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IZVESTIYA TSKhA, special issue, 2013
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF DIFFERENT-TYPE CULTIVARS OF NARROW-LEAFED LUPIN (LUPINUS ANGUSTIFOLIUS L.) AND SOYBEAN (GLICYNE MAX (L.) MERR.) IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE CENTRAL AREA OF NON-CHERNOZEM ZONE
G.G. Gataulina, S.S. Sokolova
(RSAU-MTAA)
Abstract: The field experiment has been conducted for four years to study photosynthetic parameters and productivity of different-type cultivars of narrow-leafed lupine (Lupinus agustifo-lius L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Parameters such as vegetation time, leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetic potential (Ph.P), wet and dry matter accumulation (DMA), net assimilation rate (NAR), seed and protein yield of different genotypes of studied species and cultivars in different meteorological conditions are presented and discussed. Limiting factors that affect photosynthetic activity and yield of crops have been determined.
Key words: narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus agustifolius), soybean (Glycine max), photosynthetic parameters, leaf area index, seed and protein yield.
Introduction
Non-Chernozem zone is a large territory of Russia, with Central area being its part. Soddy podzolic soils (pH 5.0-5.8) with 1.5-2.5 % organic matter are the main soil type here. The climate of the region is moderate. August and September are characterized by cool weather.
During growing season (May to September) the sum of active temperatures (>5 0C) is 1800-20 000C. Average temperature in September ranges from 13.2 0C (the first ten days) to 8.5 0C (the last ten days). This zone is characterized by good water supply: annual precipitation amounts to 250-300 mm (50-60 mm per month). Narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and early maturing cultivars (cvs.) of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) are desirable crops here due to their biological features. It is considered that cv. Crystal of narrow-leafed lupin and cv. Mageva of soybean are the most typical and productive in the region. The earliest cvs. are Dicaf 14 (narrow-leafed lupin) and Svetlaja (soybean). All these cultivars are registered and allowed for production in the Central area of Russia.
Cool weather conditions in August and September are often favorable for vegetative growth, however they have a negative impact on seed maturity [1, 3]. Photosynthetic characteristics of crops canopy are directly connected with plant productivity and seed yield [2, 4, 5, 7]. It is important to study the effect of genotype and meteorological factors on plant development, photosynthetic characteristics and seed yield stability of crops under the conditions of the Central area of Non-Chernozem zone.
Materials and Methods
The comparative study of indicated cultivars of narrow-leafed lupin and soybean has been conducted in Moscow region at the Experimental field of Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (RSAU-MTAA) for four years (2007-2010).
Plot size was 15 m2. Field experiment was carried out in 4 replicates. Sowing lupin was performed in early spring (late April - first days of May), soybean was sown 10 days later. The density before harvesting was 40-50 plants / m2. Wet and dry matter accumulation (DMA) and leaf area were measured by sampling 15 plants from every plot at 15-day interval during vegetation. The photosynthetic potential (Ph.P) was determined as a summary size of every day leaf area by a graphic method. Net assimilation rate (NAR) was calculated as dry matter synthesized by 1 m2 of leaf area per day.
Results and Discussion
Weather conditions differed depending on the year. In 1998, the weather was favorable for the vegetative growth. In 2000 and 2007, a period of drought that preceeded flowering had a negative effect on plant growth and reduced the vegetation period. Later, the precipitation was favorable for the formation of pods and seeds in soybean. In 2008, precipitation in July and August exceeded the normal amount almost twice. The number of pods and seeds on a plant was greater than in other years. But water excess caused lodging and Fusarium infestation of narrow-leafed lupin. In 2009, the weather was favorable for the growth and development of studied grain legumes. In 2010, the precipitation before flowering was close to normal, the temperature being 2-30C above normal. Then, a heat wave was experienced from the last ten days of June till the middle of August, when daytime temperature was 300C and above. Average daily temperature exceeded mean annual by 6-80C. Lack of moisture and extremely high temperatures coincided with the periods of flowering, pod and seed formation.
The average duration of the vegetation period from sowing to maturity for 2 years with a sufficient amount of precipitation (2008-2009) was 100-118 days for lupin, and 124-142 days for soybean. The vegetation was reduced by the lack of moisture in 2007. In the conditions of an extreme drought in 2010, the development of plants was accelerated; studied crops ripened a month earlier.
There are two periods in the grain legumes' vegetation when no photosynthesis takes place: during the initial period from sowing till emergence, and during the period of maturing when leaves have already fallen. Photosynthesis occurs during four periods between emergence and maturing: I - from emergence till the onset of flowering; II -flowering and pod formation; III - pod growth; IV - seed filling. Characteristics of these periods have been published [2, 4].
Genotypes had different growth and photosynthetic activity parameters (Table 1).
The duration of photosynthetic activity of crops (from seedling till the onset of maturing) was found to be the greatest in 2008: 96 days for lupin cv. Crystal and 108 days for soybean cv. Mageva. Under the drought condition of 2010, it was 25 days shorter,
Studied species and cvs. differed by their LAI. Maximum LAI for vegetation usually occurred at the end of period II (flowering and pod formation). The leaf area kept at rather high level during the periods of flowering, pod formation and pod growth. LAI appeared to be closer to the optimum (3-5) in the years with sufficient precipitation. In 2008-2009,
Photosynthetic characteristics of narrow-leafed lupin and soybeans cvs.
Crop Cv. LAI, Ph.P, 103m2 d ha-1 NAR, gm-2d-1 Matter accumulation, t ha-1
wet dry
2007
Narrow- leafed lupin Crystal 2.50 615 9.43 30.1 5.80
Dicaf 14 2.50 555 9.57 36,9 5.30
Soybean Mageva 1.36 810 3.14 10.2 2.55
Svetlaja 1.11 680 4.11 9.50 2.80
2008
Narrow- leafed lupin Crystal 3.90 1470 6.69 56.4 9.84
Dicaf 14 3.60 1195 6.73 41.8 8.05
Soybean Mageva 4.50 2500 3.50 23.0 8.74
Svetlaja 2.80 2090 3.56 18.0 7.48
2009
Narrow- leafed lupin Crystal 3.14 1210 7.87 39.0 9.50
Dicaf 14 2.10 910 9.77 32.0 8.92
Soybean Mageva 4.95 2240 2.88 27.6 6.45
Svetlaja 3.22 1570 2.97 16.4 4.65
2010
Narrow- leafed lupin Crystal 2.10 1115 4.77 26.5 5.32
Dicaf 14 1.90 1005 5.19 28.1 5.22
Soybean Mageva 2.54 1640 2.33 12.7 3.81
Svetlaja 2.52 1560 2.33 12.8 3.64
Average (2007-2010)
Narrow- leafed lupin Crystal 2.91 1100 6.92 38.0 7.62
Dicaf 14 2.55 920 7.46 34.7 6.87
Soybean Mageva 3.33 1800 3.00 18.4 5.39
Svetlaja 2.41 1475 3.15 14.2 4.64
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it was high for soybean cv. Mageva with a long vegetation period: 4.9-4.5, and 3.9-3.1 for lupin cv. Crystal. It was 15-30% less for earlier cvs.
LAI clearly demonstrates the differences between cultivars as well as the impact of weather conditions. Under the drought conditions of 2007, LAI of soybean was 3 times lower. Differences for cultivars of narrow-leafed lupin were smaller than for those of soybean.
The narrow-leafed lupin and soybean differed greatly in their Ph.P value. Four years average for soybean cultivars equaled 1475-1800 thousand m2 d ha-1. Ph.P was found to be 40% less for lupin. This can be explained by soybean's longer vegetation in comparison with lupin. Weather conditions had a great impact on Ph.P value. Under the drought conditions of 2007, Ph.P was 2-3 times lower. Earlier cvs. had less Ph.P accompanied by the weaker possibility of providing the high yield of biomass.
NAR for narrow-leafed lupin was much higher than that for soybeans. Obviously, that is explained by particular structural features of lupin leaves: thicker leaflets in lupin and their heliotropism. The leaf surface of 1 g of lupin leaves is 21 cm2, for soybean the same surface appears to be 50 cm 2.
For narrow-leafed lupin, the average NAR was 6.9-7.5 g/m2 per day, while for soybean it was 3.0-3.2. In the extreme year of 2010, Ph.P was higher than in 2007 as weather conditions prior to flowering were favorable for vegetative growth. Also, the water content in plants decreased dramatically and NAR was abruptly diminished.
Ph.P for early ripening cvs. was lower and NAR was higher than for later ripening ones.
The variability of wet and dry matter accumulation is connected generally with Ph.P variation. The maximum value of wet matter accumulation for lupin and soybean cvs. occured at the end of III period when pods on upper level of plants reached their maximum weight. It was the highest in narrow-leafed lupin cv. Crystal and the lowest in early cv. Svetlaja of soybean.
Plant population as a photosynthetic system functioned in the best way during the period when LAI was at the optimal level (3-5). The duration of this period was 28-35 days for lupin cv. Crystal and 45-50 days for soybean cv. Mageva. It coincides with flowering, pod formation and pod growth. Lupin canopy as a photosynthesizing system functions in best during the periods II (flowering and pod formation) and III (pod growth). 70% of the total dry matter is accumulated during this time, which is 40% of total time from emergence till maturity. It was shown that period II (flowering and pod formation) is the key period in lupin vegetation and yield formation [4, 6] and its importance cannot be overestimated.
The greatest amount of wet and dry biomass occurred in 2008 marked by favorable weather conditions. Under the drought conditions (2007, 2010), soybean DMA was three times lower; in case of narrow-leafed lupin - two times lower. Narrow-leafed lupin is capable of accumulating more biomass in much shorter period than soybean.
Photosynthetic activity of crops in the course of vegetation is directly connected with the plant productivity and seed yield [2, 4, 5].
In 2007, the seed yield of narrow-leafed lupin cv. Crystal was 1.88 t ha-1 whereas for soybean cv. Mageva it appeared to be 1.60 t ha-1 (Table 2).
In 2008, stormy rains in the second half of the vegetation period caused lupin lodging and infestation of Fusarium, especially for cv. Dicaf 14 (lupin) that led to a significant decrease in its seed yield: it reached only 0.64 t ha-1. In 2009 there were favorable conditions for photosynthesis and yield formation. Seed yield of cv. Crystal (lupin) was 2.94, for Mageva (soybean) it was 2.29 t ha-1. In 2010, especially strong decrease in productivity
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Effect of annual weather conditions on seed and protein yield of narrow-leafed lupin and soybean cvs.
Crop Cv Seed yield, t / ha
2007 2008 2009 2010 average V, %
Narrow-leafed lupin Crystal 1.88 1.40 2.94 1.67 1.97 26
Dicaf 14 1.40 0.64 2.00 1.08 1.28 35
Soybean Mageva 1.60 1.34 2.29 0.73 1.49 37
Svetlaja 1.30 1.10 1.58 0.89 1.22 19
lsd05 0,13 0.22 0.18 0.11 0.12 -
Protein yield, kg / ha
Narrow-leafed lupin Crystal 658 508 1061 608 668 26
Dicaf 14 490 225 688 387 448 35
Soybean Mageva 664 556 982 293 624 37
Svetlaja 537 454 676 354 505 19
lsd05 40 76 62 40 41 -
occurred for soybean. The productivity of lupin cv. Crystal and the early ripening soybean cv. Svetlaja appeared to be more stable during years with different weather conditions. These cvs. have the smallest coefficient of variation (V, %). Seed productivity for early ripening varieties was 0.4-0.7 t ha-1 less than that for later ripening ones.
Protein content in seeds of studied cvs. changed slightly during the years of research. Soybean is characterized by the greatest protein content (up to 42%). Protein content in lupin seeds reached 35-36%.
On four-year average, the protein yield of lupin cv. Crystal was 668 kg ha-1 whereas determinate cv. Dicaf 14 accumulated 30% less protein. The soybean cv. Mageva was close to Crystal in terms of protein accumulation (624 kg ha-1). However, a negative feature of soybean is that it ripens one month later.
Conclusion
As comparative study of two leguminous species (L. angustifoliusand G. max) and their different type cultivars showed that the genotype and weather conditions had a great impact on the photosynthetic activity of the canopy. Duration of the lupin period of vegetation depending on weather conditions and cultivar was 92-118 days. The vegetative period of the northern ecotype cvs. of soybean was one month longer. Early cvs. of studied species matured 4-5 days earlier than later ripening ones. The periods of seed filling and maturing of soybean appeared to fall on autumn with lower average daily temperature. This circumstance is one of limiting factors for soybean cultivation in the Central region.
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Ph.P of northern ecotype soybean cvs. was on average 60% more than that for cvs. of narrow-leafed lupin. In droughty years, Ph.P. was 2 to 3 times lower than in the years with favorable weather conditions. This especially is a concern for soybean cvs.. DMA also decreased, though to a lesser extent. NAR was 2.0-2.5 times higher for lupin than for soybean. The narrow-leafed lupin is found to be capable to accumulate more wet and dry biomass and in shorter period in comparison with soybean. Ph.P and DMA for early maturing cvs. were 15-20% less and NAR was 8-10% more than those for later maturing cvs.
Lupin cv. Crystal demonstrated rather stable productivity in years different in weather conditions: its four-year average was 2.0 t ha-1; the coefficient of variation (V) was 26%. The seed yield of soybean cv. Mageva was respectively 1.5 t ha-1 (V=37%). However, in the episodes of exceptionally humid weather during the second half of the vegetation period in 2008, lupin lodging and infestation by Fusarium was the main reason for the decrease in seed yield of this species. The seed yield of early cvs. of soybean and narrow-leafed lupin was 0.4-0.6 t ha-1 less than that for later maturing ones.
References
1. Debely G.A. Grain legumes in the Non-chernozem zone of Russian Federation. Value, breeding, use, the mixed crops / Moscow-Nemchinovka, 2009. 260 p.
2. Gataulina G.G., Belyaev E.V. Belyshkina M.E. Sokolova S S. Periods of development and yield formation in grain legumes // Doklady TSKHA (Reports of Timiryasev Agricultural Academy). Pt. I. Moscow, Publishing House of RSAU-MTAA, 2010. P. 401-405.
3. Gataulina, G.G., Medvedeva N.V. Breeding program results and development patterns of different types of Lupinus albus cultivars // Izvestia TSKHA. 2010. Iss. 7. P. 100-104.
4. Gataulina G.G. Medvedeva N.V. Photosynthetic characteristics, development pattern and yield formation of Lupinus albus cultivars // Lupin crops - an opportunity for today, a promise for the future. Proc. of 13th Intl. lupin conf. Poznan, Poland, 2011. P. 239-241.
5. Milford G.F.G., Shield L.F., Huyghe C. The use of physiological criteria to optimize production in white lupin. // Proceedings of the 8th Intl. lupin Conf. Asilomar, California, USA, 1996. P. 2-4.
6. Ney B., Duthion C. Influence of the individual dry matter growth rate of the stem on its development in Pisum sativum L. cv. Solara. // Proceedings of the 1st European Conf. of Grain Legumes. Angers, France, 1992. P. 305-306.
7. Sarkar R.K. Studies on some morpho-physiological characters in relation to drought tolerance in soybean // Indian J. Plant Physiol., 1994. Vol. 37. № 1. Р. 40-42.
ФОТОСИНТЕТИЧЕСКАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ И ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ
РАЗЛИЧНЫХ СОРТОВ ЛЮПИНА УЗКОЛИСТНОГО И СОИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ ЧАСТИ НЕЧЕРНОЗЕМНОЙ ЗОНЫ
Г.Г. Гатаулина, С.С. Соколова
(РГАУ-МСХА имени К .А. Тимирязева)
Аннотация: в четырех летних полевых опытах изучены показатели фотосинтетической деятельности растений и продуктивность разнотипных сортов люпина узколистного Кристалл и Дикаф 14, сортов сои северного экотипа Магева и Светлая. Представлены и обсуждаются показатели формирования урожая (продолжительность вегетации, индекс
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листовой поверхности, фотосинтетический потенциал, чистая продуктивность фотосинтеза, нарастание сырой и сухой биомассы, урожайность семян и протеина) в зависимости от генотипа и метеорологических факторов. Установлены лимитирующие факторы, определяющие вариабельность параметров фотосинтетической деятельности растений и урожайности семян.
Ключевые слова: люпин узколистный (Lupinus agustifolius), соя (Glycine max), фотосинтетические параметры, индекс листовой поверхности, урожайность семян, выход белка.
Гатаулина Галина Глебовна - д. с.-х. н., проф. кафедры растениеводства и луговых экосистем РГАУ-МСХА имени К. А. Тимирязева (127550, г. Москва, ул. Тимирязевская, д. 49; e-mail: ggataulina@gmail.com).
Соколова Светлана Сергеевна - к. с.-х. н., старший преподаватель кафедры растениеводства и луговых экосистем РГАУ-МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева (127550, г. Москва, ул. Тимирязевская, д. 49).
Prof. Dr. Galina Glebovna Gataulina - Ph.D. in Agricultural Sciences, professor of the Department of Crop Production and Meadow Ecosystems, RSAU-MTAA (ul. Timiryazevskaya, 49, Moscow 127550, Russian Federation; e-mail: ggataulina@gmail.com).
Dr. Svetlana Sergeevna Sokolova - Ph.D. in Agricultural Sciences, senior lecturer of the Department of Crop Production and Meadow Ecosystems, RSAU-MTAA (ul. Timiryazevskaya, 49, Moscow 127550, Russian Federation).
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