POLITICAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF THE PROVISION OF TOLERANCE IN THE MULTI-CONFESSIONAL SOCIETY Текст научной статьи по специальности «Философия, этика, религиоведение»

UDK 172.3

POLITICAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF THE PROVISION OF TOLERANCE IN THE MULTI-CONFESSIONAL SOCIETY

Z.K. Ayupova1, D.U. Kussainov2, S.S. Dzhankadyrov3

zaure567@yandex.ru; daur958@mail.ru; dzhan_kaz@mail.ru

1Kazakh National Agrarian Research University 2, 3Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai Almaty, Kazakhstan

Abstract. The global political and ideological changes in the world over the past decades have transformed the space of world politics from bipolar to multipolar, poly civilizational. Geopolitical processes are bringing new global players to the world stage -regional alliances, military-political blocs and multinational corporations. The vector of priority tasks in the modern conditions in the leading countries are trying to use the potential of westernization to achieve the ideal of a strong national state does not coincide with the processes and interests in the western communities. In these conditions, the ideological component, influence on the internal affairs and election campaigns of sovereign states (on the example of Belarus), especially the religious theme, becomes very relevant. It is necessary to prevent the propaganda of religious extremism, including on the Internet and social networks. We need to form a zero tolerance in the society for any actions related to radical manifestations, especially in the sphere of religious relations. In the places of deprivation of liberty, purposeful work of theological rehabilitation services with convicted persons should be organized. It is time to take additional steps for the spiritual and moral education of the younger generation. We must to involve the nongovernmental sector and religious associations in this activity.

Keywords: freedom of conscience, religious associations, extremism, terrorism, religious confessions, religious rites, tolerance.

© AwuoBa 3.K., KycauHOB fl,.y, flwauKadbipoB C.C., 2021

17

AronoBa 3.K., KycaHHOB ^.Y., ^waHKagbipoB C.C. no^HTHKO-npaBOBbie ochobm o6ecneHeHHH.,

For citation: Ayupova Z.K., Kussainov D.U., Dzankadyrov S.S. Political and legal framework of the provision of tolerance in the multi-confessional society. Journal of Russian Studies. 2021;2(1):17-24. (In English)

In the era of globalization and the construction of an open society and strengthening the national security, the religious factor will largely determine the domestic political agenda of Kazakhstan in the coming years. Therefore, the Kazakh authorities are forced to continue to pursue an active state policy in the sphere of interaction with religious as-sociations1. The Parliament of our republic has adopted in October 2011 the Law "On Religious Activities and Religious Associations".

This law was an important step in the settlement of the relations between all representatives of various religions and confessions on the territory of our country. At the same time, the registration of the religious associations also exposed the negative aspects of the religious life of a part of the population. In particular, in our country, the number of citizens, who oppose themselves to the established foundations in a secular society, has increased2. Moreover, extreme forms of aggression and religious radicalism a certain part of the youth in the ranks of the terrorist organization "Igil" have begun to manifest themselves, which together threatens the security of the citizens and the stability of the state as a whole.

The problems of freedom of conscience and religion are one of the important constitutional principles of the secular state like our country. By the way, our country has created all the legal conditions for this. At the same time, it is the duty of the state to regulate public relations in

1 Message of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan K.K. Tokayev to the People of Kazakhstan, dated September 1, 2020 "Kazakhstan in a new reality: time for action" // https://primeminister.kz/ru/address/01092020 (In Russian) (accessed: 15.01.2021).

2 Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan, dated October 11, 2011 No. 483-IV "On Religious Activities and Religious Associations" //https://online.zakon.kz (In Russian) (accessed: 15.01.2021).

this area, taking into account international norms and approaches. The relevance of this problem is also noted by the Speaker of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, M.S. Ashimbayev: "Today, the authorized bodies face an important task, without infringing on the rights of the citizens to freedom of conscience, to build an effective system for the prevention of the religious intolerance and religious extremism". As we can see, this situation in the religious sphere has largely occurred as a result of the external impact on our country of the purposeful work of international radical religious centers. Kazakh society should formulate an effective system of prevention and preventive actions against the religious radicalism and extremism.

Agency for Religious Affairs was opened in order the regulation of the relations between the state and religious associations. Later it was transformed into the Ministry of Information and Public Development. Actually, the agency has conducted an examination of 4344 religious books and other information books. Quite negative conclusion was made in 148 cases, and currently a religious examination is being conducted on 1923 religious books. Negative opinion has made 17 of the 618 statutes of the religious associations"3.

Prior to the adoption of this law, Kazakhstan's lawyers made a great job. First of all, the legal status of the subject of law was determined. The legal status of the subject of law is a category that is the subject of research, first of all, of the theory of state and law. In the scientific literature, the most developed theoretical issues related to the legal status of the individual.

As for the legal status of the religious associations, its content and elements are poorly studied in the legal literature. Although there are some works that mention the combination "legal status (position) of the

3 Zagrebina, I.V., Pchelintsev, A.V., Elbakyan, E.S. (2019). Religiovedcheskaya ekspertiza. Uchebnik dlya ba-kalavriata i magistratury. M.: Izdatel'stvo YUrajt. 449 p. [Religious studies expertise. Textbook for Bachelor's and Master's degrees] // https://urait.ru/book/religiovedcheskaya-ekspertiza-434232 (In Russian) (accessed: 15.01.2021).

religious associations", however, they do not provide a theoretical analysis of the content of the legal status of these associations, do not distinguish the elements, its structure, consider only a part of the legal categories that characterize the legal status of the religious associations and at the same time highlight issues that are not directly related to this legal status. So, S.O. Chaliapin, revealing the legal status of the religious organizations, considers the latter as the participants in various sectorial legal relations, without examining other legal categories that characterize the legal status4. He, speaking about the legal status of the religious association, has limited to define the concept and features of the latter. Yu.M. Antonyan in his scientific work, in the chapter on the legal status of the religious associations, focuses on the identification of the concepts and types of the religious associations, the order of their legalization, without specifically analyzing the content and elements of the legal status of religious associations5.

There are many opinions on issues related to the legal status of the legal entities, its content and elements. However, we believe, with all the variety of available points of view about the structure and specific content of this concept, all the authors are united in the fact that the legal status of the subject of law is the legal expression of the actual position that the citizen or organization occupies in the system of the public relations, regulated by law.

Domestic legal scholars, who study the legal status of the specific subjects of law, consider rights and obligations as the main element, and also include in the legal status such elements as the principles of organization and activity of collective entities, guarantees of the rights and obligations of the individuals and organizations, and other ele-

4 Shalyapin, S.O. (2014). Sravnitel'no-pravovaya klassifikaciya sovremennyh modelej gosudarstvenno-konfessional'nyh otnoshenij // Vestnik Rossijskogo Universiteta Druzhby Narodov. Seriya: yuridicheskie nauki. No.2. P.153 [Comparative legal classification of modern models of state-confessional relations] (In Russian).

5 Etno-religioznyj terrorizm (Podred. YUMAntonyana) (2005). [Ethno-religious terrorism]. М. (In Russian).

ments (for example, citizenship, legitimate interests).

In our article, we are trying to research the legal status in of the rights and obligations of the religious associations. We have analyzed the legal personality of the religious associations, enshrined in the law on the principles of the activities of the religious associations, guarantees of their rights in various legal relations. It is necessary to consider the issues related to the relations between the state bodies and the religious associations. The analysis will contribute to the disclosure of the actual position of the religious associations in the public relations, regulated by law, which is expressed in the category of the legal status. We are sure that it is impossible to comprehensively characterize the legal status by limiting the consideration of only rights and obligations.

The rights granted to the religious associations can also be classified on other grounds: depending on the branch of law in the field of civil, administrative, financial, labor, land law or other branches of law.

Many of the obligations of the religious associations, in contrast to the rights, are not provided in the legislation on freedom of the religion and religious associations; but in the legal acts, regulating the public relations in other various spheres of the activity, in which religious associations are the participants: the obligation to ensure the preservation of the historical and cultural monuments, the obligation to pay taxes, the obligation to effectively use the land, etc.

Religious associations, as well as other subjects of law, exercise their rights and obligations in the legal relations, in which they become participants upon the occurrence of certain legal facts. In the legal literature, there are different points of view on the question of the relationship between the concepts of "subject of law" and "subject of legal relations". A number of authors believe that it is impossible to confuse these concepts; that the concept of "subject of law" is broader, since the activity of the subject of law is not limited to the framework of the legal

relations and is quite possible to implement the right outside the legal relationship. Other scholars consider it more correct to use a single concept of the subject of law, common to all persons and organizations, covering both those who are endowed with the legal capacity, and others, who are the participants in a particular legal relationship.

Thus, in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the tolerant relations between faiths are preserved and ensured not only by the intercultural relations, but they are also supported by the political and legal basis of the state.

References

1. Message of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan K.K. Tokayev to the People of Kazakhstan, dated September 1, 2020 "Kazakhstan in a new reality: time for action" // https://primeminister.kz/ru/address/01092020 (In Russian) (accessed: 15.01.2021).

2. Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan, dated October 11, 2011 No. 483-IV "On Religious Activities and Religious Associations" //https: / / online.zakon.kz (In Russian) (accessed: 15.01.2021).

3. Zagrebina, I.V., Pchelintsev, A.V., Elbakyan, E.S. (2019). Religiovedcheskaya ekspertiza. Uchebnik dlya bakalavriata i magistratury. М.: Izdatel'stvo YUrajt. 449 p. [Religious studies expertise. Textbook for Bachelor's and Master's degrees] // https://urait.ru/book/religiovedcheskaya-ekspertiza-434232 (In Russian) (accessed: 15.01.2021).

4. Shalyapin, S.O. (2014). Sravnitel'no-pravovaya klassifikaciya sovremennyh modelej gosudarstvenno-konfessional'nyh otnoshenij // Vestnik Rossijskogo Universiteta Druzhby Narodov. Seriya:yuridicheskie nauki. No.2. P.153-170 [Comparative legal classification of modern models of state-confessional relations] (In Russian).

5. Etno-religioznyj terrorizm (Pod red. YU.M.Antonyana) (2005). [Ethno-religious terrorism]. М. (In Russian).

ПОЛИТИКО-ПРАВОВЫЕ ОСНОВЫ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТИ В ПОЛИКОНФЕССИОНАЛЬНОМ ОБЩЕСТВЕ

З.К. Аюпова1, Д.У. Кусаинов2, С.С. Джанкадыров3

1Казахский национальный аграрный исследовательский университет 2, 3Казахский национальный педагогический университет имени Абая

г. Алматы, Казахстан

Аннотация. Глобальные политические и идеологические изменения, произошедшие в мире в последние годы, трансформировали пространство мировой политики из биполярного в многополюсное, полицивилизационное. Геополитические процессы выводят на мировую арену новых глобальных игроков- региональные союзы, военно-политические блоки и транснациональные корпорации. Вектор первоочередных задач в современных условиях в ведущих странах, пытающихся использовать потенциал вестернизации для достижения идеала в лице сильного национального государства, не совпадает с процессами и интересами, протекающими в западных сообществах. В этих условиях идеологическая составляющая, влияние на внутренние дела и избирательные кампании суверенных государств (на примере Белоруссии), особенно религиозная тематика, становятся актуальными. Поэтому необходимо регулировать политико-правовые основы соблюдения свободы совести и вероисповедания граждан страны и проводить работу по профилактике религиозного экстремизма. Нужно формировать в обществе нулевую терпимость к любым действиям, связанным с радикальными проявлениями, особенно в сфере религиозных отношений. В местах лишения свободы должна организовываться целенаправленная работа теологических реабилитационных служб с осужденными лицами. Нужно предпринять дополнительные шаги по духовно-нравственному воспитанию подрастающего поколения. Необходимо активно подключать к этой деятельности неправительственный сектор и религиозные объединения.

Ключевые слова: свобода совести, религиозные объединения, экстремизм, терроризм, религиозные конфессии, религиозные обряды, толерантность.

Для цитирования: Аюпова З.К., Кусаинов Д.У., Джанкадыров С.С. Политико-правовые основы обеспечения толерантности в поликонфессиональном обществе. Российские исследования. 2021;2(1):17-24. (In English)

Авторы публикации

Аюпова Зауре Каримовна -

профессор кафедры «Право» Казахского национального аграрного исследовательского университета, д.ю.н., г. Алматы, Казахстан. E-mail: zaure567@yandex.ru

Authors of the publication

Zaure K. Ayupova - Professor, Department of "Law", Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Doctor of Law, Al-maty,Kazakhstan. E-mail: zaure567@yandex.ru

Кусаинов Дауренбек Умирбекович -

профессор кафедры Политологии и социально-философских дисциплин Казахского национального педагогического университета им.Абая, д.ф.н., г. Алматы, Казахстан. E-mail: daur958@mail.ru

Джанкадыров Сейфулла Сейтаевич

- магистр социологии, старший преподаватель кафедры Политологии и социально-философских дисциплин Казахского национального педагогического университета им.Абая, г. Алматы, Казахстан. E-mail: dzhan_kaz@mail.ru

Daurenbek U. Kussainov - Professor, Department of Political Science and So-cio-Philosophical Disciplines Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai, Doctor of Philosophy, Almaty, Kazakhstan.

E-mail: daur958@mail.ru

Seyfulla S. Dzhankadyrov - Master of Sociology, Senior Lecturer of the Department of Political Science and Socio-Philosophical Disciplines, Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai, Almaty, Kazakhstan. E-mail: dzhan_kaz@mail.ru

Дата поступления 23.01.2021. Принято к публикации 15.02.2021.