CC BY
4Physical fitness and morphofunctional status
of boys aged 6-8 years
UDC 796.011
Dr. Biol. T.F. Abramova1 PhD T.M. Nikitina1 A.V. Polfuntikova1
1Federal Scientific Center of Physical Culture and Sport (VNIIFK), Moscow
Corresponding author: volodchenkova.e.n@vniifk.ru
Abstract
Objective of the study was to identify the relationship between the morphofunctional status and physical fitness in modern boys aged 6-8 years.
Methods and structure of the study. The work used standardized methods for assessing physical development and physical fitness. Morphofunctional status was determined using the methods of anthropometry, caliperometry, spirometry, pulsometry and tonometry [1,4]. Physical fitness was assessed based on the results of test tasks, used in the field of physical education and VFSK "GTO": 30 m run; shuttle run, 3 10 m (s); 6-minute run (m); standing long jump with two legs (cm); standing forward bend (flexibility, cm); carpal dynamometry, flexion and extension of the arms in an emphasis lying on the floor, lifting the torso into a sitting position from a supine position in 1 min [2,3].
Results and conclusions. Based on a comparative analysis of the level and pace of morphofunctional development and preparedness, it was revealed that the indicators of morphofunctional status and physical fitness differ significantly among boys aged 6 and 7, 7 and 8; the greatest increase in physical fitness with the priority of speed-strength qualities and endurance is typical for the period from 6 to 7 years, with a decrease in rates in the period from 7 to 8 years on average twice against the background of relatively uniform and lower rates of annual changes in morphological and functional indicators. The results obtained indicate that the standards of physical fitness for boys of age groups of 6, 7 and 8 years old, characterized by normal physical development, should be developed for each age group, taking into account the greatest coverage of territorial variability.
Keywords: physical fitness, physical development, boys, 6-8 years old.
Introduction. Improving the physical fitness of children is one of the main tasks of the state in the field of physical culture and sports. The leading tools for assessing the physical fitness of children aged 6 to 8 years are regulatory requirements that differ in the systems of categorical assessments and the list of tests in the practice of physical education and the GTO complex (I stage), which generally updates the development of a unified assessment system [2-3, 6].
The development of physical fitness standards for children of senior preschool and primary school age obviously faces the heterochrony of the processes of growth and functional development as the basis for the development and manifestation of physical qualities [7].
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Objective of the study was to identify the relationship between the morphofunctional status and physical fitness in modern boys aged 6-8 years.
Methods and structure of the study. The work used standardized methods for assessing physical development and physical fitness. The morphofunctional status was determined using the methods of anthropometry, caliperometry, spirometry, pulsometry and tonometry [1, 4]. Physical fitness was assessed based on the results of test tasks performed in the field of physical education and VFSK "GTO": 30 m run; shuttle run 3 10 m (s); 6-minute run (m); standing long jump with two legs (cm); standing forward bend (flexibility, cm); carpal dynamometry, flex-
ion and extension of the arms in an emphasis lying on the floor, lifting the torso into a sitting position from a supine position in 1 min [2, 3].
In order to determine the actual limits of the variability of the main physical qualities according to a single comprehensive program, 725 boys of 6-8 years old with different motor activity were examined (41.8% - athletes; game, cyclic, complex coordination sports and wrestling; experience of training - 0, 8-1.5 years old), living in the territories of the Central Federal District (Moscow, Yaroslavl), the North-Western Federal District (Saint Petersburg), the Southern Federal District (Volgograd), the North Caucasian Federal District ( Stavropol Territory), Far Eastern Federal District (Khabarovsk), Far North (Yakutia, Churapcha village). The filling of the combined age groups is 226-250 people. The examinations were carried out with the consent of the parents.
Results of the study and their discussion. A preliminary analysis of the physical development of boys aged 6-8 showed that the age-territorial variability of
indicators has a mosaic character, determined, among other things, by chance and a small number of samples. However, the data obtained for all the considered subjects of the Russian Federation are characterized by average values of total body sizes, with individual variability from low to high in accordance with the unified interregional standards for the physical development of children and adolescents [5]. In this regard, the combined age groups were considered as a model of the variability of the indicators of the physical development of boys aged 6-8, potentially reflecting the variability of the development of physical fitness.
Analysis of the data of the generalized groups of boys showed for the most part a statistically significant and regular age-related change in the indicators of morphofunctional development and readiness (Table 1). Attention is drawn to the growth rates of indicators of various properties. In the period from 6 to 7 years, indicators of physical development on average increase by 4.6%, physical fitness - by 14.0%; the highest growth rates are characteristic of body
Table 1. Morphofunctional status, physical fitness of boys aged 6-8 and the level of statistical significance
of intergroup differences
Index 6 years (n=226) 7 years (n=249) 8 years (n=250) t- Student's criterion*
X V,% X V,% X V,% 6-7 7-8 6-8
Morphofunctional status
Body length, cm 118,3 4,40 123,8 4,38 129,9 5,00 -11,30 -11,37 -21,32
Body weight, kg 21,6 14,95 24,5 16,78 28,1 21,42 -8,58 -7,66 -14,43
BMI, kg/m2 15,4 10,32 16,0 11,81 16,6 14,64 -3,71 -3,05 -6,30
Chest girth, cm 58,0 5,66 60,4 6,66 63,0 8,63 -6,99 -6,09 -12,00
Muscle mass,% 41,5 8,96 41,9 9,16 43,2 9,75 -1,00 -3,69 -4,58
Fat mass, % 14,8 37,36 15,0 34,13 17,2 41,34 -0,45 -3,94 -4,07
VC, l 1,3 23,85 1,5 26,00 1,7 28,82 -4,50 -5,28 -9,36
Heart rate, beats/min 92,7 14,48 88,7 14,86 86,1 15,12 3,12 2,20 5,24
ADS, mm Hg Art. 101,0 10,29 104,1 12,11 104,2 9,78 -2,82 -0,14 -3,33
ADD, mm Hg Art. 64,8 14,77 66,9 18,27 66,5 12,38 -2,12 0,50 -2,08
Physical fitness
30 m, s 7,7 11,56 7,0 11,71 6,8 11,91 6,27 2,68 8,79
shuttle run 3x10m, s 11,1 10,90 10,3 10,00 9,9 10,40 7,26 4,91 11,90
Standing long jump, cm 111 15,86 123 14,15 130 13,62 -7,28 -4,81 -11,85
Flexion and extension of the arms in emphasis lying on the floor, quantity 11,2 80,63 13,5 70,30 14,0 70,86 -2,06 -0,36 -2,31
Raising the body from a supine position, quantity 18,5 63,62 23,2 47,07 26,0 42,73 -3,42 -2,21 -5,32
Brush strength, kg 7,0 34,57 8,4 34,64 9,9 29,49 -5,30 -5,28 -10,69
Brush strength, % 32,2 32,02 34,5 30,67 35,6 28,40 -2,13 -1,13 -3,30
6-minute run, m 752 25,94 877 19,49 974 15,83 -6,59 -6,17 -12,67
Standing forward bend, cm 3,2 150,63 3,5 158,29 3,4 177,65 -0,69 0,20 -0,44
- p =0.05 with t-test = 1.96
Table 2. Factor structure of the complex of indicators of the morphofunctional status and physical fitness of boys aged 6-8 years with different physical activity
6 years 7 years 8 years
1st factor
30 m run -.868 Running 6 minutes -.870 Body mass .912
Lifting the torso .860 30 m run .835 Chest girth .821
Flexion and extension of the .840 long jump -.820 BMI .738
arms in the lying position
Shuttle run -.780 Shuttle run .799 Body length .720
Running 6 minutes .779 Lifting the torso -.781 - -
- - - - - -
Percentage of total variance 20,0 23,0 21,0
2nd factor
Body mass .950 Body mass .971 Lifting the torso -.842
Chest girth .830 Chest girth .872 long jump -.786
Body length .762 BMI .840 Running 6 minutes -.750
BMI .700 Body length, cm .676 Flexion and extension of the arms in the lying position -.688
Percentage of total variance 17,7 18,1 18,8
3rd factor
Brush strength, kg .932 Brush strength, kg .941 Brush strength, kg .916
Brush strength, % .907 Brush strength, % .824 Brush strength, % .822
Flexion and extension of the .702 Fat mass, % -.776
arms in the lying position
Percentage of total variance 14,3 15,8 18,5
4th factor
ADS -.921 heart rate -.760 ADS .861
ADD -.908 Fat mass, % .706 ADD .855
Percentage of total variance 10.6 10.7 10.9
5th factor
Standing forward bend -.781 ADS .929 Standing forward bend -.806
heart rate -.701 ADD .864 - -
Percentage of total variance 10.5 10.4 7,1
weight (13.4%), indicators of strength fitness of the muscles of the trunk and arms (20.1-25.4%), endurance (16.6%); the smallest - for muscle and fat mass (1.0-1.4%).
In the period from 7 to 8 years, the rate of change in morphological and functional indicators, on average, slightly increases to 5.5%; indicators of physical fitness more than double (up to 6.7%) reduce the pace of development; the highest growth rates are typical for body weight (14.7%), hand strength (20.0%) and endurance in a 6-minute run (11.8%), as well as for fat mass (14.7%); the smallest, in some cases negative, changes are characteristic of flexibility (-2.9%); indicators of heart rate and blood pressure (-2.9-0.1%). The limits of variability (V, %) of morphological and functional indicators increase at the age of 6 to 8 years, most of the physical fitness indicators decrease.
The relationship between indicators of morphofunctional status and physical fitness in groups of
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boys aged 6-8 was assessed based on the results of factor analysis (Table 2). In each of the groups, five factors were identified that describe 72.1-78.0% of the total variance. The first factors with the largest percentage of the total variance in the 6 and 7 year old groups reveal the priority of the variability of physical fitness, in the 8 year old group - the total body size; at the age of 6, the leading indicators are the manifestations of speed and strength readiness of the muscles of the trunk and the girdle of the upper extremities; at 7 years old - endurance, speed and strength training of leg muscles. The second factors, on the contrary, in groups of 6 and 7 years old combine indicators of total body size with a general priority of the significance of body weight; in the 8-year-old group - a set of indicators of physical fitness: speed-strength fitness of the muscles of the trunk and legs, endurance. The content of three to five factors in all age groups demonstrates relatively autonomous variability in hand strength and
flexibility; BP and heart rate.
The processes of growth, functional formation and development of the physical qualities of boys in the period from 6 to 8 years are characterized by age heterochrony due to endogenous and exogenous factors, including the passage of the first half-growth jump, age-related features of quantitative and differentiation changes, differences in the means and methods of physical education in preschool institutions and elementary grades of school institutions [7].
Conclusions. Indicators of morphofunctional status and physical fitness are statistically significantly different in boys aged 6, 7 and 8, they change het-erochronously. Annual changes in morphological and functional indicators are relatively uniform in the period from 6 to 8 years, indicators of physical fitness increase most pronouncedly in the period from 6 to 7 years, with a decrease in the growth rate by half in the period from 7 to 8 years.
Age characteristics of indicators of morphofunctional status and physical qualities in boys in the period from 6 to 8 years are relatively independent. Hand strength, flexibility, blood pressure and heart rate are characterized by autonomous variability.
Physical fitness standards for boys of age groups of 6, 7 and 8 years, characterized by a normal course of physical development, should be developed for each age group, taking into account the greatest coverage of territorial variability.
The work was carried out within the framework of the state task of the Federal Scientific Center of Physical Culture and Sport (VNIIFK) No. 777-00005-21-00 (subject code No. 001-21/1).
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