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14PLANNING PARAMETERS OF REGIONAL LOGISTICS INFRASTRUCTURE
Abstract
The paper deals with the subject of regional logistics, planning the composition of logistics infrastructure, regional system of logistics indicators, technique of determining the need for logistics infrastructure facilities in the region.
Keywords
regional logistics, infrastructure planning, logistics system performance,
assessment methodology
AUTHOR
Alexander Nosov
PhD in Economics, Professor Vyatka State University Kirov, Russia
Regional logistics
The regional logistics unites logistics-oriented methods of research of the region as a territory, regional economy in aspect of the analysis and planning of the movement of streams, planning and design of logistic infrastructure of the region. Thus the main problem is combination of the principles of centralization and independence of economic participants, their involvement in the mutually advantageous partnership including information and service, formation of logistic system (Nosov, 2007(I)).
Regional logistic system is the integrating and coordinating mechanism of planning, organization and management of regional streams of the material and information nature, behind which there are subjects and objects of regional logistics (Nosov, 2013(I)).
According to the offered classification, the regional logistic system belongs to macro-logistics on the sphere of coverage. It is administrative-partner logistics on a way of coordination and management. The regional logistic system is characterized by the structure and communications establishing the coordinated functioning of elements of the logistic system answering its purpose.
The interacting subjects and objects are allocated in the logistic system. Subjects of logistics are the participants of logistic process realizing functions of logistics taking into account conceptual provisions of logistics. At the level of regional logistics, they form regional economy and methods of their organization and management, predetermine strategy of management of the region. The present stage of market relations development is characterized by complication of subject structure of economy and complication of interrelations.
Objects of logistics are logistic infrastructure, including transport, distributive, information, legal, etc. It is logistic activity environment.
The subject of the regional logistics is planning, organization and management of processes of the movement of materials, information and service streams within the region for the purpose of its optimization and coordination with the interregional requirements, directed on the solution of spatial problems of economic development of national economy; definition of ways and mechanisms of their decision.
The regional logistics in the annex to the city is aimed at city economics growth by means of development logistic infrastructure and service.
For research of the region, dynamics of change of the main indicators according to open data of statistical information is considered. Degree of development of regional logistics from the point of view of economic indicators is estimated on values of the coefficients of openness, characterizing ratios of entrance, output and internal material streams of the region.
Important element of infrastructure of the regional logistics is information, the heart of which is a telecommunication infrastructure. Degree of its development defines possibility of application of these or those logistic technologies in the region, possibility of interaction of participants of logistic process and general management of regional logistics.
Strategic planning of regional logistics
The strategic plan of logistics has to turn on the following component modules:
1 ) service of consumers;
2) design of delivery chains;
3) formation of transport and logistic network;
4) design of distribution centers, warehouses and their operations;
5) managements of transportation;
6) material management;
7) information technologies;
8) managements of organization and changes.
On each of eight key areas, entering strategy of logistics, it is necessary to receive answers to the questions connected with these areas (Stock, Lambert, 2005).
1. What are the requirements to service of each consumer segment, service level, types of material streams?
2. How is it possible to achieve integration of various participants of delivery chains at operational level?
3. What structure of transport delivery chains has the minimum expense (taking into account ensuring competitive level of service)?
4. What technologies of cargo handling and storage of production help to achieve the objectives of consumers' service, at the same time providing optimum level of investments into warehouse constructions and equipment?
5. Is there an opportunity to reduce costs of transportation in both short-term, and the long-term plan?
6. Can current procedures of stockpile management provide satisfaction of more strict requirements to consumers' service?
7. What information technologies are required for ensuring maximum efficiency of logistic operations?
8. How to organize resources to achieve the best service and achievement of the operational purposes?
Answers to these questions become a basis for development of the innovative plan of logistics (Nosov, 2015(I)).
At the stage of realization of the chosen strategy, the mechanism of logistic system development using target reference points is created. The goal management assumes formation of hierarchy of the purposes in a species of a tree of purposes, development of the interconnected programs, realizing the purposes, distribution of the available resources. The defining provisions are:
1. Strategic planning is considered as continuous process of implementation of the general rules for decision-making and actions, by which the administration is guided in the activities for achievement the purpose.
2. The decision-making methods used in regional logistics can be classified on methods of strategic, structural, functional and operational levels.
3. The methodological principles of strategic planning and selection of projects in regional logistics are based on formation of a tree of the purposes, ponderability of decisions and projects, assessment of indicators of the overall and specialized effectiveness.
4. The model of optimum control of the region is based on monitoring of indicators of development of infrastructure and regional economy and adoption of the administrative decisions, minimizing a mismatch with a goal.
5. The social culture defines efficiency of functioning and development of regional logistics. Along with social mobility, it is the main criterion of development of the region necessary to be considered in strategic planning.
6. The mechanism of effective management of innovations is the integral making development strategy.
Logistic infrastructure
Infrastructure is a system of objects and norms, providing activity and interaction of economy subjects of the region. The market economy would not develop without logistic infrastructure. The researches show that the tendency of strengthening the role of infrastructure in economic development is observed.
Formation of logistic infrastructure of the region by the principle of transportdistributive system assumes development of a road network and accompanying service, creation of information infrastructure of logistics of the region, training of specialists in the field of logistics, coordination of projects at the interregional level.
The main volume of additional cost in regional logistics is formed due to work of regional transport system (Nosov, 2015(H)). The analysis of transport work results on the example of comparison of volumes of freight traffics of official statistics data shows a level of development and directions of improvement for logistic infrastructure.
Taking into account geopolitical arrangement of the region, justification of the major strategic projects of development of logistic infrastructure is given. The regional transport distribution centers of logistics locate in the most intense transport knots of the region.
Based on the analysis of the offered options, the main conceptual directions and drafts of the program of regional logistics development get out.
Indicators of financial, regional, social efficiency of the projects entering strategy of development for assessment of their investment solvency are entered. The choice of the most effective projects for the conditions conjuncture is made.
Development of regional logistics is long and capital productive process. Its decision is possible at efforts of both local and federal sources with the assistance of all interested persons. However, the strategic initiative has to proceed from the regional government, which forms strategy of development of the region taking into account requirements of logistics.
To development of infrastructure as basis of the economy and logistics, it is necessary to approach systemically from a position of the deep analysis of a current state and forecasting of future processes. Dot decisions are ineffective here, though they are attractive in the investment plan. The problem lies not only in roads and the logistic centers, but in the conditions of the coordinated functioning of all transport complex, legislation, financial security, insurance, solution of customs questions, formation of logistic service branches, etc.
One of the most important components of regional logistics is the educational system, in which the logistics plays roles of both studying subject, and the methodological principle of educational process (Nosov, 2013(II); Nosov, 2004).
The indicator system of regional logistics condition is formed on the basis of the key indicators, which are giving in to practical measurements and reflecting the happening processes (Nosov, 2007(H)). The used system is described in Table 1.
TABLE 1. SYSTEM OF INDICATORS OF REGIONAL LOGISTICS CONDITION
Designation Indicator
L average extent of delivery chains
N total number of participants of delivery chains
I intensity of external material streams
P intensity of own material streams
O output stream
I + P-O internal consumption of the region
T power of transit stream
R density of road network
D density of the centers providing logistic service
K coefficient of roads covering by means of communication
C regional share of logistic costs in goods cost
Q level of logistic service quality
Z chain coefficient of delivery chains
Formation of basic network of logistic centers
Formation of basic network of regional transport-logistic centers (RTLC) assumes the following tasks solution:
1. The analysis of freight traffics in the region surrounding the city;
2. Theoretical justification of the RTLC locations;
3. Determination of the RTLC parameters;
4. Search of possible platforms of RTLC creation on the basis of the available
territories and objects, suitable for use;
5. Technical-economic analysis of available platforms for RTLC;
6. Choice of the best option;
7. Development of the investment project;
8. Search of financing sources and investors;
9. RTLC construction and equipment;
10. RTLC integration into logistic infrastructure of the city, loading of its capacities.
There is a set of obstacles on the way of RTLC wide use:
1. There is no governmental body, which would deal with this problem.
2. Large business sees the potential competitor and threat to own welfare in RTLC.
3. The network companies have own logistic chains, which they do not want to give to outsourcing.
4. Transport companies are not interested in reduction of goods delivery distances.
5. RTLC creation demands the considerable amount of financing for facilities construction and scientific researches of regional features.
6. As a rule, potentially interesting places under construction are either sold, or have no necessary infrastructure.
7. A bottleneck for new RTLC is discrepancy of transport availability, capacity of roads, their quality to freight traffics, necessary for RTLC functions performance.
8. Lack of the suitable qualified labor conforming to RTLC requirements.
Assessment of the demanded logistic infrastructure of the city
The offered technique of assessment the need for the logistic centers proceeds from the accounting of population of POC (population of the city), the average annual income on one citizen API (average person's income), the volume cost of the consumed goods (thousand rubles/m3) of COG (cost of goods).
Based on it,the volume of goods is determined as demand of the city in one thousand m3. VOG (volume of goods on demand).
VOG = POC * API/COG Constants are average capacity transport of a transport unit (unit transport capacity), number of the working days per year WDY (working days per year), day goods turnover of logistic center DTL (daily turnover of the LC), coefficient of unevensupply CUS (coefficient o funeven supply)
Transport stream in a year, (one thousand units) TSY(transport stream in the year) is defined as division of volume of goods on demand of the city VOG on average capacity of transport unit UTC.
TSY = VOG/UTC
The day transport stream TSD (transport stream in the day) is defined as division of TSY on number of the working days in a year WDY.
The demanded quantity logistic centers RAL (required amount of LC) is defined as division of day goods turnover of the city (m3) DTC (daily turnover of the city) accounting coefficient of unevensupply on the daily productivity of the logistic center (m3) DTL.
RAL = DTC * CUS/DTL The example of calculation of the need for the logistic centers RAL of the city with POC population POC = 500 thousand people with the income level = 25 thousand rubles a month is given in Table 2.
TABLE 2. THE EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION OF LOGISTIC CENTERS NEED IN THE CITY
Designation Indicator
POC Population of the city, thousand people (500)
API Average annual income of 1 inhabitant, thousand rubles (25х12=300)
COG Specific cost of consumed goods, thousand rubles/m3. (30)
VOG Volume of goods on demand, thousand m3. (500х300/30=5000)
UTC Average capacity of transport unit, m3. (50)
TSY Transport stream in a year, thousand unit (5000/50=100)
WDY Number of working days, days (250)
TSD Transport stream in a day, unit (100000/250=400)
DTC Day goods turnover of the city, m3. (400х50=20000)
CUS Coefficient of delivery unevenness (1,25)
DTL Day goods turnover of the logistic center, m3. (2000)
RAL The demanded quantity of logistic centers. (20000х1,25/2000=12)
The given example shows that basing on a small amount of available data it is possible to define demanded number of logistic centers for providing city / region population with goods. Therefore, the city with the 500 thousand people population requires 12 logistic centers with opportunity to process 2000 m3 of loads per day. It corresponds to a transport stream in 40 transport units per day for one logistic center.
The further problem of planning logistic infrastructure consists in localization of each logistic center taking into account throughput possibility of roads and planning of the district.
Conclusions
It is necessary to consider that the main problems while planning parameters of regional logistics are:
1) development of logistic organizational structure on state and regional levels;
2) creation of network of regional information-analysis logistic centers;
3) organization of the distributed training system in the field of logistics in regions;
4) improvement of transport infrastructure taking into account prospects of state economy development;
5) embedding priorities of logistics in the current problems of economic development, especially in crisis conditions (Nosov, 2009);
6) legislative ensuring through logistic activity.
REFERENCES
1. Nosov A. L. (2004) "Quality management of educational process with use of logistics". Secondary professional education. No. 5. Pp. 8.
2. Stock J. R., Lambert D. M. (2005) Strategic management of logistics. Translated from the 4th English edition. Moscow. INFRA-M.
3. Nosov A. L. (2007(I)) Regional logistics. Moscow. Alfa-Press publishing house.
4. Nosov A. L. (2007(II)) "The balanced system of indicators in management of logistic processes and systems". Logistics today. No. 1. Pp. 20-23.
5. Nosov A. (2009) "Regional logistics in the conditions of crisis". Logistics. No. 1.
6. Nosov A. L. (2013(I)) "Synergetic interaction of subjects of logistic activity", Logistics today. No. 1. Pp. 18-29.
7. Nosov A. L. (2013(II)) "Place of logistics in the environment of professional education". The scientific-methodological electronic magazine "Koncept". Vol. 11. Pp. 56-63.
8. Nosov A. L. (2015(I)) "Innovations in development of regional logistic infrastructure". Innovative development of economy. No. 1 (25). Pp. 42-47.
9. Nosov A. (2015(II)) "Opportunities of logistics in decreasing final cost of products". Modern European Researches. No. 3. Pp. 142-145.
DRAWING METHOD "FROM A SPOT" IN PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY AS A MEAN FOR SPECIAL PREPARATION ON DRAWING AND PAINTING
Abstract
On the example of two main drawing methods designated as " classical method" and "baroque method", the author made the research in the field of drawing on application of both methods, when performing educational sketches of human figure. The author concludes about the importance of applying "baroque" method after initial studying of "classical" method.
Keywords
operated destruction, baroque method, classical method
AUTHOR
Natalya Ofitserova
PhD student, Master of Pedagogy Institute of Arts Moscow Pedagogic University Moscow, Russia
Relying on experience of researchers of different times and eras, concerning various techniques in the fine arts, would be actual to address two fundamental methods. Their names for this day differ enough. In the context of G. Vyolflin's theory, S. A.
