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17PHONOLOGICAL LEVEL OF ENGLISH AND OTHER LANGUAGES
N.N.Zubaydova Samarkand DChTI
Abstract: The article covers significant points about phonological level of language. Moreover, full description of phonology, its subdivisions and types were discussed comparatively.
Keywords: notorious aspect, profound knowledge, acoustic, discriminatory function, obstruent, non-consonantal, atonic languages
INTRODUCTION
Linguistics is the study of language itself. Linguistics is about being interested in how words sound. We respond to sounds as people. We make our own noises and over time it has been used to talk to each other. Linguistics has a foundation. Books help us learn, teach, show what happened in the past, express our thoughts and share information with others. A person who studies cultures will say that the way we talk to each other can be different because of cultural things. The language we use can change how we see things in the world around us. This means that the language you use affects the way you think. The study of linguistic anthropology looks at how languages change over time because of social situations and acknowledges that there are many different languages. There are many languages spoken in the world today. Each language has its own special things that make it unique, like particular words people use in certain areas or accents. Like animals, humans have a variety of languages.
MAIN BODY
There are different ways to study language, and four of them are looking at how words are formed (morphology), how sentences are put together (syntax), what words mean (semantics), and how words are pronounced (phonology). The different ways of looking at a language show us what it's like and help us understand how it works. To learn a new language, you have to know how to speak the words correctly. The English language can be difficult to learn because of its sounds, whether you're learning it as a second language or a foreign one. This matter is important because English spelling and pronunciation can be confusing. Many people who are learning English as a second language have trouble pronouncing new words they have never heard before. This is especially difficult if they have not heard someone else say the word before or if it seems familiar but they can't remember how to say it correctly. It can feel like a trap because they want to say the word correctly, but they don't know
how. There are many words with tricky spellings like: tomb, comb, shepherd, enough, thorough, ewe, Leicester, Edinburgh, psychic, lamb, and so on.
The word "phonetics" means the study of sounds. It comes from the Greek word "phone" which means sound. "Voice and 'tika' come from science/box. " This means that voice and "tika" are related to a scientific field or study. It's about talking out loud. However, just studying how words sound is not enough in today's field of linguistics. Nowadays phonetics is a "science which studies the phonetic substance and the expression area of the language, or otherwise a physical media of a language (sounds, syllables, stress, and intonation)"[1]. Phonetics has the following four main aspects:
✓ articulatory (physiological);
✓ acoustic (physical);
✓ perceptual (auditory);
✓ phonological (social, functional, linguistic).
Articulatory Phonetics investigates the functioning of one's speech apparatus and mechanism. It is based on profound knowledge of physiology and the structure of one's speech apparatus. While investigating the articulatory aspect of speech sounds both subjective and objective methods are employed: the method of direct observation (concerning the lips & the tongue movements) - subjective method and X-ray photography and X-ray cinematography (objective methods).
Acoustic Phonetics studies the acoustic properties of sounds (quantity, timber/voice quality, intensity, the pitch of the voice and temporal factor) in terms of the frequency of vibration and the amplitude of vibration in relation to time. The analysis begins with a microphone, which converts the air movement into corresponding electrical activity. While investigating the acoustic aspect of speech sounds special laboratory equipment is employed: spectrograph, intonograph, sound analyzing & sound synthesizing machines.
Auditory Phonetics is aimed at investigating the hearing process which is the brain activity. Auditory Phonetics and Acoustic Phonetics are very closely connected.
Functional Phonetics presupposes investigating the discriminatory (distinctive) function of speech sounds.
Phonetics is the study of how sounds are made. Phoneticians only care about the sounds humans make when they talk and use to communicate with each other. They don't care about other sounds. There are three ways to study sound: how it's made (articulation), how it sounds (acoustics), and how we hear it (auditory). Phonology is a way of showing how we talk and the sounds we use. Phonology is when we study different ways of mixing sounds in a language. Phonology is the study of how sounds are used in different languages. It helps us understand why some sounds can only be
used in certain words in some languages but not in others. An easy way to understand this is by looking at the sound /□/ at the start of English words. In other languages like French or Arabic, this sound is used quite a lot. Phonetics and phonology have two parts: the small parts and the big parts. Segmental phonology is about studying the different sounds we make when we speak. We focus on the smallest units of sound called phonemes. We can also name it phonemics. Suprasegmental phonology is the study of the different ways we say words, like the stress we put on certain syllables and the melody of our voice. Phonemics is about the sounds that make up words. The smallest part of a word that doesn't have its own meaning is called a phoneme. Phonemes help us tell different words apart. The way language sounds and the words used are studied by other parts of language studies.
The present article tries to jointly link the utility of studying phonetics and phonology; and at the same time reveals some of the aspects of disparity between the two branches. If phonology is the study of the way sounds function in languages, including phonemes, syllable structure, stress, accent, intonation, - Then, phonetics; on the other hand, is the study of the physical properties of human speech sounds, i.e., it describes the process of their physiological production. Phonetics can be divided into several types like:
General phonetics. It studies universal positions of sound articulation (for instance, identification of sounds according to the position the differences of labial, tongue and throat consonants, according to the ways of articulation of plosive, fricative and plosive-fricative features), although, general acoustic features of sounds.
Specific phonetics. It investigates above mentioned issues in the samples of certain languages. Specific phonetics researches phonetics in the shapes of historical and modern, synchronic and diachronic, descriptive and experimental sides.
Comparative phonetics investigates vowel and consonant phonemes, their phonetic changes and others in the comparative aspect of several genetically related and non-related languages.
Phonology is all about understanding how sounds work together in language. It's also known as phonemics or phonematics. How words are spoken to show what they mean in different languages. Phonology means studying the sounds of language and how they are used. The study of Greek phone sounds and logos in linguistics began because it was necessary to understand them. Breaking down the different parts of the sounds we make when we talk, based on their function in language. Back in the late 1800s, there were some scientific studies done on how sound affects our bodies and how our bodies produce sound. This is the study of how sounds are used in words and how they are put together to make syllables. This is about how a language makes different sounds, which is studied in a special way. Starting with the sound unit called
a phoneme. Phonetics is about sounds and phonology is about specific sounds called phonemes. Phonology is about the sounds of language and phonetics is about the sounds you make when you speak.
At a given time, the set of phonemes in a language is a closed set (like function words and syntactic rules). The set of phonemes changes only over time. English, for instance, has lost the phonemes [x] and [£]. English has also gained phonemes by borrowing foreign words with the sounds [z] and [Z]. Neither of these sounds was phonemes in English until they entered the language in numerous words borrowed from Norman French after 1066. Similarly, the sound [t] was not part of Russian until after the Christianization in 988, when many Greek words containing [f] were borrowed by the Slavs.
The study of Phonological typology involves comparing sounds and how they are used in different languages. The way sounds are used in language. This means that it is involved in organizing sounds in language. Different symbols used in math to show differences, figuring out how widely they work, looking at the sound structure of languages, grouping languages based on their sound patterns. For example, some languages may pronounce certain sounds differently from others. This text is talking about how people study languages and the sounds that make up words. Some languages have strong, clear sounds (tonic), while others have weaker, less clear sounds (atonic). People also look at how words are pronounced in different languages all over the world. For a while, the Prague linguistic school was really important for Phonological typology. NSTrubetskoy helped with Phonological typology, which studies how different languages organize sounds. He is known as the person who started studying the types of phonological systems.
Phonological typology involves comparing languages according to the number or type of sound they contain. Although there are inevitable problems in dividing the sounds of any language into separate abstract units (phonemes), linguists usually compare languages according to the number of different groups which participate in meaningful sound contrasts (i.e. phonemes) rather than the total number of actual speech sounds[3]. Every language has a fairly small inventory of these sets or phonemes. Moreover, the number varies from language to language. In comparison, Hawaiian has only 18; Kabardian has over 80, and the Roisan language is reported to have 141 phonemes or mutually contrastive sets of sounds, Abhasian has 60.
In simple words: Another way to group languages is by looking at how they sound. This is called phonological typology. This refers to the different sounds in each language. Some noises can only be heard by certain animals or machines. When something is not often seen or heard in languages. Other types of unique sounds in languages are the Czech and Slovak voiced sound [h] and the Arabic pharyngeal
sound. Languages like Arabic, English, and new-Greek have different sounds. In some languages, like Bashkirian, they have special sounds like [e] and [э]. In Danish, they only have a unique sound called [6]. Other languages like Uzbek and Arabic have letters with special sounds like [к], [f], and [x]. Some languages don't have certain sounds, like the "p" and "b" sounds in Cherokee and Tlingit, the "n" sound in some Salish languages, and the "s" sound in Hawaiian. All languages have both sharp and smooth sounds. We do not know. The language has no vowels or consonants, but Rotoras has only six letters. Some languages, like Kabardian, only have one vowel sound and mostly use consonants. [4]. Languages are also classified into consonantal if the consonants are absolutely more than vowels and non-consonantal if the number of vowels is more, equal or even nearly equal.
CONCLUSION
To sum up, linguistics is important in education and can also be helpful for those who want to teach languages in fields like audiology, speech therapy, special education, computer science, and artificial intelligence. Linguistics is useful for working with groups of people who are natives of a land or have immigrated to a new place. It also helps in fields like psychology, philosophy, literature, and language studies. Linguistics is important because it helps us communicate better through speaking and writing. Linguistics is important because it helps people talk to each other, even if they live far away. If you want to teach languages, it's really important to know how language works. It's important to understand how to use language in different situations and the way it's put together. If you know what students like, you can make lessons that they will enjoy and they will want to learn more. This will make them more involved in their education. Using language ideas in your teaching can make it fun and understandable for your students. This article talks about why language teachers need to know about linguistics. As a language teacher, if you understand linguistics, you can make language teaching better.
References
1. Буранов Ж.Б. Инглиз ва узбек тиллари киёсий грамматикаси. -Т, 1973
2. Abduazizov A. A. Phonology and morphonology of Uzbek language. -Tashkent, 2010
3. Akhmanova O.S. Lexicology: Theory and Method. - M. 1972
