumption are often made out of public attention. Public participation in energy governance has traditionally been quite weak. Even when public participation is encouraged, it is done more for legitimacy purposes than really involving stakeholders in shaping decisions. Where energy injustices occur, it is even more difficult to hold parties accountable since energy is provided by the private sector.
Decarbonisation strategies may also be characterized by similar patterns of injustices that characterize current
energy system based on fossil fuels unless potential social and environmental consequences get serious attention during transition to a low carbon economy. Innovations and the search for new sites of accumulation can produce injustices in unexpected and unpredictable ways (Zehner, 2012).
There is a tendency to perceive all clean technologies as completely «green». Meantime, solar photovoltaic technologies rely upon semiconductor technologies that utilize hazardous chemicals, require complexity of global supply chains, and contract manufacturing (Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition 2009). The existing toxic sites, health problems of immigrant women — environmental injustice legacies — remind us that all product materials come at unequal costs (Pellow&Park 2002).
The other example of injustice is related with biofuels. In Brazil, programs to increase sugarcane ethanol production were initiated in the 1970s. Today Brazil is self-reliant in ethanol for cars. But ethanol producing industry is continually accused for inadequate working conditions, slave and child labour (Dos Santos 2007). In the United States, mandated increases in corn ethanol production raised concerns about trade-offs between energy transition and food security.
Thus, justice issues will be intrinsic to energy transition, and they need to be better realized and addressed with efforts to secure just transition.
Climate Justice
Mitigating climate change will require significant changes in energy production and consumption. The decision to reduce atmospheric concentration of CO2 to 350 parts per million may put some communities at risk. How energy is used raises issues of energy justice in the form of responsibility (current vs historical) and
entitlement (whose needs are most urgent, who makes decisions on who can emit and how much) (Newell&Mulvaney 2012) . Many climate change policies have been proposed to address these issues, each of them trying to balance issues of equity and efficiency. An idea of «contraction and convergence» was promoted by the Global Commons Institute and supported by many developing countries. This framework aims to «contract» carbon emission below a threshold which would limit warming. Simultaneously, per capita carbon emissions would «converge» by means of redistribution of emissions entitlements. Other frameworks seek to adjust the right to development with the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Pursuing a just transition means not only handling trade-off between competing interests, but also addressing issues about historical responsibility. How should contemporary generations be held accountable for the emissions generated by previous generations? One the one hand, prior generations did not know about consequences of these emissions. On the other hand, contemporary generations have benefitted from old energy system, i.e. from emissions done.
Injustices can also be produced through existing market-based mechanisms to address climate change. Pursuits of clean energy through projects under Clean
Development Mechanism have also led to tensions over land and the revenue distribution from the carbon credits in countries where they are hosted (Newell& Bumpus 2012).
The development of solar, wind, and biomass power projects have intensified land pressures, leading to claims that peoples' rights over land are being violated and affected groups have not get adequate consultation (Bohm&Dabhi 2009). Hence, climate actions can entrench procedural inequalities and affect access to land and livelihoods.
Employment of nuclear power to produce low carbon energy is advocated as a response to the climate challenge. But the Fukushima accident reminds us that using nuclear power is not completely safe and can produce severe crisis. While making decision of the use of nuclear power as a solution to climate crisis, it should be paid serious attention to environmental injustices associated with uranium mining nuclear waste storage problems. One conclusion can be clearly derived from these examples: the distribution of costs of transition to a low-carbon economy will be uneven. Thus, while pursuing transition to clean energy, critical attention should be paid to the issues of energy justice.
Inadequate attention to the justice implications of energy access is, partly, a results of weak and incomprehensible global energy governance (Florini&Sovacool 2009; Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen 2010). Such international institutions as UN-Energy, the Global Environment Facility, the International Energy Agency, OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), as well as public-private partnerships such as the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership and REN21 do not currently elaborate mechanisms for coherent and effective global energy governance. Hopefully, as calls for low carbon energy intensify, the pressures for stronger institutions for energy governance will increase.
The future of human prosperity depends on how successfully we address two
central energy challenges facing us today: securing supply of reliable and affordable energy; and affecting a rapid transformation to a low-carbon, efficient and environmentally friendly energy system (IEA, 2008).
Conclusion
Pursuing climate justice in a highly unequal world will require addressing energy justice for almost two billion people worldwide who lack an access to electricity (International Energy Agency). Along with distributive struggles, issues of participation and recognition are also important. Moreover, procedural justice is critical to energy governance. Decisions concerning energy allocation and consumption are often made out of public attention. Public participation in energy governance has traditionally been quite weak. Even when public participation is encouraged, it is done more for legitimacy purposes than really involving stakeholders in shaping decisions. But as calls for low carbon energy intensify, it is likely the pressures for stronger institutions for energy governance will increase. ■
1. Ansolabehere S, Beer J, Deutch J, Ellerman D, Friedmann S,Herzog H, Jacoby H, Joskow P, McRae G, Lester R, Moniz E,Steinfeld E and Katzer J 2007 The future of coal: an interdisciplinar Massachusetts Institute of Technology study (http://web.mit.edu/coal)
2. Beck U 1990 On the way toward an industrial society of risk International Journal of Political Economy p.20 51-69
3. Bird J and Lawton K 2009 The future's green: jobs and the UK low-carbon transition IPPR, London
4. Böhm S and Dabhi S eds 2009 Upsetting the offset: the political economy of carbon markets Mayfly Books, Colchester
5. Bond P 2012 Politics of climate justice University of KwaZuluNatal Press, Scottsville
6. Borras S M, McMichael P and Scoones I 2010 The politics of biofuels, land and agrarian change: editors' introduction Journal of Peasant Studies 37 575-92
7. Bradshaw M 2010 Global energy dilemmas: a geographical perspective The Geographical Journal 176 27590
8. Bulkeley H and Newell P 2010 Governing climate chang. Routledge, London
9. Caney S 2011 Climate change, energy rights and equality in Arnold D ed The ethics of global climate change Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 77-103
10. Casillas C E and Kammen D M 2010 The energy-poverty-climate nexus Science 330 1181-2
11. Cole L and Foster S 2001 From the ground up: environmental racism and the rise of the environmental justice movement New York University Press, New York
12. Corbyn D 2010 Cancun climate change conference: we must end energy apartheid (www. guardian. co .uk/globaldevelopment/poverty-matters/2010/dec/10/cancun-climatechange-conference-energy-access)
13. Dos Santos S 2007 Tainted grail of Brazilian ethanol achieving oil independence but who has borne the cost and paid the price The New York City Law Review 11 61-93.
14. Evans G 2010 A just transition to sustainability in a climate change hot-spot: from carbon valley to a future beyond coal VDM, Saarbrücken
15. Florini A and Sovacool B K 2009 Who governs energy? The challenges facing global energy governance Energy Policy 37 5239-48
16. Geels F W 2005 Technological transitions and system innovations:a co-evolutionary and socio-technical analysis Edward Elgar, Cheltenham
17. Geels F W and Schot J 2007 Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways Research Policy 36 399417
18. Goldthau A and Sovacool B 2012 The uniqueness of the energy security, justice and governance problem Energy Policy 41 p.232-40
19. Harvey D 2003 The new imperialism Oxford University Press,Oxford
20. IEA 2008 World energy outlook 2008 International Energy Agency, Paris
21. IEA 2012 Key word energy statistics Paris (www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/kwes. pdf)
22. Iles A 2004 Mapping environmental justice in technology flows: computer waste impacts in Asia Global Environmental Politics 4 p.76-106
23. ITUC 2011 Climate change: an issue for workers & trade unions'
24. Just Energy 2011 (http://just-energy.org/)
25. Just Transition Alliance 2011 About the Just Transition Alliance (www.jtalliance.org/docs/aboutjta.html)
26. Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen S 2010 The UN and global energy governance: past challenges, future choices Global Change, Peace and Security 22 175-95
27. Kern F and Smith A 2008 Restructuring energy systems for sustainability? Energy transition policy in the Netherlands Energy Policy 36 p.4093-103
28. Kimerling J 1996 Oil, lawlessness and indigenous struggles in Ecuador's Oriente in Collinson H ed Green guerillas: environmental conflicts and initiatives in Latin America and the Caribbean Latin America Bureau, London
29. Li T M 2011 Centering labor in the land grab debate Journal of Peasant Studies 38 p.281-98
30. Martinez-Alier J 2002 Environmentalism of the poor: a study of ecological conflicts and valuation Edward Elgar, Cheltenham
31. McDonald D ed 2002 Environmental justice in South Africa University of Cape Town Press, Cape Town
32. McGowan F 2009 International regimes for energy: finding the right level for policy in Scarse I and MacKerron G eds Energy for the future: a new agenda Palgrave, Basingstoke p.35-52
33. Meadowcroft J 2009 What about the politics? Sustainable development,
34. transition management, and long term energy transitions Policy Sciences 42 p.323-40
35. Newell P 2005 Race, class and the global politics of environmental inequality Global Environmental Politics 5 7093
36. Newell P 2007 Trade and environmental justice in Latin America New Political Economy 12 237-59
37. Newell P and Bumpus A 2012 The global political ecology of the CDM Global Environmental Politics 12 49-67
38. Newell P, Phillips J and Mulvaney D 2011 Pursuing clean energy equitably Research paper for the UNDP Human Development Report 2011/03 November
39. Okereke C 2010 Climate justice and the international regime WIREs Climate Change 1 p.462-74
40. Pellow D and Park L S-H 2002 The Silicon Valley of dreams: environmental injustice, immigrant workers, and the high-tech global economy New York University Press, New York
41. Practical Action 2010 Poor people's energy outlook 2010 Practical Action, Rugby
42. Ross A 2012 The oil curse: how petroleum wealth shapes the Development of nations Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
43. Sanchez T 2010 The hidden energy crisis: how policies are failing the world's poor Practical Action, Rugby
44. Scarse I and Smith A 2009 The non-politics of managing low carbon socio-technical transitions Environmental Politics 18 707-26
45. Schlosberg D 2004 Reconceiving environmental justice: global movements and political theories Environmental Politics 13 p.517-40
46. Schlosberg D 2007 Defining environmental justice: theories, movements and nature Oxford University Press, Oxford
47. Seze J 2005 Race and power: an introduction to environmental justice energy activism in Pellow D and Brulle R eds Power,justice and the environment: a critical assessment of the environmental justice movement MIT Press, Cambridge p. 101-17
48. Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition 2009 Towards a just and sustainable solar energy industry white paper, San Jose
49. Swilling M and Annecke E 2012 Just transitions: explorations of sustainability in an unfair world UCT Press, South Africa
50. Tan Y and Yao F 2006 Three Gorges Project: effects of resettlement on the environment in the reservoir area and countermeasures Population & Environment 27 p.351-71
51. Trade Union Congress 2008 A green and fair future for a just transition to a low-carbon London
52. UNEP (United Nations Environmental Programme) 2008 Green jobs: toward decent work in a sustainable, low-carbon world
53. (www.unep.org/labour_environment/PDFs/Greenjobs /UNEPGreen-Jobs-Report.pdf)
54. Wamukonya N 2003 Power sector reform in developing countries: mismatched agendas Energy Policy 31 1273-89
55. Watts M J 2005 Righteous oil? Human rights, the oil complex, and corporate social responsibility Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30 p.373-407
56. World Energy Outlook 2010 Energy poverty: how to make modern energy access universal International Energy Agency, Paris
REFERENCES:
(www.unep.org/labour_environment/PDFs/Greenjo bs/UNEPGreen-Jobs-Report.pdf)
Ansolabehere S, Beer J, Deutch J, Ellerman D, Friedmann S,Herzog H, Jacoby H, Joskow P, McRae G, Lester R, Moniz E,Steinfeld E and Katzer J 2007 The future of coal: an interdisciplinar Massachusetts Institute of Technology study (http://web.mit.edu/coal) Beck U 1990 On the way toward an industrial society of risk International Journal of Political Economy p.20 51-69
Bird J and Lawton K 2009 The future's green: jobs and the UK low-carbon transition IPPR, London
Böhm S and Dabhi S eds 2009 Upsetting the offset: the political economy of carbon markets Mayfly Books, Colchester
Bond P 2012 Politics of climate justice University of KwaZuluNatal Press, Scottsville
Borras S M, McMichael P and Scoones I 2010 The politics of biofuels, land and agrarian change: editors' introduction Journal of Peasant Studies 37 575-92
Bradshaw M 2010 Global energy dilemmas: a geographical perspective The Geographical Journal 176 275-90
Bulkeley H and Newell P 2010 Governing climate chang. Routledge, London
Caney S 2011 Climate change, energy rights and equality in Arnold D ed The ethics of global climate change Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 77-103 Casillas C E and Kammen D M 2010 The energy-poverty-climate nexus Science 330 1181-2
Cole L and Foster S 2001 From the ground up: environmental racism and the rise of the environmental justice movement New York University Press, New York
Corbyn D 2010 Cancun climate change conference: we must end energy apartheid (www.guardian.co.uk/globaldevelopment/poverty-matters/2010/dec/10/cancun-climatechange-conference-energy-access)
Dos Santos S 2007 Tainted grail of Brazilian ethanol achieving oil independence but who has borne the cost and paid the price The New York City Law Review 11 61-93.
Evans G 2010 A just transition to sustainability in a climate change hot-spot: from carbon valley to a future beyond coal VDM, Saarbrücken
Florini A and Sovacool B K 2009 Who governs energy? The challenges facing global energy governance Energy Policy 37 5239-48
Geels F W 2005 Technological transitions and system innovations:a co-evolutionary and socio-technical analysis Edward Elgar, Cheltenham
Geels F W and Schot J 2007 Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways Research Policy 36 399-417
Goldthau A and Sovacool B 2012 The uniqueness of the energy security, justice and governance problem Energy Policy 41 p.232-40
Harvey D 2003 The new imperialism Oxford University Press,Oxford
IEA 2008 World energy outlook 2008 International Energy Agency, Paris
IEA 2012 Key word energy statistics Paris (www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication /kwes.pdf)
Iles A 2004 Mapping environmental justice in technology flows: computer waste impacts in Asia Global Environmental Politics 4 p.76-106
ITUC 2011 Climate change: an issue for workers & trade unions'
Just Energy 2011 (http://just-energy.org/) Just Transition Alliance 2011 About the Just Transition Alliance
(www.jtalliance.org/docs/aboutjta.html)
Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen S 2010 The UN and global energy governance: past challenges, future choices Global Change, Peace and Security 22 175-95
Kern F and Smith A 2008 Restructuring energy systems for sustainability? Energy transition policy in the Netherlands Energy Policy 36 p.4093-103
Kimerling J 1996 Oil, lawlessness and indigenous struggles in Ecuador's Oriente in Collinson H ed Green guerillas: environmental conflicts and initiatives in Latin America and the Caribbean Latin America Bureau, London
Li T M 2011 Centering labor in the land grab debate Journal of Peasant Studies 38 p.281-98
Martinez-Alier J 2002 Environmentalism of the poor: a study of ecological conflicts and valuation Edward Elgar, Cheltenham
McDonald D ed 2002 Environmental justice in South Africa University of Cape Town Press, Cape Town
McGowan F 2009 International regimes for energy: finding the right level for policy in Scarse I and MacKerron G eds Energy for the future: a new agenda Palgrave, Basingstoke p.35-52
Meadowcroft J 2009 What about the politics? Sustainable development,
Newell P 2005 Race, class and the global politics of environmental inequality Global Environmental Politics 5 70-93
Newell P 2007 Trade and environmental justice in Latin America New Political Economy 12 237-59
Newell P and Bumpus A 2012 The global political ecology of the CDM Global Environmental Politics 12 49-67
Newell P, Phillips J and Mulvaney D 2011 Pursuing clean energy equitably Research paper for the UNDP Human Development Report 2011/03 November
Okereke C 2010 Climate justice and the international regime WIREs Climate Change 1 p.462-74
Pellow D and Park L S-H 2002 The Silicon Valley of dreams: environmental injustice, immigrant workers, and the high-tech global economy New York University Press, New York
Practical Action 2010 Poor people's energy outlook 2010 Practical Action, Rugby
Ross A 2012 The oil curse: how petroleum wealth shapes the Development of nations Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
Sanchez T 2010 The hidden energy crisis: how policies are failing the world's poor Practical Action, Rugby
Scarse I and Smith A 2009 The non-politics of managing low carbon socio-technical transitions Environmental Politics 18 707-26
Schlosberg D 2004 Reconceiving environmental justice: global movements and political theories Environmental Politics 13 p.517-40
Schlosberg D 2007 Defining environmental justice: theories, movements and nature Oxford University Press, Oxford
Seze J 2005 Race and power: an introduction to environmental justice energy activism in Pellow D and Brulle R eds Power,justice and the environment: a critical assessment of the environmental justice movement MIT Press, Cambridge p.101 -17
Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition 2009 Towards a just and sustainable solar energy industry white paper, San Jose
Swilling M and Annecke E 2012 Just transitions: explorations of sustainability in an unfair world UCT Press, South Africa
Tan Y and Yao F 2006 Three Gorges Project: effects of resettlement on the environment in the reservoir area
and countermeasures Population & Environment 27 p.351-71
Trade Union Congress 2008 A green and fair future for a just transition to a low-carbon London
transition management, and long term energy transitions Policy Sciences 42 p.323-40
UNEP (United Nations Environmental Programme) 2008 Green jobs: toward decent work in a sustainable, low-carbon world
Wamukonya N 2003 Power sector reform in developing countries: mismatched agendas Energy Policy 31 1273-89
Watts M J 2005 Righteous oil? Human rights, the oil complex, and corporate social responsibility Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30 p.373-407
World Energy Outlook 2010 Energy poverty: how to make modern energy access universal International Energy Agency, Paris
Политэкономия справедливого
перехода к низкоуглеродной экономике
© Хайхадаева О. Д., 2021
В современном мире все больше внимания уделяется концепции климатической справедливости. На практике для достижения климатической справедливости в современном мире потребуется решать проблему достижения энергетической справедливости для почти двух миллиардов людей во всем мире, которые не имеют доступа к электричеству, а также в целом проблему энергетической несправедливости, которая присуща нынешней глобальной энергетической системе. Осуществление справедливого перехода к низкоуглеродной экономике предлагается в качестве основы для построения энергетической справедливости. В этой статье исследуются процедурные и распределительные аспекты такого перехода и взаимосвязи между ними. В этом контексте ключевыми вопросами политической экономии являются «кто выигрывает, кто проигрывает, как и почему», в существующей энергетической системе кто живет с побочными эффектами добычи, производства и генерации, и кто будет нести социальные издержки декарбонизации источников энергии и экономики.
Ключевые слова: энергетическая справедливость, низкоуглеродная экономика, переход, декарбонизация
УДК 331.108
ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ HR-ФУНКЦИОНАЛА ФИРМЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ ЭКОНОМИКИ
© Чэньси Сун,2021
ФГАОУ ВО «Южный федеральный университет», г. Ростов-на-Дону
В статье рассматриваются основные тенденции, связанные с цифровизацией бизнес-процессов на микроэкономическом уровне, представлены результаты сравнительного анализа проникновения Интернета в мире и РФ за период 2015-2020 гг. Автором выявлены основные преимущества и недостатки цифрового рекрутинга, как одного из важных инструментов
