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33Physical fitness and skills specific goalball techniques: timing and quantifying analysis
UDC 796.034
PhD, Associate Professor A.V. Kornev1 PhD, Associate Professor V.G. Medvedev2 Dr.Hab., Professor M.A. Pravdov3 1Russian State Social University, Moscow
2Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports, Youth and Tourism (SCOLIPE), Moscow
3Ivanovo State University, Shuya branch, Shuya
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract
Objective of the study was to classify the goalball motor skills by the key types and movement algorithms.
Methods and structure of the study. We sampled for the study the 17-38 years old Goalball players (n=41) of both sexes and different skill levels. The research method was geared to rate the key competitive performance elements using the relevant quantitative and timing criteria, on a skill-level-specific basis. Based on these data, we further classified the key motor skill in the ball control context. Having identified and classified the motor skill, we counted them in the competitive performance sequences to find the motor skill time viewed as the key success criterion. The ball control/ handling skills were classified into the ball controls, passes and shots.
We analyzed the match videos to catch the motor skill starting and finishing points and, knowing the video shooting frequency, compute the motor skill time. The competitive performance analyses were made to rate every individual player's competitive performance and goalball team competitive performance in every match on the whole.
Conclusion. The study data and analyses made it possible to classify the goalball motor skills in the temporal and quantitative terms depending on the teams' skill levels. The study data and findings are recommended being taken into account by the motor skill training and test system designers and coaches for the special skills-specific technical and tactical fitness rating and perfection purposes, and for the motor skill biomechanics research in the modern goalball sport.
Keywords: technical and tactical training, Paralympic sports, movement biomechanics, motor skills, competitive performance.
Background. Modern Paralympic sports communities report a growing need for a sound theoretical and practical research provisions, with a special demand for the basic technical and tactical training provisions for the popular Paralympic team sports. A special priority is given to the movement biomechanics research to perfect every motor skill in the adaptive team sports. These efforts are expected to secure new quality for our theoretical and practical understanding of the individual motor skill formation logics and help form a foundation for the technical and tactical progress in every adaptive sport [5].
Goalball is a Paralympic team sport discipline for blind and visually impaired athletes, with the competi-
tive progresses, wins and losses governed by basically the same competitive standards and rules as any other goal-scoring sport [6], with the goalball techniques naturally and traditionally classified into the defenses and attacks. The defenses are further classified into stands, blocks, belays, rebounds, footwork and penalty taking; and the attacks classified into shots on goal, passes, ball control, feints, footwork/ positioning and penalty shots [3].
Objective of the study was to classify the goalball motor skills by the key types and movement algorithms.
Methods and structure of the study. We sampled for the study the 17-38 years old Goalball play-
ers (n=41) of both sexes and different skill levels. The research method was geared to rate the key competitive performance elements using the relevant quantitative and timing criteria, on a skill-level-specific basis. Based on these data, we further classified the key motor skill in the ball control context. Having identified and classified the motor skill, we counted them in the competitive performance sequences to find the motor skill time viewed as the key success criterion [1]. The ball control/ handling skills were classified [4] into the ball controls, passes and shots.
We analyzed the match videos to catch the motor skill starting and finishing points and, knowing the video shooting frequency, compute the motor skill time. The competitive performance analyses were made to rate every individual player's competitive performance and goalball team competitive performance in every match on the whole. We sampled for the competitive performance analyses 6 formal topranking Federal Goalball events (finals and championships) and 12 teams (6 men's and 6 women's ones) with the following skill levels: (1) beginner teams with little if any competitive experiences; (2) mid-level teams with good practical competitive experiences; and (3) professional teams ranked with the top-three competitors.
Results and discussion. Subject to our analysis in the 2018 Russian Goalball Championship matches were 994 motor skill of the beginner-level teams (Table 1). We found the ball controls and shooting times virtually the same in the beginner men's and women's teams; with the ball controls estimated at 50% of the total motor skill per match and shots making up 47% and 43.9% of the totals in the women's and men's teams, respectively. It should be noted that the be-
ginner men's teams made twice more passes than the women's. It terms of the total time demand, shots were prevailing in the motor skill toolkit. Thus the ball control times were 44.5% and 36.7% shorter than the shooting times in the women's and men's teams, respectively. On the whole, the shooting time was on average triple as long as the ball control and pass time.
Given in Table 2 hereunder is the analysis of the mid-level teams' motor skill (n=1032) in the 2018 Russian Goalball Championship. Note that the ball control statistics remained close to the above for the beginner teams. The ball shooting motor skill to the total motor skill ratio was also fairly close to the beginner one. The men's teams, however, were found to make 3 times more passes than the women's, with the ball control times of both found longer than in the beginner teams. The growth of the ball control time to the total match time ratio may be explained by the higher skill level and experience of the players who prudently take their time to analyze the situation and get fit for the shot.
Given in Table 3 hereunder is the analysis of the top-level teams' motor skill (n=990) in the 2018 Russian Goalball Championship. It shows further growth of the ball control times when the players get fit for decisive actions, and faster shots versus the beginner and mid-level team statistics.
The motor skill quantifying analysis found the top players shooting on goal less often and making more passes, particularly in the women's teams. The average and relative shooting times further fall, whilst the relative ball control times grow both in the men's and women's teams. The top-level junior men's teams made particularly high progress in the average ball control time than the lower-level peers.
Table 1. Beginner teams' motor skill statistics in the 2018 Russian Goalball Championship
Motor skill Per match % in total motor skill Average time, s % in total
Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men
Ball control 235 262 50 50 1,419 1,353 27 29,8
Passes 14 32 3 6,1 1,415 1,385 1,5 3,7
Shots 221 230 47 43,9 3,987 3,361 71,5 66,5
Motor skill Per match % in total motor skill Average time, s % in total
Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men
Ball control 234 282 50 50 2,158 1,771 37,9 35,6
Passes 17 53 3,6 9,4 1,323 1,065 1,9 4
Shots 217 229 46,4 40,6 3,734 3,670 60,2 60,4
Table 2. Mid-level teams' motor skill statistics in the 2018 Russian Goalball Championship
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Table 3. Top-level teams' motor skill statistics in the 2018 Russian Goalball Championship
Motor skill Per match % in total motor skill Average time, s % in total
Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men
Ball control 266 229 50 50 1,840 2,401 38,9 42,3
Passes 56 20 10,5 4,4 0,905 1,178 4,1 1,7
Shots 210 209 39,5 45,6 3,375 3,206 57 56
Comparative analyses of the motor skills versus the skill levels found that the higher is the skill level, the higher are the numbers of passes and the lower are the shooting attempts; whilst the ball control times tend to grow with the mastery, as underlined by the shorter decision-making and shooting times. This progress is obviously attributable to the excellent technical and tactical training of the top-professional teams.
Conclusion. The study data and analyses made it possible to classify the goalball motor skills in the temporal and quantitative terms depending on the teams' skill levels. The study data and findings are recommended being taken into account by the motor skill training and test system designers and coaches for the special skills-specific technical and tactical fitness rating and perfection purposes, and for the motor skill biomechanics research in the modern goalball sport.
References
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