CC BY
25
DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2021-16-1-125-131
Physical training effectiveness increase in cadets of military higher
educational establishments
Aleksey A. Shmelev*
Ryazan Higher Airborne Command School named after army general F.V. Margelov
Ryazan, Russia ORCID: 0000-0002-4885-9725, shmelev.1975@mail.ru*
Abstract: Real conditions of military-physical culture education demand new approaches to physical qualities and motor skills formation in cadets of military higher educational establishments. An urgent aim is to create the main methodical rules. They reflect the essence and reasonable limits of training cadets for practical activity at the Armed Forces of the country. In order to create the preconditions for a successful training of cadets and for further service professional skills application is very important. Providing necessary level of physical fitness among military men we define an adequate reaction of an organism on the conditions of army, adaptation to battle conditions in different climatic and geographic conditions. Materials. A new approach to professional-applied qualities improvement in cadets- men of airborne troops. We created the experimental methodology. It is based on a complex of exercises, fulfilled in a full combat garment. Research methods. Information sources analysis, summarizing progressive experience of physical training department teachers at military higher educational establishments, pedagogical experiment, testing, statistical data manipulation. Results. We offer a new approach to professional-applied qualities improvement in cadets-men of airborne troops. The article presents the results of the research, which proves the hypothesis about qualitative differences during control standards training and passing, regulated by "Physical training manual" and offered by the author. We revealed the differences in physical fitness level of cadets. They train according to a traditional program and according to the author's methodology in terms of the program. The held analysis gave an opportunity to define professionally important qualities of military men. The author created the methodology of professional-applied qualities development. It is based on the complex of exercises fulfilled in a full combat garment. During an academic year pedagogical experiment was held among two groups of Ryazan Higher Airborne Command School (RHACS) cadets. The training lessons with the cadets from the experimental group were held in a full combat garment. The received results during the control standards fulfillment at the end of the academic year prove power and endurance potential increase in the cadets from the experimental group. Conclusion. The results of the experiment showed the effectiveness and expediency of a new approach use in professional-applied physical qualities formation. It also helped to improve significantly the indices during "Physical training manual-2009" norms of exercises fulfillment.
Keywords: cadet, military educational establishment, special training, effectiveness of training, approach to qualities development, professionally important qualities.
For citation: Aleksey A. Shmelev*. Physical training effectiveness increase in cadets of military higher educational establishments. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2021; 16(1): 99-104. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2021-16-1-125-131.
Popular scientific works analysis showed Taking into consideration theoretical
that the offered ideas about the approaches change knowledge and personal experience the urgency of
to physical training of military men from higher the research work is conditioned by the following: educational establishments are not completely - the restricted abilities of the traditional
studied theoretically and not tested enough in physical training means, regulated by "Physical
practice because of different reasons [1, 4, 6, 9]. The training manual";
existing demands, connected with physical fitness - the necessity to create more effective
check and estimation among military men of the applied exercises, based on the actions of military
Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, [8] don't men in a full combat garment. reflect fully professional-applied skills presence. At the same time, we should underline
that special complex exercises at obstacle course in armor protection [3] were created and used in the Armed Forces.
Difficult factors have negative influence on the effectiveness of cadets' work in different tasks of physical training program. The revealed in usual conditions and in terms of combat missions modeling characteristics differ significantly. According to the results of the scientists, grenade throwing range, for example, decreases validly when fulfilled in an ordinary form of clothes and in combat garment for 10%, in terms of physical tiredness for 11,9%, in terms of visual field restriction for 8,6%, in terms of the surrounding environment complication for 5,0% and more [7]. The effectiveness of 100 meters running decreases significantly in terms of the worn combat equipment increase for 8% and more. The result in this case is also influenced by psycho-emotional tension. It also decreases the results till 3% [2]. During urgent reaction of organism systems analysis to exercises fulfillment in difficult conditions we see considerable body temperature increase for 2-4% [5].
The revealed directions of a possible physical fitness level increase in cadets of military educational establishments as the process of mastering professionally important qualities caused the necessity to create a new approach.
There was the hypothesis that for a real physical fitness level improvement among cadets it is necessary to reconsider the orientation to teaching and professionally important qualities development. It is possible to achieve mentioned above without any harm to other units of physical training owing to the exercises, techniques and actions fulfilled in combat garment.
In order to prove the hypothesis we carried out the research during which we made an attempt to consider the following objectives:
1) to create organizational-pedagogical directions of cadets' physical training in terms of time for training deficiency;
2) to develop the mechanisms of a long-term adaptation to specific physical loads;
3) to form military-applied skills in the graduates of military higher educational establishment.
MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODS
Pedagogical experiment was realized during the academic year. Two groups of cadets of RHACS took part in the research: experimental group and control group (25 people each).
The following scientific methods were used:
- progressive practical experience summarizing;
- pedagogical experiment;
- pedagogical observation;
- time study;
- expert evaluation method;
- control tests;
- methods of mathematical statistics.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In accordance with the Order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation April, 21 2009 N 200 "On Physical training manual at the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation adoption" the whole process of physical training both at military educational establishments and in the army are regulated by the present Manual. It's an open secret that the summarized approach to physical training at the Armed Forces not always takes into account the peculiarities of each military specialty demands. Our personal data helps to state that about 80% of physical training time cadets spend in standard conditions. In our opinion, specific motor qualities development is effective only in case of constant modification of the training means, outward conditions, training orientation and the order of different motor tasks solution, load dosage and time for rest.
The information about the peculiarities of interconnection between physical fitness indices of cadets from military higher educational establishments in usual conditions and in terms of military activity modeling is very important [1]. Especially urgent becomes the work on combat activity conditions modeling, extreme situations in educational process creation [2].
It made us develop physical training means in cadets-men of airborne troops. Table 1 presents the exercises of "Physical training manual-2009" (PTM-2009) and the exercises, reasonably offered by us for professionally important qualities development in cadets of RHACS.
Table 1 - The ratio of exercises recommended by PTM-2009 and offered by the author for the pedagogical experiment
Exercises from PTM-2009 The offered exercises
Quality — strength
Exercise № 4 - pull-ups Hang on a crossbar in a bulletproof vest
Quality — quickness
Exercise № 41 -100 meters running 30 meters running in a bulletproof vest
Exercise № 42 - shuttle run 10x10 m Shuttle run 20x5 m with forward move for 60 m
Quality — endurance
Exercise № 45(46) -3(5) km running Half marathon: 21,5 km running
Exercise № 48(49) - battle march for 5 (10) km March on foot for 50 km in full combat garment
Quality — dexterity
Exercise № 22 - moving on a narrow support Ice hockey (two-sided game)
Quality — military-applied skills
Exercise № 52 - grenade throwing 600 g distance throwing Grenade throwing 600 g distance and accuracy throwing, fulfilled in a bulletproof vest
Exercise № 27-31 - hand-to-hand fight techniques Hand-to-hand fight (one against several people) in a full combat garment
Exercise № 34 - An integral obstacle course overcoming in a unit together with 3 km running An integral obstacle course overcoming in a unit together with 5 km running
Carrying the wounded for 200 m
The difference was in some exercises 12 kg.) change. All offered exercises were fulfilled Tables 2 and 3 reflect physical fitness
in a military uniform and armor protection level estimation in the cadets from the control (bulletproof vest and helmet, general weight till and experimental groups. Table 2 - Physical fitness level estimation in the cadets of the control group
Cadet № Before the experiment After the experiment Sum of points change
Sum of points Grade Qualification level Sum of points Grade Qualification level
1 204 4 - 209 4 - +5
2 240 5 II 241 5 II +1
3 232 5 III 231 5 III -1
4 227 5 III 221 5 III -6
5 233 5 III 232 5 III -1
6 199 5 - 201 5 - +2
7 259 5 I 258 5 I -1
8 191 3 - 199 3 - +8
9 266 5 highest 271 5 highest +5
10 207 4 - 205 4 - -2
11 272 5 highest 270 5 highest -2
12 224 5 III 217 5 - -7
Mean value 229,5 4,7 229,6 4,7
Mean deviation 20,8 0,5 20,9 0,5
Table 3 - Physical fitness level estimation in the cadets of the experimental group
Cadet № Before the experiment After the experiment Sum of points change
Sum of points Grade Qualification level Sum of points Grade Qualification level
1 205 4 240 5 II +35
2 256 5 I 268 5 highest +13
3 241 5 II 262 5 highest +19
4 216 4 - 251 5 I +35
5 180 3 - 223 5 III +43
6 294 5 highest 294 5 highest -
7 233 5 III 261 5 highest +28
8 200 4 - 221 5 III +21
9 263 5 highest 269 5 highest +6
10 221 5 III 229 5 III +8
11 207 4 - 221 5 III +14
12 204 4 - 264 5 highest +60
Mean value 226,7 4,4 250,3 5
Mean deviation -255- 0,58 -195— 0
In the control group within the considered time period the values almost didn't changed:
- mean value of the sum of points for "PTM-2009" control exercises fulfillment- 229,5±20,8 points;
- the average grade didn't change - 4,7±0,3
points.
As a result of the offered methodology use in the experimental group we registered the following changes:
- the average amount of the gathered points as a result of "PTM-2009" standards fulfillment increased from 226,7±32,1 to 250,3±19,5 points;
- the average grade increased from 4,4 ±0,4 point to 5,0 points.
During the research we revealed that in order to define normative base according to the used physical exercises it is necessary to take into account correcting coefficient. It correlates the results of control standards fulfilled in a uniform and in a full
combat garment:
- quickness oriented exercises: k =1,2;
- strength oriented exercises: k = 0,6;
- endurance oriented exercises: k = 1,6.
CONCLUSION
The orientation of training special units
military men toward forming the skills of obstacles overcoming, skills of hand-to-hand fighting conditions the necessity to organize the complex of physical training lessons. The results of the pedagogical experiment prove that the approach and the created methodology are more effective, than methodologies traditionally used at military educational establishments.
As a result functional state, physical and professional readiness indices of cadets from the experimental group were improved. It is demonstrated during control exercises from "Physical training manual-2009" fulfillment.
REFERENCES
1. Katanskiy S.A., Shmelev A.A., Meshcheryakov A.V. Classification of technical actions in hand-to-hand fighting. Sportivno-pedagogicheskoe obrazovanie. 2020; 1: 29-35 [In Russ.].
2. Meshcheryakov A.V., Dyachuk O.V., Shmelev AA., Kryuchkov O.I. Fizicheskaya kuVtura. Ispol'zovanieholodnogooruzhiyalpodruchnyhsredstv v rukopashnom boyu: uchebnoe posobie [Physical culture. Cold steel arms and makeshift means use in hand-to-hand fighting: manual]. Moscow: Publisher Markhotin P.Yu. 2016: 284 [In Russ.].
3. Kovalenko V.N., Potsipun A.A. Special complex exercises at obstacle course in armored protection means. Tezisy dokladov itogovoj nauchnoj konferencii ad'yudantov za 2000 god [Reports theses of the final scientific conference of adjuncts in 2000. Saint-Petersburg: Military Institute of Physical Culture. 2001: 56-57 [In Russ.].
4. Meshcheryakov A.V. Knowledge, skills and competencies of departmental higher educational establishments graduates. Materialy 1-go kruglogo stola nauchnogo soveta po fizicheskoj kul'ture I sportu otdeleniya obrazovaniya I kul'tury RAO, materialy Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii [Materials of the 1st round work table of the scientific physical culture and sport union of education and culture department of Russian Academy of Education, materials of the International scientific-practical conference]. Moscow: Russian Academy of Education. 2018: 8694 [In Russ.].
5. Meshcheryakov A.V., Epov O.G., Shmelev A.A., Katanskiy S.A. Urgent responses of organism systems analysis to interval training fulfillment among cadets, who go in for striking kinds of combats. Fizicheskaya kul'tura I sport v sovremennom obchestve: materialy Vserossijskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii, 22 marta 2019 g. [Physical culture and sport in modern society: materials of All-Russian scientific-practical conference, March, 22, 2019]. Khabarovsk: Far Eastern State Academy of Physical Culture. 2019: 228-234 [In Russ.].
6. Strelets V.G. Professional-applied physical training. Methodology and means. Vestnik vysshej shkoly. 1971; 2: 91-93 [In Russ.].
7. Veydner-Dubrovina L.A., Mironova V.V., Shevchenko V.A. Teoriya I organizaciya fizicheskoj podgotovki vojsk: Uchebnik dlya kurasntov I slushatelej institute, Chast' 1, 5-e isdanie [Theory and organization of army physical training: textbook for cadets and Institute attendees. Part 1, the 5th edition]. Saint-Petersburg: Far Eastern State Academy of Physical Culture. 1992: 340 [In Russ.].
8. Claims on physical fitness check and estimation of military men of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Moscow: Editorial-publishing center General Staff of Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. 2001: 64.
9. Shmelev A.A., Katanskiy S.A., Meshcheryakov A.V., Abramychev A.V. Creating the classification of technical actions in hand-to-hand fighting. Sovremennye problemy fizicheskogo vospitaniya I bezopasnosti zhiznedeyatel'nosti v sisteme obrazovaniya. Sbornik nauchnyh trudov III Vserossijskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem, posvyachennoj yubileyu doktora pedagogicheskih nauk, professor L.D. Nazarenko (g. Ulyanovsk, 28-29 noyabrya 2019 g.) [Urgent problems of physical upbringing and life safety in the system of education. Collection of scientific works of the III All-Russian scientific-practical conference with the International participation, dedicated to anniversary of doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor L.D. Nazarenko (Ulyanovsk, November, 28-29, 2019)]. Ulyanovsk: Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov. 2019: 343-348 [In Russ.].
10. Aleksandr A. Loginov, Zinaida M. Kuznetsova*, Ilsiyar Sh. Mutaeva. Psycho-emotional state indices analysis among cadets after self-regulation means realization. Pedagogiko-psihologicheskie I medico-biologicheskie problemy fizicheskoj kul;tury I sporta = Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2020; 15(4): 84-90. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2020-15-4-84-90 [In Russ., In Engl.].
11. Biddle S.J.H., Atkin A., Cavill N., Foster C. Correlates of physical activity in youth: A review of quantitative systemantic reviews. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2011;
4(1): 25-40.
12. Brehm W., Wagner P., Sygusch R., Hahn U., Janke A. Health Promotion by means of Health Sport. A framework and controlled intervention study with sedentary adults. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. 2005; 15(1): 1320.
13. Cavill N., Bauman A. Changing the way people think about health-enhancing physical acitivty: Do mass media campaigns physical have a role? Journal of Sports Sciences. 2004; 22(8): 771790.
Submitted: 22.01.2021 Author's information:
Aleksey A. Shmelev - Post-Graduate Student, Ryazan Higher Airborne Suvorov Order twice Red Banner Command School named after army general F.V. Margelov of Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 390031, Russia, Ryazan, army general F.V. Margelov square, House 1, e-mail: shmelev.i975@ mail.ru
